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Particulate Matter Levels in Portugal (Mainland and Islands). a Preliminary Study for Outdoor/Indoor Environment in Basic Schools

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Particulate Matter Levels in Portugal (Mainland and Islands). a Preliminary Study for Outdoor/Indoor Environment in Basic Schools Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors Particulate matter levels in Portugal (mainland and islands). A preliminary study for outdoor/indoor environment in basic schools. Issmat R. Khan1, Maria do Carmo Freitas1, Adriano M.G. Pacheco2 1Reactor-ITN, Technological and Nuclear Institute, E.N. 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal 2CERENA-IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding email: [email protected] SUMMARY This study deals with Particle Matter (PM) levels below 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in Portugal and shows that US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directive is exceeded in a few places. PM2.5 total mass concentration measured in several places located in Portugal mainland and islands and the outskirts are quite well correlated for a few sites. Results show that it is important to determine the elemental composition of PM2.5, and to develop an epidemiological study in Portugal to find a possible association between PM2.5 levels, sources and morbidity/mortality. However, the results imply that a source-oriented evaluation of PM health effects needs to take into account the uncertainty associated with the spatial representativity of the species measured at a few sampling stations. For that purpose the survey using biomonitors may contribute positively. INTRODUCTION Several reports revealed significant correlations between PM levels and increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mortality [1]. Understanding and controlling air pollution becomes then important but difficult, because the emission inventories and transport models are problematic in the evaluation of particulate atmospheric pollution. In South European regions, such as Portugal, in addition to anthropogenic sources, the ambient aerosol has an important contribution from natural dust, due to local emissions from bare soil, and an influence of episodic African dust transport outbreaks [2]. Moreover, the Portuguese coastal areas have an important input of marine aerosol [3]. This is due to the geographic position of Portugal (on the extreme southwest of Europe) and the dominant western wind regime, influenced by the presence of the semi-permanent Azores high-pressure and the Icelandic low-pressure systems over the North Atlantic Ocean. These air currents bring anthropogenic influences from the three continents: America, Africa and Europe, having a large influence in the measured fine particles. The present study uses the measurements of particulate air of aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 µm (PM2.5) through the country, measured by the Portuguese Environment Institute (IA). The aim is to get a good knowledge of the PM2.5 levels and their provenance, to help in interpreting the PM2.5 values and their contents obtained by ITN at one site of Lisbon, under a project aiming to study the impact of the atmospheric aerosol in human health (POCI/AMB/55878/2004, financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology[4,5]. Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors METHODS Air pollution data were obtained from the Portuguese Environment Institute (IA) Air Quality Monitoring Network. The latter consists on several stations distributed in Portugal providing hourly data of the main atmospheric pollutants such particulate matter, SO2, NO, NO2, CO, and O3. In this work, data of particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 µm, designated by PM2.5, registered every hour and averaged for 24 h, were selected for discussion. Figure 1 presents the location of the sites where the data were registered: 1) Madeira archipelago: one site in Porto Santo island and three sites in Madeira island (Qta Magnólia, S. Gonçalo, S. João); 2) Portugal mainland – a) two sites in Faro (Afonso III and Joaquim Magalhães), two sites in Lisbon (Entrecampos and Olivais); b) one site in Alcoutim (Cerro), Santiago do Cacém (Monte Velho), Alandroal (Terena), Chamusca, Leiria (Ervedeira), Fundão (Salgueiro), Estarreja (Salgueiro), Viana do Castelo (Sra do Minho), Vila Real (Lamas de Olo), and Vermoim. They cover quite well the whole country and the archipelagoes, with exception of Azores archipelago. Figure 1. Sites where PM2.5 is being collected by the Portuguese Environment Institute network. RESULTS Table 1 presents, for the sites displayed in Fig. 1, the number of days with availability of PM2.5 registrations, and some simple statistical data on the sets: mean, median, maximum, and minimum. Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors A few sites – Porto Santo, S. Gonçalo, Santiago do Cacém, Alandroal, Viana do Castelo, and Vila Real – have less than 75% of the expected annual results, and therefore should be restrictively interpreted. In the calculation of the mean and median, missing data were not filled up and were not considered as zero. Table 1. Statistical data of PM2.5 results. µg m-3 Porto Qta Magnólia S. Gonçalo S. João Afonso III Joaquim Santo Funchal Funchal Funchal Magalhães 2005 Madeira Archipelago Faro Nr. days 225 292 251 285 361 365 Mean 7.66 9.33 9.38 23.80 15.07 12.50 Median 7.62 7.44 9.46 22.75 14.31 11.63 Maximum 26.96 46.29 39.86 68.95 53.53 44.45 Minimum 0.04 0.22 1.00 5.57 1.00 2.28 Cerro Monte Velho Terena Entrecampos Olivais Chamusca µg m-3 Alcoutim Santiago do Alandroal Cacém Lisbon Nr. days 362 271 256 365 354 352 Mean 7.99 12.38 10.53 22.37 15.26 14.85 Median 7.34 10.21 8.83 18.30 11.84 11.48 Maximum 44.21 78.00 86.86 168.99 124.83 181.58 Minimum 0.28 0.53 2.61 4.48 2.31 1.00 Ervedeira Salgueiro Texugueira Sra do Minho Lamas de Vermoim Olo µg m-3 Leiria Fundão Estarreja Viana do Vila Real Castelo Nr. days 360 360 365 150 251 352 Mean 33.79 9.90 26.32 14.52 13.91 27.33 Median 29.17 7.92 22.71 10.73 9.96 20.31 Maximum 323.79 61.13 129.33 133.17 97.21 121.83 Minimum 5.96 1.13 3.17 3.21 3.92 0.04 Mean and median values are very similar indicating normal distribution of the data. As of today the EU (European Union) has not put forward any PM2.5 limit values, and taking this value as a reference one, the PM2.5 annual average mass concentrations at S. João (Madeira), Entrecampos (Lisbon), Leiria, Estarreja, and Vermoim exceed it. As a result of a preliminary study carried out in the metropolitan area of Lisbon it was concluded that the EU directive is exceeded in a systematic way in the centre of Lisbon due to the traffic inside the city [6]. Maximum values are a few times too high to be believed, as it is the case for Chamusca, Leiria and Viana do Castelo. Figs. 2 and 3 represent the mean and maximum values of the sites, for a better visualization. Pearson correlations were established between the sites and the results are shown in Table 2. The latter only shows the correlations for which the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.5. There are five correlations with correlation coefficients higher than 0.7, and they are displayed in bold. The two sites of Faro are very well correlated, indicating the same emission source. The Faro’s source is also influencing Alcoutim, situated at close distance at Faro’s northeastern direction (see also Fig. 4). The source is most probably the international airport. Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors 35 30 25 Mean values - 20 15 µ 10 g m -3 (2005) 5 0 Fi Porto Santo Island Environmentalgure 2. Mean Institute. values of PM2.5 registered at the sites monitored by the Portuguese Madeira Island Faro 350 Faro Alcoutim 300 Santiago do Cacém 250 Alandroal Maximal values - 200 Lisbon Lisbon 150 Chamusca 10 Leiria µ 0 g m Fundão -3 50 (2005) Estarreja Vermoim 0 Vila Real Viana do Castelo Fig Porto Santo Island Environmentalure 3. Maximum Institute. values of PM2.5 registered at the sites monitored by the Portuguese Madeira Island Faro Faro Alcoutim Santiago do Cacém Alandroal Lisbon Lisbon Chamusca Leiria Fundão Estarreja Vermoim Vila Real Viana do Castelo Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors Table 2. Correlation coefficients between pairs of sites. It is shown the cases with correlation coefficients larger than 0.50 only. Coefficients larger than 0.70 are in bold. C F G H I J K L M N O P Q R A 0.57 0.52 0.71 B 0.58 E 0.85 0.81 0.66 0.68 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.64 F 1.00 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.65 G 1.00 0.66 0.64 0.55 0.53 0.69 H 1.00 0.66 0.63 0.67 0.79 0.52 0.52 0.65 0.52 0.80 I 1.00 0.66 0.59 0.55 0.66 J 1.00 0.96 0.55 0.68 0.67 0.57 K 1.00 0.63 0.67 0.61 0.53 L 1.00 0.65 0.56 0.86 M 1.00 0.58 0.59 0.59 N 1.00 0.68 O 1.00 0.76 P 1.00 0.60 Q 1.00 0.55 R 1.00 Note: A: Porto Santo; B: Qta Magnólia/Funchal; C: S. Gonçalo/Funchal; D: S. João/Funchal; E: Afonso III/Faro; F: Joaquim Magalhães/Faro; G: Cerro/Alcoutim; H: Monte Velho/Santiago do Cacém; I: Terena/Alandroal; J: Entrecampos/Lisbon; K: Olivais/Lisbon; L: Chamusca/Lisbon; M: Ervedeira/Leiria; N: Salgueiro/Fundão; O: Texugueira/Estarreja; P: Sra do Minho/Viana do Castelo; Q: Lamas de Olo/Vila Real; R: Vermoim.
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