Notes

NOTES TO CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

I I am grateful to the editors of Politcal Studies (and Oxford University Press) for their kind permission to reproduce portions of my review article 'Ethnocentricity and Value Ambiguity in Political Development Studies', June I978. 2 Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I966). 3 Ibid., p.33. 4 Gabriel Almond, Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I970) p. I33. 5 Colin Leys, and Change in Developing Countries: Studies in Theory and Practice of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, I969). 6 Robert A. Packenham, 'Political Development Doctrines in the American Foreign AID Program', World Politics, Jan I966. 7 J. Roland Pennock, 'Political Development, Political Systems, and Political Goods', World Politics, Apr I966. 8 Barrington Moore Jr, Soical Ongins of Dictatorshzp and : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, I966). 9 A. F. K. Organski, The Stages of Political Development (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, I965). IO Gabriel Almond (ed.), The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, NJ; Press, I960). II S. M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (London: Heinemann, I959). 12 Daniel Lerner, 'Communication Systems and Social Systems: A Statistical Exploration in History and Policy', Behavioral Science, 2 (I957). I3 David Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: Press, I965). 14 Pye, Aspects of Political Development. 15 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Press, I968). 16 Samuel P. Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice: Politcal Particzpation in Developing Countries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976). 17 Ibid., p. 2. 112 Notes 113

18 See in this connection his interesting paper 'Theories of Political Development: A Critique and Search for an Alternative Approach', Review, 16, no. 2 (Apr-June 1979). 19 See Rajni Kothari (ed.), State and Nation-Building: A Third World Perspective (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1976). 20 See in this connection Ghanshyam Shah, 'Direct Action in India: A Study of Gujarat and Bihar Agitations' Contributions to Asian Studies, XIV, special number, 'Rethinking in Political Development', ed. A. H. Somjee (1979). 21 See in this connection Khalid B. Sayeed, 'Development Strategy Under Ayub Khan', ibid. 22 F.Q. Quo, 'Democratic Theories and Japanese Modernization', Modem Asian Studies, 6, no. 1 (1972). 23 See in this connection Ali A. Mazruhi, 'From Social Darwinism to Current Theories of Modernization', World Politics, XXI, no. 1 (Oct 1968). 24 For some of the major works in this field see Andre Gunder Frank, 'The Development of Underdevelopment', in James D. Cockeroff et al., Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy (New York: Anchor Books, 1972); Fernando Henrique CCalifornia University Press, 1979); I. M. Wallerstein, The Modem World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974) vol. I; Tony Smith, 'The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory' World Politics; Jan 1979; Ivar Oxaal, Tony Barnett, and David Booth ( eds), Beyond the of Development: Economy and Society in Latin America and Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975).

NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO: POLITICAL CAPACITY IN INDIA

See A. H. Somjee, Democracy and Political Change in Village India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1972). 2 See in this connection F. G. Bailey, Politics and Social Change in Orissa (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 3 See William Rowe, 'The New Cauhans: A Caste Mobility Movement in Northern India' in James Silverberg (ed.), Social Mob~"lity in the Caste System in India (The Hague: Mouton, 1968). 4 See for the details of this process A. H. Somjee, 'Caste and the Decline of Political Homogeneity', American Political Science Review, LXVII, no. 3 (Sep 1973). 5 See for the Details of this process Somjee, Democracy and Political Change in Village India. 6 See in this connection Chanchal Sarkar, The Changing Press (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967) pp. 15-16. 114 Political Capacity in Developing Societies

7 V. R. Krishna Iyer, 'Perspectives on Democracy', journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, X (1976) 24. 8 N. A. Palkhiwala, Our Constitution Defaced and Defiled (Delhi: Mac­ millan, 1974) p. vii.

NOTES TO CHAPTER THREE: IMPEDIMENTS TO THE GROWTH OF POLITICAL CAPACITY

With the exception of the case of over 2 per cent 'outcasts' or 'untouchables', called eta or burakumin, who in the 1920s aspired to social mobility by allowing the socialists to champion their cause, Japanese ethnic differences have not been expressed by political cleavages. See in this connection George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma, japan's Invisible Race: Caste in and Personality (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1966). 2 Taketsugu Tsurutani, Political Change in japan (New York: David McKay, 1977) p. 179. 3 Robert Scalapino and Junnosuke Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporaryjapan (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1964) p. 5 4 Ibid., p. 6. 5 Masao Maruyama, Thought and Behaviour in Modern japanese Politics (London: Oxford University Press, 1969) p. 142. Also see in this connection F. Q. Quo, 'Political Development ofJapan: A Negative Lesson?', in Contri­ butions to Asian Studies, XIV, special number, 'Rethinking in Political Development', ed. A. H. Somjee (1979). 6 John Whitney Hall, 'The Nature of Traditional Society', in Robert E. Ward and Dankworth A. Rustow (eds), Political Modernization of japan and Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964) p. 16. 7 See in this connection Tadashi Fukutake,japanese Rural Society, trs. R. P. Dore (Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1967). 8 Robert Scalapino, 'Environmental and Foreign Contributions', in Ward and Dankworth, Political Modernization ofjapan and Turkey. 9 R. P. Dore, 'Education' ibid., p. 187. 10 Nobutaka Ike, 'Political Leadership and Political Parties', ibid., p. 391 11 Scalapino and Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary japan, p. 12. 12 Scalapino and Masumi described this phenomenon as follows: 'Direct vote buying is no longer a common practice, but in Japan as elsewhere, it is difficult to draw a line between bribery or vote buying and the transmission of various gifts, favours and entertainment. Nor is campaigning confined to the formal election period. Increasingly, the successful Japanese politicians must provide a continuous flow of benevolences, stepping these up as election time draws near' (ibid., p. 104). 13 Ibid., p. 116. 14 Ibid., pp. 123-4. 15 Gerald L. Curtis, Election Campaigning japanese Style (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) p. x. 16 Ibid., p. 38. 17 Ibid., pp. 42-4. 18 Some of these figures are recorded in Bradley M. Richardson, The Political Notes 115

Culture of japan (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1974). See pp. 16, 72 and 86. 19 Ibid., p. 47. 20 Ibid., p. 95. 21 See in this connection , Norman H. Nie and Jae-on Kim, Partiapation and Political Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) p. 60. 22 Scalapino and Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary japan, pp. 125-53. 23 Tsurutani, Political Change injapan, pp. 192-3. 24 Dennison Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment: 1948-1978 (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1977) p. vii. 25 See in this connection Joel M. Halpern, 'Yugoslavia: Modernization of an Ethnically Diverse State', in Wayne S. Vucinich (ed.), Contemporary Yugo­ slavia: Twenty Years of Democratic Experiment (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1969). 26 Ibid., p. 323. 27 D. McClellan, 'Postwar Political Evolution', ibid., p. 152. 28 Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment, p. 343. 29 Frederick Singleton and Anthony Topham, Worker's Control in Yugoslavia (London: Fabian Society, 1963) p. 3. 30 Ibid., p. 20. 31 Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment, p. 192. 32 Ibid., p. 270. 33 Commenting on the revival of the importance of the League, Kardelj said, 'by making this as a constitutional principle, we are in fact recognizing a reality of our society, namely that the leading ideological and political role of the League of Communists is an essential factor of stability and cohesion of our society' (quoted ibid., p. 327). 34 See Josip Obradovic and William N. Dunn (eds), Workers' Self-Manage­ ment and Organization Power in Yugoslavia (Pittsburgh: Press, 1978) p. 4. 35 Ibid., p. 15. Also see for an analysis of voter turnout, political competi­ tiveness and political dissent in the 1969 Yugoslav· elections, Leonard]. Cohen, 'Political Participation, Competition and Dissent in Yugoslavia: A Report of Research on Electoral Behaviour', in Jan F. Triska and Paul M. Cocks (eds), Polt'tical Development in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1977). 36 See in this connection Veljo Rus, 'Enterprise Power Structure', in Obradovic and Dunn, Workers' Self-Management and Organizational Power m Yugoslavia, p. 201. 37 Rudi Supek, 'Participation in Industrial Democracy', ibid., p. 36. 38 Ibid., p. 38. Various other corresponding terms have been used to describe the phenomenon: 'persuasion' (Pateman): 'feeling of participation' (Verba); 'co-determination' or the German term Mitbestimmung; etc. 39 See in this connection Sidney Verba and Goldie Shabad, 'Workers' Council and Political Stratification', American Political Science Review, LXXII, no. 1 (Mar 1978) pp. 80-95. Milos Venjnovic recorded the concern expressed by a Yugoslav worker on 116 Political Capadty in Developing Societies

certain built-in advantages enjoyed by people other than the workers even in seating arrangements: 'You talk about workers' self-management but during my two years of membership in this body I have noticed that the first rows of this hall are occupied by managers. Then come experts, then clerks, and then us, the workers. Wouldn't it be normal that we workers have the first row?' See his 'Influence Structure in a Self-Managing Enterprise', in Obradovic and Dunn, 'Workers' Self-Management and Organizational Power in Yugoskwia, pp. 275-6. 40 Milovan Djilas, quoted in Sharon Zukin, Beyond Marx and Tito: Theory York: Praeger, 1957) p. 39. 41 Milovan Djilas, quoted in Sharon Zukin, Beyond Marx and Tito: Theory and Practice in Yugoslav Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975) p. 6. 42 Ibid., p. 9. 43 Ibid., p. 13. 44 Ibid., p. 7. 45 See in this connection a fascinating work by Pablo Gonzales Casanova, Democracy in Mexico, trs. Daniel Salti (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970) p. viii. 46 Martin C. Needler, Politics and Society in Mexico (Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Press, 1971) p. 5. 47 Ibid., p. 43. 48 Ibid., p. 45. Also see for the political attitudes of the migrants from countryside to urban centres, Wayne A. Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford, Calif.: Press, 1975). 49 Susan Kaufman-Purcell, The Mexican Profit-Sharing Decision: Politics in an Authoritarian Regime (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1975) p. 8. 50 Ibid., p. 32. 51 Casanova, Democracy in Mexico, p. 71. 52 Ibid., p. 101. 53 Ibid., p. 128. 54 Kaufman-Purcell, The Mexican Profit-Sharing Decision, p. 4. 55 Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963) p. 414. 56 See Robert E. Scott, 'Mexico: The Established Revolution' in Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Verba ( eds), and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965). 57 Ibid., pp. 347-54. 58 Almond and Verba, The Civic Culture, p. 252. 59 See in this connection Obarogie Ohonbanu, The of Nigerian Revolution (Ilfracombe: Stockwell, 1969) p. 15. 60 Sir Frederick Lugard, quoted in G. 0. Olusanya, The Second World War and Politics in Nigeria, 1939-1953 (Lagos: University of Lagos, Evans Brothers, 1973) p. 11. 61 Sir Hugh Clifford, quoted in Ohonbanu, The Psychology of Nigerian Revolution, p. 15. 62 K. W. J. Post, The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963) p. 13. Notes 117

63 Ibid., p. 14. See also Frederick A. 0. SchwartzJr, Nigeria: The Trz"bes, the Nation, or the Race - The Politics of Independence (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967), for the influence of ethnicity on democratic politics in Nigeria; and James S. Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1960), for a very learned account of Nigerian nationalism. 64 See John Paden, 'Urban Pluralism, Integration and Adaption of Communal Identity of Kano, Nigeria', in Ronald Cohen and John Middleton (eds), From Tribe to Nation in Africa: Studies in Incorporation Process (Scranton, Pa: Chandler, 1970) p. 242. 65 See in this connection Hugh Smythe and Mabel Smythe, The New Nigerian Elite (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1960). 66 Richard Sklar, 'Nigerian Politics in Perspective', in Robert Melson and Howard Pole (eds), Nigeria: Modernization and Politics of Communalism (Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1971) pp. 47-8. 67 See in this connection Robin Luckman, The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt: 1960-67 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971) p. 1. 68 Quoted in Post, The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959, p. 437. 69 Ohonbanu, a Nigerian scholar, expressed his views on the subject as follows: 'Once elected what is the relationship between the elected member in his constituency and the electorate? In Nigeria the electorate-member-of­ parliament tie breaks after the election and once the MP is safely home in Parliament. He ceases to be a servant of his people as he vowed to be during his campaigns. Rather, he becomes their boss, their dictator. He sponges on them .... this was the rule rather than the exception in the Nigeria of the First Republic' (The Psychology of Nigerian Revolution, p. 38). 70 Margret Peil, Nigerian Politics: The People's View (London: Cassell, 1976) pp. 156-85.

NOTES TO CHAPTER FOUR: RETHINKING AND REFORMULATION

See in this connection Karl Popper, Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973) pp. 32-4. Within the field of political development, probably the only major theoretical controversy was on the correlations between the social and economic factors and stable . See, for a summary of the controversy, Lee Siegelman, Modernization and the Political System: A Critique of Preliminary Empirical Analysis (Beverley Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1971). 2 Stephen Toulmin, 'New Directions in Philosophy of Science', Encounter, Jan 1971, p. 54. See also, in this connection, Stephen Toulmin, 'The Problem of Conceptual Change' Human Understanding (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) pp. 41-130. 3 Ibid., p. 54. 4 See in this connection A. H. Somjee, 'Pluralist-Behavioralist Paradigm', Political Studies, Dec 1971, for a brief discussion of 'systemocentricity'. 5 Gabriel Almond, Political Development, Essays in Heuristic Theory (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1970) p. 4. 118 Political Capacity in Developing Societies

6 Ibid., p. 4. 7 Gabriel Almond, The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960). 8 Almond, Political Development, p. 19. 9 Ibid., p. 35. 10 See in this connection Karl Mannheim, 'The Problem of Generations', Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952). See also A. H. Somjee, 'Three Electoral Generations', Democratic Process in a Developing Society (London: Macmillan, 1979). 11 Edward Shils, 'The Intellectuals in the Political Development of the New States', World Politics, 12 (Apr 1960). 12 Howard W. Wriggins, The Ruler's Imperative (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969). 13 For the role of communication in social mobilisation and political develop­ ment, see Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958) and Karl W. Deutsch's seminal work Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966), and his paper 'The Development of Communication Theory in Political Science', History of Political Economy, 7, no. 4. (1975). 14 ]. P. Nett!, Political Mobilization: A Sociolog-ical Analysis of Methods and Concepts (New York: Basic Books, 1967) p. 21. Index

Accountability, political conditions Crisis concept, 98 leading to application, 49 in India, 48-51 Decision-making of elected representatives, 24 in India, 46-8 role of watchdogs, 49-50 inJapan, 63 Action Group (Nigeria), 85 induction through democratic Africa, seeing racial basis in political process, 47 development, 16-17 Democracy Almond, Gabriel, 6-8, 80-2, 96-9 development of dissidence, 22 Apter, David, 10 in India Army involvement in processes, 41-4 non-interference in India, 29, norms, goals and assumptions, 57-8 41-2 period of rule in Nigeria, 86-7 'one man, one vote', 29 Ascriptive groups, 23 parliamentary, 30 Authoritarianism in Mexican system, potential for Nigerian revival, 88 76 related to urbanisation, 8 stability correlated to economic Britain development, 8 accommodation of new social system used by PRI in Mexico, 78 forces, 18-19 violations, 3 evolution of political institutions, 2 Desai, Morarji, 58 Deutsch, Karl, 104 Casanova, P. G., 81 Developing countries Centre-periphery concept, 15 application of political Civil liberties, 18 development concepts, x Colonial countries, idealising ruling constitutional rights, 19 countries' political effect of multinational companies, institutions, 18 14 Committee on , obstacles to political development, 6 7 Communist Party of Yugoslavia, 69, role of political elite, 54 70 seen as similar to Western Constitutions development, 100 amendment or making period, 18 sensitivity to outside views, 9 exercising rights granted by, 19 Dewey, John, 10 formulation in India, 32 Direct action, 16 basic goals, 37-8 engendering political involvement, role of lawyers, 56 105 limitations, 47 see also Protest 119 120 Index

Dissidence, 22 Hierarchical societies, 20 Djilas, Milovan, 69, 70, 74 circumvented by universal adult Dumont, Rene, 103 suffrage, 19 influence on political growth in Ecological theory, 8 India, 29, 39 Economics overcome by Indian institutions, influence of political capacity, 23 33 international, influence on Huntington, Samuel, 10-13, 104 political development, 17 place of land in Indian Ibo, 85 development, 37 India, xii, 2 political development as function background factors in political of , 2 development, 53-8 related to political development, bifurcation of elite structure, 44-6 11, 23 demand for indpendence, 31 Elections evolution of political capacity, as means of influencing decisions, 29-59 47 introduction of political attempt to use social and religious participation, 12 cohesion in India, 40-1 overthrow of political corruption, in Japan 88 attempts to secure support, 65 roles played by political elite, 54 regulation, 65 secular organisations, 38, 90 voter turn-out, 66 sensitive to Western views, 9 in Nigeria Individual rights procedure, 87 beginnings of Indian interest, 30 support from ethnic groups, 86 concept difficult for Japanese, relationship of voter to 63-4 representative, 24 role in developing political use in political participation capacity, 107 development, 20 role of Indian constitutional use of voting power, 21, 34-6 lawyers, 56 see also Participation, political Industrialisation, 7 Ethnocentricity, 5-13 Intellectuals, role in modernisation of societies, 103 France Interest groups use of democratic evolution of political institutions, 2 process by, 61 revolution preceding constitutional Ishida, Takeshi, 66 amendment, 18 Freedom of expression, 74 Japan, 2 Fukutake, Tadaski, 65 disparities in development, 16, 25, Functionalism in political 61-8 development theory, 97 failure of political modernisation, research projects based on, 97-8 62 insistence on greater participation, Gandhi, Indira, 50-1, 55, 58 26 Gurr, Ted, 16 Liberal Democratic Party, 63, 64 one-party state, 63 Hausa-Fulani, 85 political institutions, 62 Index 121

rural-urban differences, 61 Moore, Barrington, Jr, 7 stratification of society, 62-3 Multinational companies traditional attitudes, 60, 61, 62, 89 continuing dependence of aid to stable change, 67 developing countries, 17 in voting habits, 65 favoured by international Judiciary relationship, 14 contribution in India, 29, 56 influence, 3 protecting constitutional Myrdal, Gunnar, 103 rights, 20 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 103 Kaufman-Purcell, Susan, 76-7 Nation, concept of, 15 Kothari, Rajni, 15 National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, 85 Land reforms, 12 National independence movements, Law, rule of viii beginnings of Indian interest, 30 encouraging political involvement, breakdowns, 52 105 emphasised in Indian press, 55 in India, 29, 30-2 Lerner, Daniel, 8, 104 importance in developing Leys, Colin, 6 political capacity, 58 Lipmann, Walter, 10 leading to mass political Lipset, S. M., 8 mobilisation, 53 legacies of, 12 MacKenzie, W. J. M., 87 Nigerian McNamara, Robert, 11 attack on colonial rule, 83 Mannheim, Karl, 101 limits of effectiveness, 85 Mass mobilisation political idealism, 101-2 in Mexico, 77, 80 stimulant to growth of political studies, 104 capacity, 16-17 Mazruhi, Ali, 16-17 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 55 Mexico, 75-82 Nelson, Joan, 11-14, 104 ambiguity in view of political Nett!, J. P., 104 system, 80-1 Nigeria, 82-8 ethnic inequalities, 27 ethnic groups, 82-3, 84-7 exclusion of Indians, 79, 89-90 awareness of disadvantages of legislature influenced by executive, divisions, 60, 90 76 coterminous with political limited effects of revolution, 75-6 parties, 85 limits of participation, 27 need for mutual political 'one-party democracy', 77 accommodation, 27-8 political manipulation, 60 period of military rule, 86-7 stratified society, 78-9 political corruption, 88 type of authoritarianism, 76 Northern People's Congress Military affairs, see Army (Nigeria), 85 Minority opinion, 22 Modernisation, political O'Donnell, Guillermo, 76 in terms of values, 10 Opposition, political role in class society, 7 formation in India, 54 role of political participation, 11 stages of development, 23 122 Index

Organski, A. F. K., 6 problems of observing development, viii Pakistan, economic development, 16 self-enhancement, 110-11 Parsons, Talcott, 7 Political culture, concept of, 98 Participation, political Political development as 'dependent variable', 12-13 achievement by development of development of skills, 22 human potential, 4 extent, 11 bringing new ideas from other implication for Indian voters, 42-3 disciplines, 96-7 leading to social mobility, 43-4 concepts accepted as reality, 93-5 utilisation, 35 criticism of Western concepts, in Japan 13-17 popular demand, 26 extent of perspectives, 5 rural-urban differences, 61 in non-western countries, in Mexico, by way of distributing in west, historical forces, 2 favours, 80 interaction of economics, social in Yugoslavia, 26-7, 71-4 equality and participation, 12 interactive role in political lack of conceptual criticism, 5, development, 11 92-3 majority-minority process, 22 no definable end-product, 9 stage of introduction, 12 overcoming bias in scholarship, 13 through suffrage, 19 problems of investigation, 5 see also Elections profusion of definitions, 5 Party of Revolutionary Institutions racial bias in literature, 16-17 (PRI, Mexico), 77 refining theory by relating to data, Pasic, Najdan, 74 95-6 Political capacity role of political capacity, vii as relationship between people and scholarly isolation, 5-6 rulers, 17 state of the art, 91 collective action, 110 systemic theory, 14 concept, 17-28 Political goals, attainment, 4, 9 constraints on Nigerians, 87 Political institutions definition, viii based on advanced countries, 101 development stages, 22 inability to cope with new forces, different starting points for social 10 classes in India, 35 Indian, 32-3 evolution in India, 29-59 Japanese, 62 examination in historical contexts, Mexican 99-101 based on European and US factors governing effectiveness, 47 model, 81 in Mexico, hindered by democratic building on gains of revolution, processes, 78 77 in Yugoslavia, 70 limited freedoms, 76 individual and collective, 38 under-involvement of people, individual decision-making, 108-9 79-80 inhibitions among Indian ex- performance judged by economic untouchables, 36-7 standards, 16 need for extension of study, 91-2 procedural networks established, obstacles to development, 60 102 parameters, 107-11 role of elite bodies, 102-3 Index 123

Yugoslavian constitution, 32 judgement by the people, 70 bifurcation of elite structure, major changes in 1950s, 71 44-6 Political science, development of of dwindling importance, 44 vocabulary, 7 political differentiation within Post-colonial development, 1 groups, 39 Press, contribution in India, 29, 55- protecting individual rights, 57 Problem-solving concept, 98 significance of membership of Protest decision-making groups, 47 against slowness of action, 16 traditional, related to secular against US-Japan Security Treaty, democratic process, 38-41 67 see also Hierarchical societies Indian, 50 Socialist programmes, role of party discovering legitimate limits, and bureaucracy, 2 51-3 Sri Lanka, overthrow of political means unavailable to Mexican corruption in, 88 Indians, 79 Srinivas, M. N., 30 right of, 3 State, concept of, 15 to obtain constitutional rights, 20 Stojanovic, Svetozan, 74 see also Direct action System concept, 14, 98 Public office accessibility, 21-2 Technological influences, 3 limited tenure in Yugoslavia, 70 Tito, Marshal Qosip Broz), 69 Pye, Lucian, 5, 10 Toulmin, Stephen, 94 Tsurutani, Taketsugu, 67 Quo, F. Q., 16 United States Racial bias in Western literature, evolution of political institutions, 2 16-17 revolution preceding constitution­ Repression, political, 52 making, 18 in India, 50 Security Treaty with Japan, 67 Revolution, failure to achieve social Universal adult suffrage, 19 mobility in Mexico, 27 gradual process in West, 33 Riggs, Fred, 8-10 introduction in India, 33-4 Rostow, W. W., 9 resulting in greater political mobilisation, 53 Sayeed, Khalid, 16 significance to hierarchical society, Scott, Robert, 81 33-5 Shah, Ghanshyam, 16 Shils, Edward, 103 Value judgements in political Social mobility, 20 development access to, in India, 43 ambiguity, 9-14 of Mexican mestizos, 78 ignored by most scholars, 6 Social status method of investigation, 4 importance in Indian Varma, S. P., 14 development, 30, 37 Verba, S., 80, 81, 82 in political participation, 20 Voting role of ascriptive groups, 23 attitudes in Japan, 66 Social structure, 110 break with social or religious formulated for Indian groups, 40-1 124 Index

encouraging political involvement, demographic background, 69 105 ethnic multiplicity, 68 see also Elections aggravation of rivalries, 72 evaluation of achievements, 74-5 Western norms, used in evaluation of individual expression hindered, 69 developing countries, 7, 100 institutional changes, 71 Worker participation political party and bureaucracy, in Yugoslavia, 71, 73 60, 89 limited in Mexico, 79 post-war political stance, 68 Wriggins, Howard, 103 problems of bureaucracy, 26-7, 71-2 Yoruba, 85 role of political elite, 70 Yugoslavia, 68-75 urban-rural relationship, 69