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2 Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I966)

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2 Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I966) Notes NOTES TO CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT I I am grateful to the editors of Politcal Studies (and Oxford University Press) for their kind permission to reproduce portions of my review article 'Ethnocentricity and Value Ambiguity in Political Development Studies', June I978. 2 Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I966). 3 Ibid., p.33. 4 Gabriel Almond, Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, I970) p. I33. 5 Colin Leys, Politics and Change in Developing Countries: Studies in Theory and Practice of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, I969). 6 Robert A. Packenham, 'Political Development Doctrines in the American Foreign AID Program', World Politics, Jan I966. 7 J. Roland Pennock, 'Political Development, Political Systems, and Political Goods', World Politics, Apr I966. 8 Barrington Moore Jr, Soical Ongins of Dictatorshzp and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, I966). 9 A. F. K. Organski, The Stages of Political Development (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, I965). IO Gabriel Almond (ed.), The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, I960). II S. M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (London: Heinemann, I959). 12 Daniel Lerner, 'Communication Systems and Social Systems: A Statistical Exploration in History and Policy', Behavioral Science, 2 (I957). I3 David Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I965). 14 Pye, Aspects of Political Development. 15 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, I968). 16 Samuel P. Huntington and Joan Nelson, No Easy Choice: Politcal Particzpation in Developing Countries (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976). 17 Ibid., p. 2. 112 Notes 113 18 See in this connection his interesting paper 'Theories of Political Development: A Critique and Search for an Alternative Approach', Political Science Review, 16, no. 2 (Apr-June 1979). 19 See Rajni Kothari (ed.), State and Nation-Building: A Third World Perspective (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1976). 20 See in this connection Ghanshyam Shah, 'Direct Action in India: A Study of Gujarat and Bihar Agitations' Contributions to Asian Studies, XIV, special number, 'Rethinking in Political Development', ed. A. H. Somjee (1979). 21 See in this connection Khalid B. Sayeed, 'Development Strategy Under Ayub Khan', ibid. 22 F.Q. Quo, 'Democratic Theories and Japanese Modernization', Modem Asian Studies, 6, no. 1 (1972). 23 See in this connection Ali A. Mazruhi, 'From Social Darwinism to Current Theories of Modernization', World Politics, XXI, no. 1 (Oct 1968). 24 For some of the major works in this field see Andre Gunder Frank, 'The Development of Underdevelopment', in James D. Cockeroff et al., Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy (New York: Anchor Books, 1972); Fernando Henrique C<!.rdoso and Enzo Falleto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley Calif.: California University Press, 1979); I. M. Wallerstein, The Modem World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974) vol. I; Tony Smith, 'The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory' World Politics; Jan 1979; Ivar Oxaal, Tony Barnett, and David Booth ( eds), Beyond the Sociology of Development: Economy and Society in Latin America and Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975). NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO: POLITICAL CAPACITY IN INDIA See A. H. Somjee, Democracy and Political Change in Village India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1972). 2 See in this connection F. G. Bailey, Politics and Social Change in Orissa (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 3 See William Rowe, 'The New Cauhans: A Caste Mobility Movement in Northern India' in James Silverberg (ed.), Social Mob~"lity in the Caste System in India (The Hague: Mouton, 1968). 4 See for the details of this process A. H. Somjee, 'Caste and the Decline of Political Homogeneity', American Political Science Review, LXVII, no. 3 (Sep 1973). 5 See for the Details of this process Somjee, Democracy and Political Change in Village India. 6 See in this connection Chanchal Sarkar, The Changing Press (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967) pp. 15-16. 114 Political Capacity in Developing Societies 7 V. R. Krishna Iyer, 'Perspectives on Democracy', journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, X (1976) 24. 8 N. A. Palkhiwala, Our Constitution Defaced and Defiled (Delhi: Mac­ millan, 1974) p. vii. NOTES TO CHAPTER THREE: IMPEDIMENTS TO THE GROWTH OF POLITICAL CAPACITY With the exception of the case of over 2 per cent 'outcasts' or 'untouchables', called eta or burakumin, who in the 1920s aspired to social mobility by allowing the socialists to champion their cause, Japanese ethnic differences have not been expressed by political cleavages. See in this connection George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma, japan's Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1966). 2 Taketsugu Tsurutani, Political Change in japan (New York: David McKay, 1977) p. 179. 3 Robert Scalapino and Junnosuke Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporaryjapan (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1964) p. 5 4 Ibid., p. 6. 5 Masao Maruyama, Thought and Behaviour in Modern japanese Politics (London: Oxford University Press, 1969) p. 142. Also see in this connection F. Q. Quo, 'Political Development ofJapan: A Negative Lesson?', in Contri­ butions to Asian Studies, XIV, special number, 'Rethinking in Political Development', ed. A. H. Somjee (1979). 6 John Whitney Hall, 'The Nature of Traditional Society', in Robert E. Ward and Dankworth A. Rustow (eds), Political Modernization of japan and Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964) p. 16. 7 See in this connection Tadashi Fukutake,japanese Rural Society, trs. R. P. Dore (Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1967). 8 Robert Scalapino, 'Environmental and Foreign Contributions', in Ward and Dankworth, Political Modernization ofjapan and Turkey. 9 R. P. Dore, 'Education' ibid., p. 187. 10 Nobutaka Ike, 'Political Leadership and Political Parties', ibid., p. 391 11 Scalapino and Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary japan, p. 12. 12 Scalapino and Masumi described this phenomenon as follows: 'Direct vote buying is no longer a common practice, but in Japan as elsewhere, it is difficult to draw a line between bribery or vote buying and the transmission of various gifts, favours and entertainment. Nor is campaigning confined to the formal election period. Increasingly, the successful Japanese politicians must provide a continuous flow of benevolences, stepping these up as election time draws near' (ibid., p. 104). 13 Ibid., p. 116. 14 Ibid., pp. 123-4. 15 Gerald L. Curtis, Election Campaigning japanese Style (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) p. x. 16 Ibid., p. 38. 17 Ibid., pp. 42-4. 18 Some of these figures are recorded in Bradley M. Richardson, The Political Notes 115 Culture of japan (Berkeley, Calif.: California University Press, 1974). See pp. 16, 72 and 86. 19 Ibid., p. 47. 20 Ibid., p. 95. 21 See in this connection Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie and Jae-on Kim, Partiapation and Political Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) p. 60. 22 Scalapino and Masumi, Parties and Politics in Contemporary japan, pp. 125-53. 23 Tsurutani, Political Change injapan, pp. 192-3. 24 Dennison Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment: 1948-1978 (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1977) p. vii. 25 See in this connection Joel M. Halpern, 'Yugoslavia: Modernization of an Ethnically Diverse State', in Wayne S. Vucinich (ed.), Contemporary Yugo­ slavia: Twenty Years of Democratic Experiment (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1969). 26 Ibid., p. 323. 27 D. McClellan, 'Postwar Political Evolution', ibid., p. 152. 28 Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment, p. 343. 29 Frederick Singleton and Anthony Topham, Worker's Control in Yugoslavia (London: Fabian Society, 1963) p. 3. 30 Ibid., p. 20. 31 Rusinov, The Yugoslav Experiment, p. 192. 32 Ibid., p. 270. 33 Commenting on the revival of the importance of the League, Kardelj said, 'by making this as a constitutional principle, we are in fact recognizing a reality of our society, namely that the leading ideological and political role of the League of Communists is an essential factor of stability and cohesion of our society' (quoted ibid., p. 327). 34 See Josip Obradovic and William N. Dunn (eds), Workers' Self-Manage­ ment and Organization Power in Yugoslavia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978) p. 4. 35 Ibid., p. 15. Also see for an analysis of voter turnout, political competi­ tiveness and political dissent in the 1969 Yugoslav· elections, Leonard]. Cohen, 'Political Participation, Competition and Dissent in Yugoslavia: A Report of Research on Electoral Behaviour', in Jan F. Triska and Paul M. Cocks (eds), Polt'tical Development in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1977). 36 See in this connection Veljo Rus, 'Enterprise Power Structure', in Obradovic and Dunn, Workers' Self-Management and Organizational Power m Yugoslavia, p. 201. 37 Rudi Supek, 'Participation in Industrial Democracy', ibid., p. 36. 38 Ibid., p. 38.
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