Distribution of Industrial Effluents in Groundwater and Surface Water in the Surroundings of Lumbini Sugar Industry, Sunwal, Nawalparasi, Nepal
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Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, Vol. 5, September 2020 Acharya S, Rijal ML, 2020 Distribution of industrial effluents in groundwater and surface water in the surroundings of Lumbini Sugar Industry, Sunwal, Nawalparasi, Nepal Shanti Acharya1 and Moti Lal Rijal1* Central Department of Geology, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *Corresponding e-mail: [email protected] Received: 20 May 2020/Accepted: 28 August 2020 ABSTRACT Industrial effluents are one of the major sources of water contaminants for both surface and groundwater from different types of industries. Among them, the sugar industry is a type of industry in which the present study is focused. The sugar mill is one of the agro-based industries in the world. Sugar industry is seasonal in nature and it operates only about 3 months in a year when a huge amount of effluents is released to the nearby water flow systems. The study is emphasized on the current status of water quality and effluent impacts around Lumbini Sugar Industry (LSI), Sunwal. The study mainly focuses on the measurement of in-situ physicochemical parameters that includes pH, TDS, EC and DO, and as well as data gathered from the laboratory analysis of the chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), sulphate (SO42−), phosphate (PO4 3−) and potassium (K+), BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease content of samples collected both from shallow tube-well and also from the stream in the surroundings of LSI. In this way, the present status of industrial effluents in surface and groundwater were investigated. The industrial effluents were higher around its disposal points in both types of surface and groundwater samples and their concentrations decreases as we move further away from the effluents discharge location. The vertical variations of lithology along different sampling points and direct leaching of effluents and their higher flow velocity in sandy layer, whereas the retardation caused by sorption of effluents in thick clay layers caused differential movements of effluents for their distributions in the study area. Moreover, after the discontinuity of effluents after halting of sugar production in the LSI since last a few years, the effluents concentrations are still higher in its discharge points. But, there is significantly low concentrations as seen in the samples collected from further away from this point. Keywords: Sugar industry; Industrial effluent; Groundwater quality; Stream water quality INTRODUCTION The sugar Industry contains the excessive degree of organic pollution which effects local environment. The sugar factory is also one of the main sources of The irrigation with 100% effluent concentration the water contamination releasing contamination decreased moisture content 20.44%, increased pH loads. The Terai region of Nepal, is suitable region (9.56%), EC 64.28%), Na + (185.48%), K+(53.40%), for sugarcane farming due to the favourable climatic SO4--2 (72.08%). The sugar industry consumes huge and soil conditions. Sugar industry is seasonal in quantity of water and throws back almost an equal nature and it operates only about 3 months in a year. A quantity of effluent as waste water of cane crushed significant large amount of waste is generated during (Kumar et al. 2017). Specially, the effluents of the manufacturing of sugar. It contains a high amount of industry are drained off to open water bodies near production load particularly in terms of suspended from the industrial area which brings the pollution in solids and organic matters (Kolhe et al. 2001). The fresh water reservoirs have been proven by Ijeoma and main objectivity of the study area is to know the current Achi (2011). The increasing use of chemical fertilizers status of river and groundwater quality around the LSI. and pesticides degrades soil and water quality. As a 105 Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, Vol. 5, September 2020 Acharya S, Rijal ML, 2020 result, the high value of chloride, sulphate, nitrates as hydrophobic such as oil and grease. Hydrophilic in and sodium occurs as chemical pollution (Goel et al. which polar charge molecules are attracted to water or 2007). The study further acclaims that nowadays the water loving is known as hydrophilic. Such as cations discharge effluent is one of the main problems to be Na+, Cl-, K+, PO 3−4, SO 2−4 are hydrophilic ions. faced in future with increased disagreeable effects by All these factors influence in the water contamination. Saranraj and Stella (2014). This study is focused on the effect of industrial effluents from LSI on river and groundwater water pH and EC show inverse relationship as the quality around LSI. distance between sources of effluent and sampling site increased distance from the effluent storage site. STUDY AREA The effluent percolates through pits which increases The study area, in the surroundings of Lumbini Sugar EC of water. The fluctuation of nitrogen, potassium, industry is situated in Sunwal Municipality located in phosphorus, iron, lead impacts by Sugar factory Nawalparasi District. The study area has the gentle effluents percolated from storage site. There is a need slope towards the south and is situated in the forefront of periodical assessment of soil quality in the vicinity of Churia hill, which is directly visible towards the of sugar factory is concluded by Dhangar and Lohar north of the LSI. From the lithological perspective, it (2012). Advection, Dispersion and Retardation all is composed of the gravel and sand alternated with red, are the natural process of the flow. The non-polar black and yellow clays. Its altitude varies from 100- molecules which are not attracted to the water is known 200 m. Alluvial fans are deposited in this Zone. The location of the study area is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1: Location map of study area. 106 Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, Vol. 5, September 2020 Acharya S, Rijal ML, 2020 MATERIALS AND METHODS site description points. Water level indicator was used to measure the static water level of the dug In this study, a total of 46 samples (37 samples from well. Similarly, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), surface water and 9 samples from groundwater) were total dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured pH, EC, taken from various locations shown in Fig. 2 for in- DO were measured in-situ with the help of the three situ physicochemical parameters measurements. Out separate probes of Mettlor Teledo. of these 46 samples, 21 samples taken for laboratory measurements selecting 15 samples of groundwater Samples for laboratory analysis were collected samples and six samples from stream. Using both in-situ using sampling bottles of 500ml size. Those sample parameters and parameters obtained from laboratory bottles were filled with water without making bubbles analysis of chemical parameters as mentioned in Table inside and packed for the laboratory analysis from the 1. All thesis data were used for the comparative study different locations. A total of 21 samples were taken after of river, stream and dug well water near LSI is done. two times rinsing of sample bottles. After that, samples Different quantitative and qualitative research technics were kept in cooler-box to maintain temperature and were used for the completion of this research. ArcGIS, for its preservation until further laboratory analysis MS Excel, and Adobe Photoshop were used for data was carried out. The collected data from the field was acquisition, processing and analysis. tested in the laboratory by the appropriate methods as shown in Table 1. Global positioning System (GPS) (Garmin GPS) was used in the field to locate sampling and Table 1: Methods used for the chemical analysis of the different parameters S.N. Parameters(mg/l) Method 1. Chloride 4500-Cl- B, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 22nd Edition 2. Total Hardness 2340 C, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 22nd Edition. 3. Sulphate 4500-SO4-2- C, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 22nd Edition 4. Phosphate 4500-P E, APHA, AWWA, WEF,22nd Edition 5. Sodium 3111 B, APHA - AWWA - WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 6. Potassium 3111 B, APHA - AWWA - WEF 2012, 22nd Edition nd 7. BOD5 5210 B, APHA, AWWA, WEF,22 Edition 8. COD 5220 B, APHA, AWWA, WEF,22nd Edition 9. TSS 2540 D, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 22nd Edition 5520-B, APHA, AWWA, WEF, 22nd Edition 10. Oil & Grease RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in field as insitu parameters and some were tested in the laboratory. Measurements of pH, TDS and EC The sampling points are taken from Machhamara in the were carried out in the field while TSS, BOD, COD, north to Swathi in the south of the study area. Sampling oil and grease, chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium points form the study area is shown in google map and phosphate were analyzed in the laboratory. The (Fig. 2) where sampling points of dug well water is sampling points from different location of stream is indicated by ‘W’ and stream water is indicated by shown in Fig. 2. ‘R’. In the study area, some parameters are checking 107 Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, Vol. 5, September 2020 Acharya S, Rijal ML, 2020 Fig. 2: Sampling locations for surface and groundwater at different measurements. WATER LEVEL OF THE STUDY AREA Depending on direct measurements of water levels direction. Another depression of the water level is in obtained from dug well, water level of the area was the south-west direction of LSI. The water is flowing to determined. The water level results showed the water the north from Sunwal area as shown in Fig. 3. is flowing to the east of LSI, accumulated from all the 108 Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, Vol. 5, September 2020 Acharya S, Rijal ML, 2020 Fig. 3: Water level contour map of dug well with reference to below ground level (m) from the study area. The water flow direction is mainly responsible slightly different in deep well water compared from for distribution of contaminants.