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Weltanschauung and Apologia: A Study in C. S. Lewis E Hofer orcid.org 0000-0003-00001780-207X Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor Dogmatics at the North-West University Supervisor: Dr RG Galloway Co-supervisor: Prof Dr CJ Wethmar Graduation: June 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am indebted to my two supervisors, Dr. Conrad J. Wethmar and Dr. Ronald Gordon Galloway for their support and guidance throughout the process of researching and writing this dissertation. I am especially grateful for the direction they provided early on in structuring the research proposal – the guidance that they provided during this critical stage of the project was invaluable. Secondly, I want to express my appreciation to North-West University and The Greenwich School of Theology for their interest in the subject matter, and for making this venture possible. I am especially grateful to Peg Evans and Tienie Buys for helping me to stay on track with the procedural details, and to Zine Sapula, Christien Terblanche and Elsa Esterhuizen for their assistance in formatting the document. In addition, I am grateful to my master’s thesis supervisor, Dr. Paul Chamberlain for his encouragement to continue my studies in worldviews and to analyze their relationship to Christian apologetics. I also wish to acknowledge the resources that were made available through the University of Victoria Library. The selection of C. S. Lewis related works that were gifted to the university by former Professor of English, Dr. Lionel Adey provided valuable insights to Lewis’ body of work. As well, I am indebted to Dr. James Sire, for his advice, wise counsel, and, especially his patience during our numerous telephone conversations. I’m also appreciative of Dr. David Naugle’s and Dr. Paul McCuistion’s assistance in outlining the initial contour of the research to be undertaken. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Irving Hexham for his advice and counsel, and for his timely introduction to North-West University and The Greenwich School of Theology. And last, but not least, I am grateful to my family for their interest and support of this project, and for their ongoing encouragement to bring it to completion. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... ii CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Title ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Key words................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.5 Problem Statement ..................................................................................... 3 1.6 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................... 3 1.7 Central Theological Argument .................................................................... 3 1.8 Methodology ............................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO CHRISTIANITY ............................................................ 5 2.1 Challenges from Secularism/Naturalism ..................................................... 5 2.2 Challenges from Pantheism/Panentheism .................................................. 7 2.3 Challenges from Deism ............................................................................ 10 2.4 Challenges from Pragmaticism/Utilitarianism/New Ageism ....................... 12 CHAPTER THREE THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND SPIRITUAL JOURNEY OF C. S. LEWIS ................................... 14 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 14 3.2 Lewis’ Public School Years ....................................................................... 14 3.3 Tutelage at Great Bookham ...................................................................... 21 3.4 Oxford Student and Military Officer ........................................................... 28 3.5 Oxford Don: Conversion to Christianity ..................................................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR DIMENSIONS OF LEWIS' WORLDVIEW: IMPACT ON HIS APOLOGETICS ......................... 47 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 47 iii 4.2 Lewis and Romanticism ........................................................................... 48 4.3 Reason and Imagination in Lewis’ Worldview ........................................... 55 4.4 Christian Faith and Science in Lewis’ Worldview ...................................... 58 4.5 Lewis and Literature ................................................................................. 72 4.6 Lewis and Culture .................................................................................... 82 4.7 Lewis and Theology ................................................................................. 97 4.8 Lewis’ Apologetics as Ministry .................................................................118 CHAPTER FIVE WORLDVIEW DIMENSIONS IN LEWIS’ APOLOGETICS .....................................................137 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................137 5.2 Worldview Elements in Lewis’ Fictional Works ........................................137 5.3 Worldview Elements in Lewis’ Non-Fictional Works ................................152 CHAPTER SIX C. S. LEWIS’ RELEVANCE FOR PRESENT DAY CHRISTIAN APOLOGETICS ..................164 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................164 6.2 Challenges from Inauthentic, Non-Supernatural Christianity ...................164 6.3 Challenges from Deism ...........................................................................171 6.4 Challenges from Pantheism/Panentheism ...............................................173 6.5 Challenges from Naturalism/Secularism ..................................................175 6.6 Challenges from Pragmatism/Utilitarianism/New Ageism ........................177 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................182 REFERENCES: ......................................................................................................................191 iv CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW 1.1 Title Weltanschauung and Apologia: A Study in C.S. Lewis 1.2 Abstract This thesis introduces worldview as a concept for perceiving reality, provides an overview of contemporary worldviews, and explores the key challenges to Christianity from alternative worldviews. It introduces C. S. Lewis as a Christian apologist, and examines his circuitous intellectual and spiritual journey to Christian faith. It analyses the intellectual and philosophical elements of the Lewisian Christian worldview, and explores the manner in which this worldview affected the methodology for his apologetics. Finally, it examines Lewis’ apologetic methods in order to ascertain how key elements from his apologetics may be employed in dealing with present day challenges to the Christian worldview. 1.3 Key words Weltanschauung, Apologia, Worldview, Apologetics, Lewis, Plato, Hegel, Kant, Hume, Darwin, Metaphysics, Christianity, Theism, Deism, Naturalism, Materialism, Scientism, Pantheism, Panentheism, Philosophy, Realism, Idealism, Theology, Reason, Rational, Imagination, Belief, Myth, Fideism. 1.4 Introduction It is often stated that there are a number of mutually exclusive ways to perceive reality. The way in which a person perceives reality is sometimes referred to as one’s worldview. According to James Sire, a worldview is a set of presuppositions which we hold, consciously or subconsciously about the basic makeup of the world (Sire, 2004). Ronald Nash considers worldview to be a conceptual scheme by which we consciously or unconsciously place or fit everything we believe and by which we interpret and judge reality (Nash, 1992). David Naugle writes that worldview as a concept originated in the late eighteenth, and early nineteenth century. It derives its origin from the German word, Weltanschauung (world 1 perspective).1 Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 – 1911) has been credited as being the father of worldview theory. According to Dilthey, worldviews are created through the mind’s formation of a cosmic picture or Weltbild (world picture), which forms the basis for perceiving reality (Naugle, 2002). Western society embraces a variety of mutually exclusive worldviews, many of which present significant challenges to Christian faith. Christian apologetics requires an engagement with contemporary societal norms, including its worldviews. A basic understanding of contemporary worldviews is important in order to do apologetics effectively. Accordingly, as David Naugle writes, during the past several decades there has been an explosion of interest in evangelical circles in the subject of worldviews. Although various taxonomies have been advocated for creating a