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Crisis in Nepal Recent Developments IPCS Special Report 22 May 2006 CRISIS IN NEPAL RECENT DEVELOPMENTS PG Rajamohan Research Fellow, IPCS INTRODUCTION government and imposed emergency2 The year 2005 and the first quarter of on 1 February 2005 in accordance with 2006 have been most strenuous period the article 115 (1) of Constitution of the for Nepal, with unexpected political Kingdom of Nepal 1990. In his twists and turns for each of the three address to the nation, Gyanendra said major players in the conflict – the that he dissolves the Government King, the Communist Party of Nepal because of its failure to make (Maoist) and political parties. necessary arrangements to hold Although the political parties have elections and protect democracy, the succeeded in re-establishing sovereignty of the people and life and multiparty democracy after the property.3 But ever since the royal massive peaceful demonstration in coup, violence and disorder have April 2006, resumption of peace remained unabated across the country, process and resolving Maoist except during the brief four-month insurgency seems to have major unilateral ceasefire declared by the hurdles in the present situation. This Maoists in the late 2005. report would focus on major issues between September 2005 and March Immediately after the take over, 2006. Gyanendra constituted a royal cabinet under his chairmanship and ROYAL TAKE OVER AND appointed two royalists, Kirti Nidhi POLITICAL INSTABILITY Bista and Tulsi Giri as vice-chairmen King Gyanendra, who has appointed of the council of ministers.4 On and dethroned three governments February 2, the royal cabinet meeting consecutively since the dissolution of 1 the Parliament in May 2002 , took over 2 the executive powers of the Nepal News, “His Majesty declares state of emergency,” 1 February 2005. Later, the state of emergency was lifted on April 29. 3 Full text of the King’s proclamation is available at http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2006/feb/f 1 There were three governments appointed and eb01/news09.php dismissed by the King after the dis solution of 4 The King’s Cabinet (formed on February 2, democratically elected government under Sher 2005) was reshuffled for three times, on Bahadur Deuba on 4 October 2002. It includes: February 14, July 14 and December 7 Lokendra Bahadur Chand (11 October 2002 – respectively. The newly announced 35- 30 May 2003); Surya Bahadur Thapa (4 June member cabinet of loyalists includes two vice- 2003 – 7 May 2004); Sher Bahadur Deuba (2 chairmen, 12 cabinet ministers, seven state June 2004 – 1 February 2005). ministers and 14 assistant ministers. INSTITUTE OF PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDES B-7/3, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 91-11-4100 1900 (Tel); 91-11-4165 2560 (Fax) Website: www.ipcs.org IPCS Special Report 22 May 2006 approved King’s 21-point programme election offer were criticized as a ploy for maintaining social unity, law and to put a democratic facade on an order as well as for safeguarding the autocratic regime. Subsequently, the sovereignty of Nepal.5 King has major seven political parties alliance thwarted any protest movements have started debating on against his government by banning establishment of republican form of political activities and imposing house government rather retaining the arrests on the political leaders. ‘constitutional monarchy’ after Although the King did not ban restoring multi-party democracy in the political parties, space for political country stating that the monarchy has activity was severely restricted. become ‘irrelevant’ after the take over. During the emergency period, civil Failing to win the support of the society including media and NGO’s political parties, royal forces pursued activities were rigorously controlled.6 brutal suppressive measures against The move was criticized as an attempt the anti-Monarchy protesters. The to compel them to follow a pro- opposition parties have suffered with government and ‘nationalist’ agenda. scores of their leaders and cadres Control and stern actions against the being arrested and at least 14 activists private FM stations and news papers dying during protest demonstrations were continued since King’s in April 2006 against the government. assumption of power. The protest movements demanding democracy by King Gyanendra’s desperate decision the political parties, students unions, of taking over the power has definitely human rights activists etc have also made him loose the support of Nepal’s been ruthlessly suppressed using traditional allies particularly India, US army and police forces.7 and UK. The Monarchy was constantly criticized by the The King’s call for talks with political international community for derailing parties and the Maoists have been the democratic system, perpetrating rejected by both his adversaries. The violence against the political parties King’s initiatives for ‘reconciliation’ and large level human rights with the political parties including the violations. Various human rights organizations including the United 5 For full 21-point programme list, see Nations and Amnesty International http://www.pmo.gov.np/21-Point.doc are more concerned about the 6 Prominent right activists and media persons precarious conflict situation and were not permitted to publish news against the government’s constant refusal for any government, organize meetings and also to visit foreign countries. Even after lifting peaceful settlement with the Maoists. emergency, in November 2005, the royal Their call for the King to reach an government has enforced a ‘code of conduct’ agreement with democratic political for all INGOs and NGOs functioning in Nepal forces falls into deaf ears. Although, to make their activities transparent and China, Pakistan, Russia and publicize their progress report and balance sheet. But responding to a writ petition filed Bangladesh had expressed a tacit by nine NGOs against the code of conduct, the acceptance for royal government in Supreme Court issued a stay order on 23 initial months, it gradually eroded November against its implementation. mainly because of the strong domestic 7 Kathmandu Post, “Excessive use of force: as well as international opposition. OHCHR,” 20 April 2006. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and many other human rights groups has POLITICAL PARTIES – MAOISTS constantly criticized grossly excessive use of COALITION force by security forces against demonstrators. 2 CRISIS IN NEPAL: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Next to the King’s take over, most consequences.11 Maoists too ruled out important political event in Nepal was the possibilities of peace talks with the the alliance between the political royal government and set aside the parties and the Maoist insurgents. military means to achieve victory. The The first signs of an agreement first round of talks between Maoists between the seven opposition political and the alliance leaders was parties’ alliance8 and the Maoists reportedly held in Humla, a remote emerged when the latter expressed district in the Karnali region, on July support for the parties’ pro-democracy 28, 2005.12 movement against the Monarchy. In a statement released by the supreme After several rounds of secret talks13 Maoists leader Prachanda on June 19, between the political parties and the sent out a positive signal. It stated Maoists, they announced formation of “Earlier, we were surprised at the way coalition against the King’s direct rule the political parties had been and declared a 12-point agreement on conspiring directly or indirectly with 22 November, 2005.14 The key issues the despotic monarchy. Now, and objectives referred in the although late, the parties have given agreement are: (their) commitment to (a) constituent assembly, absolute democracy and an · Ending autocratic monarchy end to the despotic monarchy.”9 In through nationwide democratic order to show his commitment for the protests; coalition, Prachanda expressed · Establishing absolute democracy ‘maximum flexibility’ to fight aga inst through the restoration of the King and issued orders to all Parliament, forming all-party organs of his party, the People’s government with complete Liberation Army (PLA) and the new authority, holding elections to a People’s Government, not to carry out constituent assembly through physical attacks on unarmed persons dialogue and understanding with and political activists.10 Internal the Maoists; contradictions among the parties · Keeping the armed Maoists force about the proposed alliance with and the Royal Nepalese Army Maoists were ironed out when NC (RNA) under the supervision of president Girija Prasad Koirala the United Nations; declared an open dialogue with the · Expressing commitment for free Maoists, irrespective of the political parties activities, absolute democracy, competitive 11 Kathmandu Post, “Parties to hold talks with 8 The seven-party alliance includes the Nepali Maoists,” 1 July 2005. Congress (NC), Nepali Congress-Democratic 12 Kantipur Online, “Parties, Maoists hold (NC-D), Communist Party of Nepal – United talks in Humla,” 29 July 2005. Maoist Leninist (CPN-UML), Nepal Workers 13 Some of their talks were reportedly held in and Peasants Party, People’s Front of Nepal, India, where the parties’ leaders and Maoists Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi) and United finally agreed to fight against the Monarchy Left Front. and formulated 12 point program. 9 Prachanda’s statements are available at 14 See full paper of 12-point agreement in http://krishnasenonline.org/english.htm Nepali Times (Issue 274) 10 Nepal News, “Maoists positive over seven http://www.nepalitimes.seacem.com/issue/274/ parties’ call,” 19 June, 2005. FromtheNepaliPress/9190 3 INSTITUTE OF PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDES B-7/3, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 91-11-4100 1900 (Tel); 91-11-4165 2560 (Fax) IPCS Special Report 22 May 2006 multiparty system, civil liberties, alliance and the CPN (Maoist).16 In human rights, the concept of rule general, the situa tion was fairly of law, observance of fundamental encouraging inside Nepal and the rights by the Maoists; alliance parties were appreciated for · Undertaking self-criticism and self- their initiatives of bringing Maoists evaluation of past mistakes, into mainstream politics.
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