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APUSH Unit 3: Revolution and Republican Culture, 1754-1800 (chapters 4-7)

Key Theme: British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.

Key Concepts 3.1 — British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. I. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

3.2 — The ’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.

I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. III. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.

3.3 — Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.

I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

Key Concepts and Events Key People and Vocabulary o Albany Plan of o Natural rights o o Partisan/ Union o Naturalization, o bipartisan o Antifederalists Alien, and o Benedict Arnold o Perceive o Articles of Sedition Acts o Charles o Popular Confederation o Necessary and Cornwallis o Postpone o Bank of the proper clause o o Subjects United States o New Jersey Plan o Lord Dunmore (governance) o Battle of Long o Northwest o Benjamin o Ratify Island Ordinance of Franklin o Resilient o Battle of 1787 o Horatio Gates o Reverberate Saratoga o Northwest o Citizen Genêt o Battle of Territory o Nathanial Yorktown o Patriot Greene o Bill of Rights o Pennsylvania o Alexander o Boston Constitution of Massacre 1776 o William Howe o Boston Tea o Pontiac’s o Thomas Party Rebellion Jefferson o Checks and o Popular o balances sovereignty o Marquis de o Coercive/ o Proclamation of Lafayette Intolerable Acts Neutrality o o Common Sense (1793) o o Committees of o Quartering Act o Edmund correspondence of 1765 Randolph o Connecticut o Republic o Baron von (Great) o Separation of Steuben Compromise powers o Charles o Constitution o Seven Years’ Townsend o Continental War o George Congress (First o Shays’ and Second) Rebellion o Declaration of o Sons of Liberty ------Independence o Stamp Act of o Declaratory Act 1765 o Abolition of 1766 o Stamp Act o Alliance o Democratic- Congress o Artisan Republicans o Sugar Act of o Assert/reassert o 1764 o Bonded labor o o Tea Act of May o Centralized Papers 1773 o Compromise o o Townshend Act (noun) o French and of 1767 o Consolidate Indian War o Treaty of o Culminating o French Greenville o Democracy Revolution o o Diplomacy o Haitian (1763) o Domestic Revolution o Treaty of Paris o Encroachment o (1783) o Evangelical o Jay’s Treaty o o Erupt o Judiciary Act of o Virginia Plan o Fervor 1789 o Virginia and o Forge o Latin American Kentucky o Hereditary Revolutions Resolutions o Imperial o Loyalist o Virtual o Incorporation o Minutemen representation o Initiative o Washington’s o Institutions Farewell o Interstate Address o Launch o Whiskey o Migration Rebellion o Neutrality o XYZ Affair

Review Questions

Review Questions Corresponding Textbook Pages 1, 2 135-143 3 152-157 4-6 157-167 7-12 168-179 13, 14 184-196 15-18 196-204 19-23 204-211 24-29 216-223 30-36 223-231

1. Describe the impact English population growth and expansion into the interior had on British-French relations, existing French–Indian fur trade networks, and various Indian nations. 2. After the British defeat of the French in 1763, how did American Indian groups’ desire for both continued trading with Europeans and resistance to the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands affect -Indian relations? 3. Why and in what ways did Great Britain’s massive debt from the Seven Years’ War result in renewed efforts to consolidate imperial control over North America while also limiting American colonists’ migration west? 4. How and why did the various Indian tribes and interest groups of colonists respond to British consolidation efforts? Pay special attention to regional and class conflicts. 5. Which groups participated in the colonial independence movement, and how did the Enlightenment impact the arguments and ideals at the root of the drive for independence from Britain? Pay special attention to groups based on gender, class, region, and trade. 6. How did Protestant evangelical religious fervor affect many British colonists’ understandings of themselves? 7. Why did British economic and political actions during the mid-18th century begin to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights? 8. Describe the political beliefs that many American leaders shared about individual rights, rights of Englishmen, self-rule, and the Enlightenment. 9. How did Enlightenment philosophers and ideas inspire many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege? 10. Explain how the independence movement was energized by political leaders like and other people such as laborers, artisans, and women. 11. During the era of the Intolerable Acts and other actions by Britain, how were Americans able to mobilize in large numbers and from where did they get financial and economic support? 12. How do both Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence illustrate the colonists’ belief in republican government and the natural rights of man? 13. Why did the colonial independence movement succeed in the face of apparently overwhelming British military superiority and opposition by Loyalists? 14. How were the Americans able to mobilize their population for war, pay for the war, and ultimately defeat the world’s preeminent empire? 15. How did awareness of social and economic inequalities in the face of the principles of the American Revolution motivate some people to call for the end of slavery and greater political democracy? 16. During and after the colonial war for independence, why did various Indian tribes attempt to forge advantageous political alliances with one another and with European powers? 17. Why did the first state constitutions and the Articles of Confederation put most power in the hands of the legislatures and limit suffrage and citizenship? 18. Describe the effect of the on education, westward expansion, private property, and slavery. 19. Why did many post-Revolution leaders call for revising then replacing the Articles of Confederation? Be sure to include foreign relations, domestic political issues, and economics in your answer. 20. Why can the U.S. Constitution be called a “bundle of compromises”? 21. How is the Constitution a reaction to both the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation? 22. What was the legal and constitutional status of slavery under the early Constitution and what may result from this status over the next 90 years? 23. Why did the Constitutional status of slavery, its expansion westward, and the principles of the American Revolution lead to the development of distinctive regional attitudes towards slavery? 24. Describe the positions of Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification process, making special note of the writings of and James Madison in Papers. 25. Why was the Bill of Rights adopted after the Constitution was ratified? 26. What was the status of social, political, and economic inequality during and after the Revolution and under the early Constitution? How did some groups respond? 27. Describe the precedents set by the Washington and Adams Administrations and explain how these precedents related to the U.S. Constitution. 28. How did American partisanship develop out of domestic and foreign policy disagreements, even though ’s Farewell Address warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign entanglements? 29. How did the and war in Europe affect U.S. foreign policy and domestic political conflict? 30. How did the American Revolution affect France, Haiti, and other Latin American countries? 31. Why and how did the continued presence of European powers in North America challenge the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests? 32. In particular, what effects did the expansion of Spanish mission settlements have on Indians and Spanish soldiers? 33. Explain the relationship between the states, the United States, and the Indian tribes regarding treaties, land seizures, and conflict. 34. How did the frontier culture continue to grow as a result of immigrants and internal migrants and how did this growth lead to social, political, and ethnic tensions? 35. Why did the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Jefferson and Madison, and , led by Hamilton, develop in the ? 36. How did the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists represent specific interest groups and agendas?