Index Note: Page references in italics refer to Figures; those in bold refer to Tables 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 87 future of 25–6 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 45 grading xxvi-xxvii 4-n-butylresorcinol 140 management 21–4 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 138 nicotine and 91 5-fluorouracil 107 photodamage in 91 5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one 81 post-rupture 15 5α-androstanedione 81 pre-rupture 15 5α-androstene-3β, 17β-diol 81 punch ablation, debridement in 17 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) 48–9, 67 terminology xxiii–xxvi 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one 81 therapeutic choices 185–6 5α-pregnanedione 69, 81, 148 unroofing technique 17, 18 5α-reductase 45, 48 vs acne vulgaris 18–21 5α-reductase inhibitors 147–8 acne keloidalis 63 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) 150 acne rosacea xiii, xxiv, 3–12 7α,11β-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone 87 adaptive immune reaction 4 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone 87 classification and staging 187–9 17α-hydroxylase, 45 erythema in 4–6 17α-lyase 45 functional 4, 6 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 45, 48, 49 inflammatory 4, 6 structural 4–6 abscess 153 fibrosis in 6–7 acamprosate 87 genetics 34 Accutane® 114, 124, 127, 128, 136, 171 grading xxvi Aché tribe, Paraguay inflammatory epiphenomena in 8–12 abhorrence of milk 80, 82, 89, 174 innate immune reaction 4 photodamage 163 ocular rosacea in 7 acitretin xiv, xiv, 127 pathogenesis 56–7 in acne keloidalis 63 terminology xxii–xxiii acne agminata 137 therapeutic choices 185 acne climacterica (menopausal acne) 75, 78 total sun avoidance 110 acne conglobata xxii, 135 ultraviolet A 7–8 acné excoriée des jeunes filles, l' 65–6,COPYRIGHTED 98 acne MATERIAL varioliformis 128, 132 acne fulminans xxii acne vulgaris xx, 1–3 acne inversa genetics 31–4 genetics 34 grading xxvi acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa (AI/HS) xiii, xxiii, xxv, incidence 1 12–26, 57–60 pathogenesis 54–6 avoiding recurrence 25 terminology xxi-xxii, 1–2 foreign materials in 15–18 therapeutic choices 184–5 Acne: Causes and Practical Management, First Edition. F. William Danby. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 215 0002211741.indd 215 11/5/2014 11:16:10 AM 216 Index acneform eruptions 64, 87, 89 beta-lactoglobulin 106 acnegens 87–92 biologics 137 Acnomel® 121 bipolar disorder 124 actinic telangiectasia 4–6, 7, 8, 163 birth control pills (BCPs) 139, 141–2 Aczone® blackhead see open comedo in pregnancy 176, 178 blepharitis 133, 134–5, 134 adalimumab (Humira®) 22, 23 body dysmorphic disorder 125 adapalene xiv 119, 139 Botox® 132 adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) 26–7 bovine somatotropin (BST) 112 adrenal glands 26 bovine spongiform encephalopathy 113 age, women, acne in 74–5 brentuximab 64, 65 aging 91 bromine 89 Akt kinase 50 bromoderma 36, 89 aldosterone 144 burning out of acne 3 all-trans retinoic acid 118 bystander suppression 164 alopecia, androgenic 75 alpha-hydroxy acids 120 calcium supplementation 114 alpha lactalbumin 106 Candida 11, 56, 58, 61, 98, 99 amoxicillin 94, 129 Candida albicans, radiation and 163 in acne keloidalis 63 Candida vulvovaginitis 62 ampicillin 94, 129 carbohydrates 115–16 anabolic steroids 45 versus dairy load 83–4 in mothers' milk 72–4 casein 90–1, 90 as muscle makers 74 cefadroxil in acne keloidalis 63 analgesics, narcotic 22 cheese 112 androgen receptor blockade 143–7 chloracne 87 androgens 40, 67–8 chocolate 89–90 antibiotic-resistant acne 94 ciprofloxacin 94 antibiotics as anti-inflammatories 128 clarithromycin 94 in acne vulgaris 128–9 Clearasil® 121 in acne rosacea 129 clindamycin 22, 60, 94, 128, 129 in acne inversa 129 closed comedo xiii, xx, xxi, xxii, 61 in dissecting terminal folliculitis (DTF) and acne retinoids 118, 118 keloidalis 129–30 surgery 151 as antibiotics 130 combination vacuum suction–phototherapy machine 152 antigens 55, 104 comedolytics 117–28 antihistamines 62 standard topical 118–20 anti-inflammatories 128–37 systemic 121–8 antimicrobials 128–37 unclassifed topicals 120–1 apocrine sweat glands 1 comedones (comedo) xiii–xiv, xv APSEA (Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects see closed comedo; open comedo of Acne) 27 competitive inhibition 144 arbutin 141 Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale (CASS) xxvi atopic dermatitis 10, 11, 95, 97, 97 conglobate acne see acne conglobata Aureomycin® 128 contraceptives, oral 183 azelaic acid 94, 120–1 controversies azithromycin 94, 128–9 acne rosacea classification and staging 187–9 in pregnancy 177 dairy vs carbohydrate 189–91 corpus luteum Bacillus oleronius 9, 185 cyst 68 benzoyl peroxide xiv, 119–20 persistent 68 beta-hydroxy acid 120 cortexolone 17α-propionate 147 0002211741.indd 216 11/5/2014 11:16:10 AM Index 217 corticosteroids 135–7, 182–3 drospirenone xii, 75, 76–7, 142, 143, 144, 146–7 in pregnancy 178 ductal keratinocytes 38 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 26–7, 27 ductus seboglandularis (sebaceous gland duct).43 Corynebacterium acnes see Propionibacterium acnes dutasteride xii, 147–8, 149 Coumadin 131 in pregnancy 179 Crohn's disease 158 crotamiton 134, 185 eccrine sweat glands 1 cyproterone acetate 76, 142, 146 Elimite® 134 cytosol 50 emblica extract 141 end organ responsiveness 51 dairy intolerance 82–3 endocrine imitators and disruptors 87–8 dairy products xii, 112–15 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 87 see also milk endogenous hormones 45, 67–72 dairy vs carbohydrate controversy 191 Enovid® 74, 142 damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) 55 environmental contamination 88 dandruff 95 environmental management 109 dapsone xiv eosinophilic pustular folliculitis see Ofuji's disease in acne keloidalis 63 epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor eruption 64–5 in Ofuji's disease 62 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors 87 oral 137 epidermoid cyst xxii, 16 in pregnancy 176, 178 epigenetics 33 topical 128 epinephrine (adrenalin) 26 dehiscence 159 epiphenomena 3, 105 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 67 erythematotelangiectatic rosacea xxii, 12, 187 dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) 25, 67 erythromycin 60, 94, 128, 176 Demodecosis 12 in pregnancy 177 Demodex xxiv, 4, 9, 9, 56, 99–101 estradiol (E2) xii, 68, 142 sampling 100 estriol (E3) 68, 142 Demodex folliculorum 99–100 estrogens 68–9 desogestrel 75, 76 birth control pill 142, 74–5 diabetes 69–70, 144, 158, 159 side effects 142–3 Type I 70 estrone (E1) 68, 142 Type II 70, 71, 183 ethinyl estradiol (EE2) 74, 142 see also insulin etonogestrel 77 Diane® 35, 142, 146 Eurax® 134 Dianette® 146 exogenous hormones 45, 72–84, 72 diet xii, 111–17, 148–9 anabolic steroids 72–3 impact of 80–1 oral contraceptive hormones 74–84 see also dairy products; milk experienced-based medicine (XBM) 111 Differin® 119 diformazan 48 Favre–Racouchot syndrome (solar elastosis with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 45, 47–9, 54, 67 comedones) 7–8, 41, 91 minimization 147–9 finasteride 147 dimethandrolone 87 in pregnancy 178 dioxins 47 fluconazole 129 diphtheria toxin 132 fluctuant nodule 153 dissecting folliculitis of the scalp xxv, xxv, 63, 135 flutamide 146 dissecting terminal folliculitis 63 in pregnancy 178–9 dl-norgestrel 75 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 142 Dowling–Degos disease lesions 158 follicular canal xix doxycycline 22, 60, 62, 94, 128, 129, 133, 139 follicular occlusion tetrad xxvi draining nodule 153 follicular tetrad 63 0002211741.indd 217 11/5/2014 11:16:11 AM 218 Index folliculitis 87 hair follicle xx folliculopapules 3 hidradenitis suppurativa see acne inversa/hidradenitis central facial xiii suppurativa monomorphic 61 high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) 116 folliculopilosebaceous units (FPSUs) xv, xx, xxi, 1, 7, 31–52 hirsutism 75 anatomy 31, 32 history xviii biochemistry 44–5 homogentisic acid 140 embryology 36–7 hormone manipulations and therapy 141–50 epigenetics 35–6 hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 75 FoxO1 and mTORC1 49–52, 51 hormone-free milk 82 genetics 31–5 hormones xii-xiii acne vulgaris 31–4 Hurley's three-stage system xxvi, 17–18 acne rosacea 34 hydroquinone 139, 140 acne inversa 34 hyperinsulinemia 115–16 histology 38–42 hypertrophic scars xvi, xvii, xxii, xxiii, 107, 153 hormones, enzymes, receptors and intracrine system hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) 44, 93 45–9 physiology 42–4 iatrosacea 136 hair 42 ibuprofen 137 oil 42–3 in pregnancy 178 follicle 43–4 ice cream 81 folliculopustules xiii, xiv, xv, 3 Implanon® 77, 78 monomorphic 61 indomethacin 62 Follikel-Filament 1, 3 inflammatory response 103–7 foods 88–91 adaptive (acquired) immunity 104 see also dairy products; diet; milk allergy (shared antigens) 106 FoxO1 49–52, 51, 69 as primary acnegen 104–5 functional androgenic hyper-responsiveness to ACTH 26 innate immunity 103–4 fusidic acid 94 mediators, cellular and humoral, and neuroimmunology 105–6 gamma rays 163 pigment, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation 106–7 gene therapy 58 scarring 107 genetics xii infliximab (Remicade®) 137 genotype 33 insulin 69–71, 81–2 gestagens 141 insulin and IGF-1 stimulation (IIS) 51 gestodene 76 insulin resistance 70, 71, 117 glassy membrane 163 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) 69, 72, 82, 84, 94, 110 Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) xxvi insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS) 83, 84 Global Acne Severity Scale (GEA Scale) xxvi intense pulsed light (IPL) 165 glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 70–1, 82, interleukins 84, 115 IL-1 105 glutathione 141 IL-8 190 glycation 91 IL-17 22 glycemic index 83–4 IL-23 22 glycemic load 115–16 intracrine system 45, 46, 48–9 glycolic acid in pregnancy 177 intrafollicular flora 55 glycolysis 116 intrauterine devices 78 grading xx-xxvii intravaginal devices