Citation: Mirza, M, N., Babar, S. I., & Nizamani, F, Q. (2021). Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents and . Global Political Review, VI(I), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02

Muhammad Nadeem Mirza * | Summar Iqbal Babar † | Farheen Qasim Nizamani‡

Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson

Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02 Pages: 12 – 23 p- ISSN: 2521-2982 e- ISSN: 2707-4587 p- ISSN: 2521-2982 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02

Headings Abstract How do leaders’ idiosyncrasies are developed, and

• Key Words how do these, in turn, impact their political

behaviour? This study traces the idiosyncratic behaviour of • Introduction Presidents Andrew Jackson and Donald Trump. It details four • Historical Traditions in the historical traditions – Hamiltonian, Wilsonian, Jeffersonian, and United States Jacksonian. The study expands upon Jacksonian tradition and sees that how Trump pursued this tradition and how is his • Narcissist and Authoritarian political behaviour remained similar to that of Andrew Jackson. Behaviour Three specific areas in which these variables are determined are • Conclusion personal lives, narcissism and authoritarian behaviour, and populism and corruption. The paper also charts out the ways and • References means through which Donald Trump’s administration is termed as Jacksonian in nature.

Key Words: Andrew Jackson, Donald Trump, Idiosyncrasy, Leadership, Political Personality profiling, Populism

Introduction

Political commentators were astonished to also the person against whom the highest see the rise and rise of candidate Donald number of Republican primary votes were Trump through US primaries before the 2016 cast (earlier the record was held by John presidential elections. Trump ultimately won McCain in 2008 primaries) (Bump, 2016). Deep the Republican Primaries by overrunning Ted cleavages attached with the rhetoric and Cruz, , , and Marco Rubio, personality of Donald Trump divided along with others. Trump got the highest ever Republicans during the primaries and divided number of primary votes ever cast to any the American nation after he won the 2016 candidate in history (earlier the record was elections. Two thousand sixteen elections held by George W. Bush in 2000 primaries), were between two opposing poles and wills: while, interestingly, at the same time, he was women vs a male chauvinist, liberal

*Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan. †Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan. ‡Faculty Member, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan. Email: [email protected]

Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson internationalists vs isolationist, coloured vs During his campaign he addressed the supremacists, and most importantly, grievances of the society that since several between the “nationalists vs globalists” decades has been fed up with the (Merry, 2016). represented establishment’s rhetoric and actions. Hillary herself as a candidate who stood for liberal Clinton was presented as an establishment values, traditions, a greater role of the United candidate, always well-prepared to answer States in the international system, a any question, having a liberal solution to commitment to the US global leadership, and every problem, the typical and at times oft- a desire to resolve entangling problems faced repeated rhetoric. Trump, on the other hand, by the international community and society criticised the establishment and offered such as environmental degradation, human himself as a candidate who can break this right violations, non-traditional and cycle and address the concerns of the traditional security challenges. Donald Trump, common-man – the American man. He on the other hand, represented the non- campaigned to not go abroad in search of traditional attitude, a limited role of the enemies to kill and innocents to protect. He United States in the international system, instead promised to always go for “America curtailing the American commitments abroad, First.” This slogan and then the actions and a desire to develop an inward-looking thereupon alienated the Neoconservatives approach, instead of outward, and going for who since last two decades have not an “America First” approach. Instead of entrenched themselves in the Republican standing for the promotion of democracy, but also made inroads in the free-market economy, and alliance Democratic party especially in the second commitment, Trump criticised the foreign Obama administration and as advisor to policy elite for pursuing their own self- Hillary Clinton. America First rattled the interests and agendas and hurting the foundations of foreign policy elites’ post-Cold American people. So, 2016 elections were not War consensus that the United States is an between two persons; these were between indispensable nation (Wilson Center, 2015) two versions of the United States: an inward- and it needs to provide an unchecked looking-nationalist-isolationist America vs. an leadership to the international system (Heer, outward-looking-globalist-liberal 2017). Trump believed that his duty is to internationalist America. And to the surprise ensure the security and well-being of of many the former version – upheld by a Americans (Mead, 2017) and not taking care reality TV star and businessman of the interests of the Europeans or for that Donald Trump - won. Trump was an outsider matter, other allies. America and Americans to the ’s political elite – neither a always come first, even if this approach hurts career politician, nor having any military the long-term alliance arrangements and the experience. He applied totally unorthodox position of the United States in the methods of campaigning, had faced several international system. Trump talked the scandals during the campaigns but very language of the people and presented himself cleverly sidestepped and even at times taken as the folk’s man. He promised to bring back advantage of those and targeted a highly the industries, to build a wall with Mexico, to specific audience – mostly white supremacists halt immigration from the countries where and nationalist groups. people hate America, to cut aid to United

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Nations agencies where the United States is bombardment, ruthlessness against the criticised, to get it out of Paris Climate enemy once wars are launched. Presidents Agreement, and the list goes on. He adopted through most of history have always worried atrocious attitude towards the protestors in more about losing public support than losing 2017, his spread of the misinformation and the wars. Vietnam War, World War-II, Korean conspiracy theories, his disbelief in sciences, War, the Afghan war, Iraq wars are peculiar his presenting the alternative facts attracted examples. Presidents fear losing wars and particular section of the American society and public support. President Bush Sr. lost popular he did receive overwhelming support. Violent support because he did not bring a logical right-wing extremism gained momentum end to the war started in Iraq. It is believed during his administration. that had he brought Saddam Hussain to Trump was not unique, and the United justice, put an end to his regime, and declared States has seen one president in history who a total victory, he could have won the second adopted somewhat similar behaviour, Andrew term in office (Mead, 1999). President Trump Jackson. Trump is often dubbed as the person has pursued the Jacksonian tradition and who has emulated Jackson and followed avoided the wars but at the same time has Jacksonian tradition in the US domestic and tried to bring wars that already have been foreign policies. Though Trump was a started by the United States to a logical businessman, the son of a rich father, a person conclusion – not the unprepared and who always tried to dodge the system in order immature withdrawal of the US forces from to avoid paying taxes, Jackson was an orphan the ground. and poor and military hero who has fought This study is an attempt to explore and won a war. Though these differences exist Trumpian and Jacksonian traditions. How are yet, there were several similarities between their idiosyncrasies developed? Why Donald the two (Strother, 2019). Trump followed the Trump is known as the Jacksonian president. ‘introverted tendencies’ that has remained a What are the main features of Jacksonian and peculiar feature of Jacksonianism, a departure other historical traditions attached with the from the usual American ‘extroverted policies’ American statesmen? This qualitative research intended to provide leadership to the world. is conducted using historical content analysis. He clearly signalled that he will not pursue The paper is organised in a manner to give an such policies and would focus instead on the introduction of different traditions in the American nation. United States, followed by a detailed analysis Jacksonian tradition has remained alive of Jacksonian tradition. It then embarks upon through most of American history. It is evident detailing the idiosyncratic developments of from the fact that though they propose not the two presidents and their beliefs and involving America in the world outside, yet it conditions that impacted their policies. does not imply that they hated war or attacking others. Once wars are started, once Historical Traditions in the United States American pride is at stake, once America itself Tradition in this study refers to the set of is threatened, then they always go for taking behavioural patterns of individual, group, it to the logical end – the unabashed and state, or even the system. Historical traditions unequivocal victory of the United States at in the United States refer to the coherent any cost. They supported wars, structural and normative guidelines about

Page | 14 Global Political Review (GPR) Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson how the state behaves and ought to behave. fought it to ‘end all war’ (Knock, 1992). His Scholars have delineated several ‘isms’ such famous fourteen points provided the as liberalism, internationalism, isolationism, foundation of what today we call the moralism, pragmatism, legalism, utopianism, Wilsonian tradition (Wilson, 1918). Wilsonian realism as the traditions which the United are the idealists, the ones who pursue moral States pursues and should pursue. Out of all principles – though through soft or hard these, internationalism vs isolationism and means. Soft Wilsonian believed in the liberalism vs realism remained the two most promotion of democracy and universal moral important debates which have provided the values through diplomacy, trade, commerce, basic guidelines to the US foreign and and other soft means. While hard, Wilsonian, domestic policies. Besides these, Walter at times known as neoconservatives, is the Russell Mead has pointed out four historical ones who do not hesitate to use military force traditions based upon the behaviour of four in order to spread democracy in the dark former US practitioners (three presidents and corners of the world (Fukuyama, 2004). Most one Secretary of Treasury): Hamiltonian, of the US presidents in the post-cold war era Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Wilsonian have either been attached with one or the (Mead, 2013). Although these generalizations other version of the Wilsonian tradition. and simplifications can be misleading at Jeffersonians are the protectors of times, yet these do provide a template on the freedoms. This tradition is named after the US basis of which we can judge or misjudge any first Secretary of State and later President US president. Hamiltonian tradition stands for , who founded the the protection of commerce, Jeffersonian for Democratic-Republican political party. the maintenance of the democratic system, Jefferson always stood for republicanism and Jacksonians stands for the populist tendency the establishment of democratic values at and military strength, while followers of home. They are usually known as the Wilsonian tradition stand for the moral defenders of the First Amendment, which principles and internationalism (Mead, 2013). ensured the freedom of speech and Hamiltonian are the supporters of prevented the state from establishing a state commerce, , open seas, and open religion. Jeffersonians are against empire doors. They are the ones who always look for building and American adventures abroad, options where stability exists and where considering foreign wars as unjust mistakes incentives for adventurous behaviour are that the United States have made and minimal. They tend more to be idealist than continue to make. was a the ones who pursue purely self-interested true Jeffersonian whose famous Monsters policies (Douthat, 2020). This tradition is Speech warned the Americans against the named after the US first Secretary of Treasury, adventures abroad. He warned that America Alexander , who founded the ‘goes not abroad, in search of monsters to party and worked for making destroy’ (Adams, 1821). He, on the other hand, America a “commercial republic” (Clarke & ensured that the greatest power of the time, Ricketts, 2017; Mead, 2013). i.e., Britain behaved in such a way that it Wilsonian tradition is named after the US served the American interests (Mead, 2010). president Woodrow Wilson who first avoided Jeffersonian efforts led to the United States World War-I for almost three years and then going back into isolationism after World War-

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I. But great depression, World War-II, attacks attach huge emphasis to the concepts of on Pearl Harbour, and related incidents led to honour, prestige, and glory. the weakening of Britain and ultimately, the Another major feature attached with United States had to step in to fill the vacuum Jacksonians remained the abhorrence of and take on the leadership role of the world – American military entanglement with the This role was a dream of the Hamiltonians and outside world. But once entangled, then Wilsonians, that had come true; but for making sure – to protect the honour and glory Jeffersonians, this was a nightmare, the one – that the war reaches a logical end, which is which the United States cannot avoid (Mead, only one: the complete and unconditional 2010). While Jeffersonians are mostly linked surrender of the enemy and a total victory. with the First Amendment, Jacksonian are Most of them never regretted using atomic after the biggest supporters of the US Second bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Mead, Amendment, which deals with the right to 2016). Besides, another characteristic feature carry arms. of Jacksonians remained their refusal to go for Jacksonians are the followers and heirs of normalisation of the relations with the state, President Andrew Jackson. In the 1824 which has been declared as the enemy or elections, Jackson got the higher number of belligerent. And finally, in the absence of a popular and electoral votes, but no candidate direct threat to America itself, their reluctance could gain the electoral college votes’ to adopt military adventurism Clarke & requisite majority. So, the decision went to Ricketts, 2017). They supported President Congress, where John Quincy Adams, with the George W. Bush in the war against Iraq help of , became the president. because they considered that Saddam Jackson called it the ‘corrupt bargain’ Hussein in possession of Weapons of Mass (Independence Hall Association, 2020). He Destruction (WMDs) is a direct threat to the and his supporters soon founded the United States. But once they realised that the Democratic Party and started a campaign for Bush administration has fabricated lies in the next election even before the start of the order to invade Iraq, they felt betrayed and Adams presidency. The experience mostly withdrew their support from Bush Jr. antagonised Jackson and his followers vis-à- and even the Republicans and voted for a vis the political elite of the time. He Democrat candidate Barrack Obama in 2008 immediately started advocating for a federal elections. Donald Trump earned their support structure where centre will not be that strong. and favour by criticising the policies of He considered a strong centre would lead to George W. Bush and especially his policies vis- the clustering of the rich and corrupt à-vis Iraq (Mead, 2016). aristocrats at the cost of the liberties of the The biggest trait of Jacksonians remains common man. their appeal to populism which in this case Jacksonian tradition relies upon the remains “nationalist, egalitarian, [and] ‘principles of populism, , honor, individualistic (Mead, 2016). Their appeal to and courage’ (Clarke & Ricketts, 2017). the people becomes so strong that even the Jacksonians believed that the government’s mother political parties lose control of the ultimate objective should be to take care of elections and have to rely upon the populist the common man’s security – political, leader while fearing antagonising him. On the economic, and moral (Mead, 1999). They question of race, Jacksonians have remained

Page | 16 Global Political Review (GPR) Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson quite vocal against the and other herself as Mrs Jackson while legally being the coloured people. Some alt-right groups have wife of her first husband. Ultimately Jackson even tried to revive the old Jacksonian racist has to hold a second ceremony of marriage fervour (Mead, 2016). Besides racial issues with Rachel once her divorce was finalised in with the coloured people, now they have the . When it was finalised in 1820s that started targeting Islam and Muslims, being Jackson is running for the president, his considered as alien to the American culture. opponents launched one of the worst attacks Another important issue where most of the against Mr. and Mrs Jackson’s personal lives. Jacksonian unite remains their defence of the She got so upset because of this dirtiest Second Amendment, which notes, “A well campaign that although Jackson won the regulated Militia, being necessary to the presidency, yet she died of a heart attack security of a free State, the right of the people before the inauguration (Kim, 2011; Owsley, to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed” 1977). Jackson famously exclaimed, “May God (US Congress, 1791b). The right to carry a gun Almighty forgive her murderers, as I know she is often considered as the basic right violating forgave them. I never can” (Buell, 1904). which they think that their liberties are Besides his opponents also accused him of endangered. being the son of a common prostitute, and father being a mulatto-man. He was also and Jacksonian Tradition accused of being involved in cannibalism, who ate Indians’ flesh after killing them This part of the paper will try to find the (Holzwarth, 2019). Jackson’s side, on the other similarities between Trumpism and hand, responded back by claiming that John Jacksonianism in the United States foreign Quincy Adams has been pimping for the and domestic policies. It is also tried to see Russian Czar when serving as a diplomat in that what similarities the two presidents share Russia (Remini, 1997, p. 20). Jackson campaign and how are they different from each other. presented Adams as “an aristocrat, kingly and pompous” (Strother, 2019). He even accused Similarities in Personal Lives and Adams of corruption and gambling, for Development of Idiosyncrasies Adams had put a billiard ball table in the President Jackson had to face a few of the White House (Miles, 1972). With 178 electoral worst forms of personal attacks through most votes in the elections, Andrew Jackson won, of his political life. It is generally believed that while John Quincy Adams could secure only there exists no parallel of personal attacks that 83 electoral votes. the candidates and their supported hurled During and after the 2016 elections, against each other during the 1828 Donald Trump and his family have to face a presidential campaign between Andrew similar personal tirade. Newspapers and Jackson vs John Quincy Adams (Rich, 2012). magazine dug out the nude GQ photoshoot Jackson was accused of having immoral of Trump’s third wife, Melania Trump when behaviour when it was alleged that he has she worked as a model. Some newspapers been living with Rachel Jackson – his wife – in even published those photos (Editors, 2017; a situation when Rachel’s divorce from her Pengelly, 2019). It was even accused that she former husband had not been materialised. got naturalised only because of her marriage Above that, Ms Rachel used to introduce with Donald Trump (Lind, 2016). During his

Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021) Page | 17 Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani presidency, his opponents even gone to the leaders always try to shift the focus away from length of questioning the relationship the bad governance of the government to between Donald Trump and his daughter blame others. Second, they discredit others, Ivanka Trump (Dixon, 2020; Ross, 2020). especially anyone who challenges their People dug out his sexist statements that he position, the opposition, especially anyone had made vis-à-vis women. His audio who launches a movement against them or recordings surfaced where he was heard their misgovernance (Tankel, 2020). Third, making sexists comments about the women. they often securitise the normal domestic Several women also came forward with political or social issues, and this securitisation accusations that Trump has sexually harassed helps create an environment where the and even assaulted them (Relman, 2020, p. administration may justify the use of violence 26). This study intends not to authenticate the against the domestic and foreign adversaries. claims, yet only wishes to point out that the Fourth, authoritarians, considering that the personal attacks against Trump and his family courts at times may not support them, are remained a permanent feature of his always looking for extrajudicial measures to presidency. curb the . Fifth, authoritarian rulers discredit election results – if those are not in Narcissist and Authoritarian Behaviour line with their expectations – interfere in Leaders’ personalities, their childhood judicial independence and attack the media, experiences, their narcissism affect their which tried to give space to the opposition leadership style (Mirza, 2018). Both presidents (Harned & Jimenez, 2020). Andrew Jackson Jackson and Trump share narcissistic, self- and Donald Trump fulfilled these criteria. centred, self-righteous, and authoritarian Throughout his tenure President Trump behavioural traits. President Jackson continued to question the legitimacy and increasingly became authoritarian in his efficacy of democratic institutions such as free behaviour during two terms in office. He press, judiciary, congress, and even the challenged and vetoed a large number of the electoral process and elections. Similarly, Congressional legislation. He even ignored while the Americans were dying of the the rulings of the Supreme Court (Strother, Coronavirus, Trump was busy finding the 2019). John Henry Eaton published a book scapegoats in foreign states such as China. filled with the praises and flattery of Andrew During the 2017/18 protests movement, Jackson, who in turn appointed him Secretary Trump called the protestors terrorists and of War and territorial governor of Florida threatened states to pursue strict measures, when he became president (Lowe, 1952). or he will send in the military. He considered Jackson served as a military general, was that the protestors should be put behind bars outspoken, could easily be angered and held for an indefinite period. Stalin used to grudges against the adversaries or those designate anyone who opposed him as the whom he judged to be against him (Strother, ‘.’ On this basis, several 2019). He showed damning behaviour hundreds of thousands were killed in the towards the opposition, launched personal Soviet Union. Trump declared anyone who attacks, and filled with punitive rhetoric. challenges him – from media houses to Tankel has pointed out several traits of an governors, politician, businessmen, lawyers – authoritarian leader. First, authoritarian as enemies of the people (Remnick, 2018).

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“In the ancient Greek legend, the right vs. the wrong. Populist leaders rely upon beautiful boy Narcissus falls so completely in this divisive rhetoric to not only attract the love with the reflection of himself in a pool voters, but also to imbues a feeling of hatred that he plunges into the water and drowns.” against the opponents. 1820s was an era of This story tells us that narcissists are persons mass politics and John Quincy Adams in his who are in “excessive self-love” and have “the first speech to Congress used some attendant qualities of grandiosity and a sense discomforting words for the common men, of entitlement” (McAdams, 2016). Trump got using which Jackson started the 1828 election rid of anyone in the government who campaign immediately. Jackson believed that challenged his observation and even opinion the common men has the tendency to reach about any issue. He sacked National Security at the right conclusions and the job of the Advisors, Secretaries of State, and hundreds office holders is to obey the popular will or of other staff members. In the end Trump resign from their posts. Jackson dismantled administration consisted mostly of a bunch of the Second Bank of the United States loyalists who really cared less about the considering it to be a tool in the hands of the governance issues and more about the elite in order foment their corruption and the flattering of their boss. Trump liked (self)- one to leach the common men. His biggest admiration to such a level that he even puts support base was the Southern states where his name on the Corona Relief cheques, he attracted people on the basis that the “which is considered as illegal” in the United urban elite has always downgraded rural, States (Davidson, 2020). A clinical agrarian Southern men. He continued to work psychologist notes that Trump is “so classic against the presumed excesses of the Adams that I’m archiving video clips of him to use in presidency, and restore the honesty in the workshops because there’s no better government. He was the only president who example” of narcissism (George Simon completely paid off the national debt by 1835, quoted by McAdams, 2016). a promise fulfilled (Editors, 2019). Though Jackson was against corruption, yet he started Populism and Corruption the in the United States – a Both Jackson and Trump being the populist patronage system in which jobs are leaders, divided the society into two camps: distributed with friends and relatives, a system the common men and the corrupt elite. The pf patronage, nepotism, cronyism. Soon after United States since the independence, has assuming office, he fired around 900 been run by the elite and the establishment government officials and appointed his whom Jackson decried as corrupt and supporters on these jobs, considering they emerged as the common man’s man. He was deserve these jobs more than the corrupt elite known as the ‘Mob King’ (Parsons, 2009), the (Strother, 2019). President Trump also rode on man who stands for the common man and a a popular wave. His election campaign was champion of the true democracy where filled with popular rhetoric against the corrupt people get the right to decide and important establishment. He rode a popular wave positions, against the corrupt elite. Populist against migrants, promised to build a wall leaders usually divide the society into two with Mexico and crackdown on illegal groups: the corrupt elite or the establishment, immigrants. He banned of and the common man; the bad vs. the good; immigrants from several Muslim countries. He

Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021) Page | 19 Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani created such an environment at the the Capitol … because you will never take back Department of State that a large number of our country with weakness” (Haberman, career officers and diplomats left the 2021). department, thus creating positions for Trump’s loyalists and favourites. Anyone who Conclusion challenged or had his own position, contrary Andrew Jackson and Donal Trump have had to Trump, had to leave the office, even if it is the unique kind of presidencies. Both were Trump’s own appointed Secretary of State, “brash, abrasive, defensive and quick- such as Rex Tillerson. Trump at the same time tempered, and both were described as vulgar opened inquiries against hundreds of State and unfit to govern” (Killian, 2017). Though Department employees who have worked Jacksonian tradition and Jacksonians have under Hillary Clinton that tells us that he survived in the United States through remained vindictive even after winning the centuries yet finding a Jacksonian president in elections. , H.R. McMaster, and the White House is very . Donald Trump, were the National Security the rich son of a businessman, achieved Advisors who were removed or resigned from economic power using ambiguous means their positions. During both 2016 and 2020 and evading taxes. Following Jacksonian election campaigns, Trump declared that he precincts, Trump became President of the would accept the results only if he won United States in 2016. He fulfilled several (Diamond, 2016; Kapur, 2020). And that is populists promises he made in the election exactly what he did. He not only refused to campaign, just like Andrew Jackson, who was accept 2020 election results but also tried to a self-made man, a military hero, and also malign the democratic process and pressurise known as the ‘mob king’. With an governors, judges, and electoral college understanding that a huge chunk of the members to support him by rejecting the voters in the United States today are either results (Gardner et al., 2020; Wolfe, 2020). He Jacksonian or Jeffersonians, Trump followed claimed that the elections were rigged in the Jacksonian trend to attract them and set a order to ensure Joe Biden’s victory. He divisive tone in the American politics. This not pressurised states to not count mail-in-votes only infuriated the American elite but also a after the election day while remaining lot of Americans, who set in motion a chain cognizant of the fact that several million reaction that resulted in the defeat of Donald voters might have preferred this method of Trump in 2020 elections, which were not voting in order to avoid the rush during the between two persons, Trump and Biden. election hours and prevent the spread of the These elections were between pro-Trump and Corona Virus. His final act of defiance against anti-Trump forces and ideologies. And in this the perceived establishment and his classic battle, the populist tendencies were adversaries was his instigation to the defeated in the United States – a triumph of supporters and attract a mob, who attacked the forces that represent liberal order, free the Capitol Hill in favour of Donald Trump. trade, globalists, and a belief that the United After failing to urge his Vice President Pence States needs to regain its leadership role in to overturn the results at the Capitol Hill, the international system. Trump asked his supporter to “walk down to

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