DOCSLIB.ORG

Mr. Baumann's Study Guide Chap. 7 – Political Parties OBJECTIVE: IN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mr. Baumann's Study Guide Chap. 7 – Political Parties OBJECTIVE: IN Mr. Baumann’s Study Guide Chap. 7 – Political Parties OBJECTIVE: IN THIS CHAPTER WE EXAMINE THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN AMERICA AND WHY THEY ARE RELATIVELY WEAK TODAY COMPARED WITH THEIR STRENGTH DECADES AGO AND WITH POLITICAL PARTIES ABROAD. KEY QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: 1. WHAT DID THE FOUNDING FATHER’S BELIEVE ABOUT POLITICAL PARTIES? 2. HOW HAS AMERICA’S TWO-PARTY SYSTEM CHANGED OVER THE PAST CENTURY AND A HALF? 3. HOW DOES IT DIFFER TODAY FROM THE PARTY SYSTEMS OF OTHER REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACIES? 4. TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE DECLINE OF MASS ATTACHMENT TO THE TWO MAJOR PARITES AFFECTED HOW AMERICANS VOTE? 5. IS THE FUTURE OF THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM INCREAINGLY SHAKY OR VIRTUALLY ENSURED? INTRODUCTION AMERICA’S POLITICAL PARTIES ARE THE OLDEST IN THE WORLD, BUT THEY HAVE CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE PAST 150 YEARS BECAUSE THE LAWS AND RULES UNDER WHICH THEY OPERATE HAVE TAKEN AWAY MUCH OF THEIR POWER AT THE SAME TIME THAT MANY VOTERS HAVE LOST THEIR SENSE OF COMMITMENT TO PARTY IDENTIFICATION. (149) PARTIES – HERE AND ABROAD DEFINE: POLITICAL PARTY – A GROUP THAT SEEKS TO ELECT CANDIDATES TO PUBLIC OFFICE BY SUPPLYING THEM WITH A LABEL OR IDENTIFICATION BY WHICH THEY CAN BE KNOWN TO THE PUBLIC. 1. IDENTIFY THE THREE POLITICAL ARENAS WHERE POLITICAL PARTIES MAY BE FOUND. ANSWER: 1. AS A LABEL IN THE MINDS OF VOTERS 2. AS AN ORGANIZATION THAT RECRUITS AND CAMPAIGNS FOR CANDIDTATES 3. AS A SET OF LEADERS WHO TRY TO ORGANIZE AND CONTROL THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 2. IDENTIFY WHICH POLITICAL ARENAS HAVE GROWN WEAKER IN THE PAST 50 YEARS AND EXPLAIN THE REASONS: ANSWER: 1. AS A LABEL, FEWER PEOPLE IDENTIFY THEMSELVES WITH A PARTICULAR PARTY AS MORE AND MORE PEOPLE IDENTIFY AS “INDEPENDENTS” OR WITH “NO PREFERENCE.” 2. ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BECOME DRAMATICALLY WEAKER PROBABLY DUE TO STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS . 3. IDENTIFY THE SEVEN FACTORS WHY ARE EUROPEAN PARTIES SO STRONG COMPARED WITH OURS. ANSWER: 1. THE FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE USA DECENTRALIZES POLITICAL AUTHORITY AND THUS DECENTRALIZES POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS. 2. MOST OF THE IMPORTANT GOVERNMENTAL DECISIONS WERE MADE AT THE STATE AND LOCAL LEVELS, SUCH AS REGARDING EDUCATION, LAND USE, BUSINESS REGULATION AND PUBLIC WELFARE. 3. MOST OF THE GOVERNMENT JOBS WERE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL AND THIS MEANT THAT THE POLITICAL PARTIES HAD TO FOUCS ATTENTION ON WHO CONTOLLED CITY HALL, NOT CAPITAL HILL. 4. FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATION 5. CANDIDATES ARE NOT SELECTED BY THE PARTY IN THE USA, BUT THROUGH PRIMARY ELECTIONS. 6. IN EUROPE, WITH MOSTLY PARLIMENTARY ELECTIONS, THE WINNING PARTY GETS TO SELECT THE PRIME MINISTER OR CHIEF EXECUTIVE. WHEREAS IN THE USA, THE PRESIDENT IS INDEPENDENTLY ELECTED. 7. CABINET MEMBERS CANNOT HOLD TWO POSITIONS IN THE GOVERNMENT, SO THE PRESIDENT CANNOT CONTROL LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS THROUGH HIS APPOINTMENTS. POLITICAL CULTURE 4. DESCRIBE HOW THE ATTITUDES AND TRADITIONS OF AMERICAN VOTERS ARE DIFFERENT THAN THEIR EUROPEAN COUNTERPARTS. (152) ANSWER: IN AMERICA, POLITICAL PARTIES RARELY PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE LIFE OF AN AVERAGE CITIZEN. BY COMPARISON, IN EUROPE, LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WILL JOIN A PARTY, PAY DUES AND ATTEND REGULAR MEETINGS. IN THE USA, WE TEND TO KEEP OUR PERSONAL LIVES ENTIRELY SEPARATE FROM OUR POLITICAL AFFILIATION. THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE POLITICAL PARTY (152) THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTY CAN BE SEPARATED INTO FOUR PERIODS. 5. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THESE FOUR PERIODS. 1. THE FIRST PERIOD IS KNOWN AS THE “FOUNDING.” DURING PERIOD FROM 1799 TO 1820, THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM WE KNOW TODAY WAS FORMED. THE FIRST TWO PARTIES WERE KNOWN AS THE REPUBLICANS (TODAY THE DEMOCRATS) AND THE FEDERALISTS. THOMAS JEFFERSON LED THE REPUBLICANS AND ALEXANDER HAMILTON LED THE FEDERALISTS. THESE TWO MEN ORGANIZED THEIR RESPECTIVE POLICIES BECAUSE THEY STRONGLY OPPOSED EACH OTHER’S VIEWS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE ROLE OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT. THESE INITIAL PARTIES WERE MAINLY LOOSE CAUCUSES OF POLITICAL NOTABLES, WITH NEW ENGLAND LARGELY FEDERALIST AND THE SOUTH LARGELY REPUBLICAN. BY 1800, WITH THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND SOME APPEASING EFFORTS BY JEFFERSON, THE FEDERALIST PARTY BEGAN TO WEAKEN AND WAS VERY WEAK BY 1820. 2. THE SECOND PERIOD, KNOWN AS THE JACKSONIAN PERIOD, EMERGED ABOUT 1824 WHEN JOHN QUINCY ADAMS WAS CHOSED AS PRESIDENT BY CONGRESS EVEN THOUGH ANDREW JACKSON HAD MORE OF THE POPULAR VOTE. THE PERIOD LASTED UNTIL 1860. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE NUMBER OF ELIGIBLE VOTERS GREW DRAMATICALLY AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION BECAME A MASS PHENOMENON. ELIGIBLE VOTERS NOW INCLUDED ALL WHITE MEN, REGARDLESS OF WEALTH OR CLASS. THE CAUCUS SYSTEM OF NOMINATING THE PRESIDENT, HAVING CAUCUSES COMPOSED OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS NAMINATE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES BECAME UNPOPULAR AND DISCREDITED IN THE 1824 ELECTION (SEE ABOVE), AND PARTY CONVENTIONS TO SELECT THE PRESIDENT BEGAN AS A WAY OF ALLOWING FOR SOME MEASURE OF LOCAL CONTROL OVER THE NOMINATING PROCESS. DURING THIS TIME PERIOD, THE WHIG PARTY EMERGED TO OPPOSE ANDREW JACKSON AND CHALLENGE THE REPUBLICANS. 3. THE THIRD PERIOD BEGAN DURING THE RUN-UP TO THE CIVIL WAR AND CONTINUED UNTIL 1930. WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE WHIGS AND THE REPUBLICANS COULD NOT STRADDLE THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY, THE OLD PARTIES DIVIDED AND NEW ONES EMERGED. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE WHIGS EMERGED INTO A NEW REPUBLICAN PARTY WHILE THE FORMER “REPUBLICANS” BECAME KNOWN AS THE “DEMOCRATS.” THE SPLIT HAD A PROFOUND EFFECT ON THE ORGANIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES, FOR IT MEANT THAT MOST STATES WERE NOW ONE-PARTY STATES WITH THE NORTH EMERGING AS PRIMARILY “NEW” REPUBLICAN AND THE SOUTH VIRTUALLY ENTIRELY DEMOCRAT (CALLED “SECTIONALISM”). YET THERE ALSO EMERGED TWO MAJOR FACTIONS WITHIN EACH PARTY. ONE WAS COMPOSED OF PARTY REGULARS, THE “STALWARTS” OR OLD GUARD AND THE OTHER THE “MUGWUMPS” OR PROGRESSIVES OR REFORMERS. 4. THE REFORM ERA BEGAN IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY WHEN PROGRESSIVES BEGAN TO PROMOTE MEASURES TO REPLACE NOMINATING CONVENTIONS WITH PRIMARY ELECTIONS BECAUSE THE FORMER WERE MANIPULATED BY PARTY BOSSES AND FOSTERED CORRUPT ALLIANCES BETWEEN PARTIES AND BUSINESSES. THEY ALSO WANTED STRICT VOTER REGISTRATION LAWS TO PREVENT VOTER FRAUD. 6. IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE EFFECT OF THE PROGRESSIVE CHANGES TO PARTY POLITICS. 1. A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION IN POLITICAL CORRUPTION. 2. MADE “BOSS RULE” MUCH MORE DIFFICULT 3. POLITICAL PARTIES WERE LESS ABLE TO HOLD OFFICEHOLDERS ACCOUNTABLE 4. POLITICAL PARTIES WERE LESS ABLE TOA SSEMBLE THE POWER NECESSARY FOR GOVERNING 5. CONGRESSIONAL PARTY LINES BEGAN TO GROW FAINTER 6. CONGRESSIONAL PARTY LEADERSHIP GREW WEAKER DEFINE: STALWARTS – A PARTY REGULAR, PRE-OCCUPIED WITH PARTY MACHINERY, DEVELOPING PARTY LOYALTY, AND ACQUIRING AND DISPENSING PATRONAGE (JOBS AND OTHER FAVORS) FOR THEMSELVES AND FAITHFUL FOLLOWERS. THEIR PRIMARY INTEREST WAS WINNING AN ELECTION THROUGH PROMISES OF PATRONAGE, ORGANIZATION, NEGOTIATION, BARGAINING AND COMPROMISE. DEFINE: PATRONAGE – GIVING JOBS AND OTHER FAVORS (OFTEN GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS) TO THEMSELVES AND FAITHFUL FOLLOWERS. DEFINE: MUGWUMPS – A PARTY MEMBER WHO OPPOSED PATRONAGE, DISLIKED PARTY MACHINERY, FEARED THE INFLUX OF IMMIGRANTS AND WANTED THE PARTY TO TAKE UNPOPULAR POSITIONS ON ISSUES. THEIR PRIMARY INTEREST WAS PRINCIPLE. THE NATIONAL PARTY STRUCTURE TODAY (157) AMERICAS TWO-PARTY SYSTEM REMAINS STRONG, BUT 7. EXPLAIN HOW AND WHY IT HAS EVOLVED IN THE PAST THIRTY YEARS ANSWER: SINCE THE INVENTION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND WITH IT THE ABILITY TO TRACK PARTY MEMBER ACTIVISM AND INDIVIDUAL CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTIONS ON A LARGE SCALE, THE PARTIES HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A FUND-RAISING BUREAUCRACIES LARGELY DEVOTED RECRUITING AND TRAINING CANDIDATES, GIVING THEM LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ADVICE, STUDYING ISSUES AND ANYLYZING VOTING TRENDS AND CONDUCTING NATIONAL ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS. DEFINE: NATIONAL CONVENTION – THE PARTY MEETING EVERY FOUR YEARS TO NOMINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. DEFINE: NATIONAL COMMITTEE –THE PARTY MANAGEMENT BETWEEN ELECTIONS MADE UP OF DELEGATES FROM EACH STATE AND TERRITORY. DEFINE: CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE – THE GROUP OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS WHO HELPS CANDIDTES WHO ARE RUNNING FOR REELECTION OR WOULD-BE MEMBERS RUNNING FOR AN OPEN SEAT OR CHALLENGING A CANDIDATE FROM THE OPPOSING PARTY. DEFINE: NATIONAL CHAIRMAN – THE MANAGER OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE, WHO IS ELECTED BY COMMITTEE. DEFINE: RNC – REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE DEFINE: DNC – DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE DEFINE: SOFT MONEY – FUNDS TO AID PARTY ADVERTISING AND POLLING RATHER THAN PARTICULAR CANDIDATES OFTEN SHIPPED TO STATE PARTY ORGANIZATIONS TO RUN ADVERTISING THERE. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS (159) 8. DESCRIBE HOW A CANDIDATE IS NOMINATED AT A NATIONAL CONVENTION. ANSWER: THE NATIONAL CONVENTION IS WHERE A CANDIDATE IS NOMINATED FOR PRESIDENT BY CONVENTION DELEGATES. THE DNC AND THE RNC ESTABLISH THE RULES FOR SELECTING AND ALLOCATING DELEGATES TO THE CONVENTION. THEIR RULES FOR SELECTING AND ALLOCATING HAVE UNDERGONE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS TO WEAKEN THE CONTROL BY LOCAL PARTY LEADERS AND INCREASE THE PROPORTION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES. DELEGATES ONCE SELECTED BY PARTY LEADERS ARE NOW CHOSEN BY PRIMARY ELECTIONS AND GRASSROOTS CAUCUSES. A MAJORITY OF DELEGATE VOTES AT THE CONVENTION ARE REQUIRED FOR NOMINATION. DELEGATES, NOT SUPERDELEGATES, WHO ARE PLEDGED TO A CANDIDATE IN A PRIMARY MUST VOTE FOR THAT CANDIDATE. DEFINE: SUPERDELEGATES – PARTY LEADERS AND ELECTED OFFICIALS WHO BECOME DELEGATES TO THE NATIONAL CONVENTION WITHOUT HAVING TO RUN IN PRIMARIES OR CAUCUSES. STATE AND LOCAL PARTIES (161) 9. IDENTIFY THE TWO EXTREMES OF STATE AND LOCAL POLITICS: ANSWER: 1. POLITICAL MACHINES 2. IDEOLOGICAL PARTIES 10. DESCRIBE A POLITICAL MACHINE AND EXPLAIN THE FOUR REASONS WHY IT HAS LOST POLITICAL CLOUT OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS. ANSWER: A POLITICAL MACHINE IS A PARTY ORGANZATION THE RECRUITS ITS MEMBERS BY THE USE OF TANGIBLE INCENTIVES SUCH AS MONEY , POLITICAL JOBS, OR SOME OTHER WAY TO GET FAVORS FROM GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE TYPICALLY WELL ORGANIZED, BUT FRAUDUENT. AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE THE INFAMOUS TAMMANY HALL IN NEW YORK CITY (LED BY BOSS TWEED). THEIR POWER WAS GRADUALLY CURTAILED BY: 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supreme Court of the United States
    No. 19-524 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ROQUE DE LA FUENTE, AKA ROCKY, Petitioner, v. AlEX PADIllA, CALIFOrnIA SECRETARY OF STATE, et al., Respondents. ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES CouRT OF AppEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRcuIT BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE PROFESSORS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND HISTORY IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER ALICia I. DEARN, ESQ. Counsel of Record 231 South Bemiston Avenue, Suite 850 Clayton, MO 63105 (314) 526-0040 [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae 292830 A (800) 274-3321 • (800) 359-6859 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................i TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES .............. ii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ..................1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................6 ARGUMENT....................................7 I. CERTIORARI IS DESIRABLE BECAUSE THERE IS CONFUSION AMONG LOWER COURTS OVER WHETHER THE APPLY THE USAGE TEST ...........7 II. THE NINTH CIRCUIT ERRONEOUSLY STATED THAT BECAUSE MINOR PARTY PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES HAVE APPEARED ON THE CALIFORNIA BALLOT, THEREFORE IT IS NOT SIGNIFICANT THAT NO INDEPENDENT PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE HAS QUALIFIED SINCE 1992 ..............................15 CONCLUSION .................................20 ii TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES Page CASES: American Party v. Jernigan, 424 F.Supp. 943 (e.d. Ark. 1977)..................8 Arutunoff v. Oklahoma State Election Board, 687 F.2d 1375 (1982)...........................14 Bergland v. Harris, 767 F.2d 1551 (1985) ..........................8-9 Bradley v Mandel, 449 F. Supp. 983 (1978) ........................10 Citizens to Establish a Reform Party in Arkansas v. Priest, 970 F. Supp. 690 (e.d. Ark. 1996) .................8 Coffield v. Kemp, 599 F.3d 1276 (2010) ...........................12 Cowen v. Raffensperger, 1:17cv-4660 ..................................12 Dart v.
    [Show full text]
  • Uniting Mugwumps and the Masses: the Role of Puck in Gilded Age Politics, 1880-1884
    Uniting Mugwumps and the Masses: The Role of Puck in Gilded Age Politics, 1880-1884 Daniel Henry Backer McLean, Virginia B.A., University of Notre Dame, 1994 A Thesis presented to 1he Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of English University of Virginia August 1996 WARNING! The document you now hold in your hands is a feeble reproduction of an experiment in hypertext. In the waning years of the twentieth century, a crude network of computerized information centers formed a system called the Internet; one particular format of data retrieval combined text and digital images and was known as the World Wide Web. This particular project was designed for viewing through Netscape 2.0. It can be found at http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/PUCK/ If you are able to locate this Website, you will soon realize it is a superior resource for the presentation of such a highly visual magazine as Puck. 11 Table of Contents Introduction 1 I) A Brief History of Cartoons 5 II) Popular and Elite Political Culture 13 III) A Popular Medium 22 "Our National Dog Show" 32 "Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Shop" 35 Caricature and the Carte-de-Viste 40 The Campaign Against Grant 42 EndNotes 51 Bibliography 54 1 wWhy can the United States not have a comic paper of its own?" enquired E.L. Godkin of The Nation, one of the most distinguished intellectual magazines of the Gilded Age. America claimed a host of popular and insightful raconteurs as its own, from Petroleum V.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics in the Gilded Age
    Politics in the Gilded Age MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names Local and national political Political reforms paved the way •political machine •James A. Garfield corruption in the 19th for a more honest and efficient •graft •Chester A. Arthur century led to calls for government in the 20th century •Boss Tweed •Pendleton Civil reform. and beyond. •patronage Service Act •civil service •Grover Cleveland •Rutherford B. •Benjamin Hayes Harrison One American's Story Mark Twain described the excesses of the late 19th centu- ry in a satirical novel, The Gilded Age, a collaboration with the writer Charles Dudley Warner. The title of the book has since come to represent the period from the 1870s to the 1890s. Twain mocks the greed and self-indulgence of his characters, including Philip Sterling. A PERSONAL VOICE MARK TWAIN AND CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER “ There are many young men like him [Philip Sterling] in American society, of his age, opportunities, education and abilities, who have really been educated for nothing and have let themselves drift, in the hope that they will find somehow, and by some sudden turn of good luck, the golden road to fortune. He saw people, all around him, poor yesterday, rich to-day, who had come into sud- den opulence by some means which they could not have classified among any of the regular occupations of life.” —The Gilded Age ▼ A luxurious Twain’s characters find that getting rich quick is more difficult than they had apartment thought it would be. Investments turn out to be worthless; politicians’ bribes eat building rises up their savings.
    [Show full text]
  • American Federalism: More Than Two Centuries of Political Tension
    CHAPTER ONE American Federalism: More Than Two Centuries of Political Tension efore one explores the components and particulars of the BConnecticut polity, it is important to first discuss the features of American federalism, as well as the ongoing tension between federal and state authority throughout the course of American history. This general overview should demonstrate the centrality of state governments within the context of the American federal system, and why this work has special relevance in the twenty-first century. One of the bedrock principles of the United States Constitution is that the power of government should be limited and restrained. Heavily influenced by the writings of classical liberal philosophers, most notably the English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704), the Founding Fathers devised an ingenious constitutional system in which power would never be concentrated in one branch or one level of government.1 Limited government was viewed as a prerequisite to individual liberty and more generally the preservation of the newly- formed republic. The Founding Fathers’ deep belief in a system of limited government is clearly reflected in the principle known as federalism. Drafted during a swelteringly hot summer in Philadelphia more than two hundred years ago, the Constitution of the United States established a governing system in which power would be divided between two levels of government, national and state. The principle of federalism is among the several distinguishing features of the American constitutional framework. 2 AMERICAN FEDERALISM Federalism and Divided Power The Constitution, written in response to the failure of the Articles of Confederation (1781-88), provides the national govern- ment with both enumerated and implied powers.
    [Show full text]
  • OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS
    OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/08/2016 Source: State Elections Offices* SOURCE: State Elections Offices* STATE ELECTORAL ELECTORAL VOTES CAST FOR ELECTORAL VOTES CAST FOR VOTES JOSEPH R. BIDEN (D) DONALD J. TRUMP (R) AL 9 9 AK 3 3 AZ 11 11 AR 6 6 CA 55 55 CO 9 9 CT 7 7 DE 3 3 DC 3 3 FL 29 29 GA 16 16 HI 4 4 ID 4 4 IL 20 20 IN 11 11 IA 6 6 KS 6 6 KY 8 8 LA 8 8 ME 4 3 1 MD 10 10 MA 11 11 MI 16 16 MN 10 10 MS 6 6 MO 10 10 MT 3 3 NE 5 1 4 NV 6 6 NH 4 4 NJ 14 14 NM 5 5 NY 29 29 NC 15 15 ND 3 3 OH 18 18 OK 7 7 OR 7 7 PA 20 20 RI 4 4 SC 9 9 SD 3 3 TN 11 11 TX 38 38 UT 6 6 VT 3 3 VA 13 13 WA 12 12 WV 5 5 WI 10 10 WY 3 3 Total: 538 306 232 Total Electoral Votes Needed to Win = 270 - Page 1 of 12 - OFFICIAL 2020 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS General Election Date: 11/03/2020 SOURCE: State Elections Offices* STATE BIDEN BLANKENSHIP BODDIE CARROLL CHARLES AL 849,624 AK 153,778 1,127 AZ 1,672,143 13 AR 423,932 2,108 1,713 CA 11,110,250 2,605 559 CO 1,804,352 5,061 2,515 2,011 CT 1,080,831 219 11 DE 296,268 1 87 8 DC 317,323 FL 5,297,045 3,902 854 GA 2,473,633 61 8 701 65 HI 366,130 931 ID 287,021 1,886 163 IL 3,471,915 18 9,548 75 IN 1,242,416 895 IA 759,061 1,707 KS 570,323 KY 772,474 7 408 43 LA 856,034 860 1,125 2,497 ME 435,072 MD 1,985,023 4 795 30 MA 2,382,202 MI 2,804,040 7,235 963 MN 1,717,077 75 1,037 112 MS 539,398 1,279 1,161 MO 1,253,014 3,919 664 MT 244,786 23 NE 374,583 NV 703,486 3,138 NH 424,937
    [Show full text]
  • Tenements City Sanitation
    Growing Pains Tenements Tenements helped answer the growing demand for housing in major urban centers throughout the mid-1800s and early 1900s. While more affluent city residents were relocating to more desirable areas, immigrants were flooding into America’s cities. New York’s Lower East Side especially became the landing point of countless immigrant families. Former single-family homes were retrofitted and subdivided to accommodate multiple families. In some instances, new floors were added to the tops of the buildings and additions were added onto the backs to accommodate more people. At the same time, new tenement buildings were quite literally on the rise. Most tenements were five to seven stories tall, twenty-five feet wide, and one hundred feet deep. Buildings were built as close together as possible in an effort to maximize space. This resulted in limited air circulation. Most rooms in tenement buildings received no natural light. To make matters worse, the buildings were built quickly and inexpensively with poor or no plumbing and, in many instances, no fire escapes. Tenements facilitated the rapid spread of disease, as in 1849 when some five thousand people died from cholera in New York City. The proximity of these buildings, as well as their poor ventilation and building materials, also made them susceptible to fire. This was the case in Chicago in 1871 when a fire destroyed numerous city blocks. There were some early efforts to regulate tenements in the late 1860s, including the Tenement House Act that required buildings to have a minimum of one toilet for every twenty occupants.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Third parties in twentieth century American politics Sumner, C. K. How to cite: Sumner, C. K. (1969) Third parties in twentieth century American politics, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9989/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk "THIRD PARTIES IN TWENTIETH CENTURY AMERICAN POLITICS" THESIS PGR AS M. A. DEGREE PRESENTED EOT CK. SOMBER (ST.CUTHBERT«S) • JTJLT, 1969. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. INTRODUCTION. PART 1 - THE PROGRESSIVE PARTIES. 1. THE "BOLL MOOSE" PROQRESSIVES. 2. THE CANDIDACY CP ROBERT M. L& FQLLETTE. * 3. THE PEOPLE'S PROGRESSIVE PARTI. PART 2 - THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA* PART 3 * PARTIES OF LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL APPEAL.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Party Machines of the 1920S and 1930S: Tom Pendergast and the Kansas City Democratic Machine
    Political Party Machines of the 1920s and 1930s: Tom Pendergast and The Kansas City Democratic Machine. BY JOHN S. MATLIN. A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of American and Canadian Studies, School of Historical Studies, University of Birmingham. September, 2009. Table of Contents. Page No. Acknowledgments. 3. Abstract. 5. Introduction. 6. Chapter 1. A Brief History of American Local Government until the end of the Nineteenth Century. 37. Chapter 2. The Fall and Rise of Political Party Machines in the Progressive Era. 51. Chapter 3. Theories of Political Party Machines and Their Core Elements. 81. Chapter 4. “Bossism”: The Need for Strong Leadership. 107. Chapter 5. Patronage: The Boss’s Political Capital and Private Profit. 128. Chapter 6. Challengers to the Machine: Rabbi Mayerberg, The Charter League and Fusion Movement. 145. Chapter 7. Challenges from the Press. The Self-Appointed Role of Newspapers as Moral Watchdogs. 164. Chapter 8. Corruption: Machines and Elections. 193. Chapter 9. Corruption: Machine Business, Organized Crime and the Downfall of Tom Pendergast. 219. Chapter 10. Political Party Machines: Pragmatism and Ethics. 251. Conclusion. 264. Bibliography. 277. 2 Acknowledgments It is a rare privilege to commence university life after retirement from a professional career. At the age of 58, I enrolled at Brunel University on an American Studies course, assuming that I would learn little that I did not already know. My legal life had taken me to many of the states of America numerous times over the previous forty years. My four years at Brunel as an undergraduate and post-graduate opened my eyes about the United States in a way I had not thought possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Apush Review Packet
    APUSH REVIEW PACKET The Exam: • The exam is 3 hours and 5 minutes in length and consists of two sections. In section I, students answer 80 multiple choice questions in 55 minutes. In section II, students are given 15 minutes to plan and 45 minutes to write an essay on the document-based question (DBQ), and 70 minutes to answer two essay questions. Suggested time to be spent on each of the essay questions is 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing. Scoring: • The DBQ & two FRE are scored on a scale of 1-9 – Basis of a thesis, argument, and supporting evidence (including documents for DBQ) • The M/C counts for 50%, the Essays 50% – DBQ counts for 22.5%, FRE 27.5% ea. • 180 possible points – [# correct] x 1.125 = _________ MC – # out of 9 x 4.50 = ________ DBQ – # out of 9 x 2.750 = _______ FRE 1 – # out of 9 x 2.750 = _______ FRE 2 DBQ: • Requires you to answer by using documentary evidence AND your outside knowledge • READ QUESTION • BRAINSTORM!! • READ DOCUMENTS – Not statements of FACTS; descriptions, interpretations or opinions; READ THE SOURCE! • WRITE YOUR ESSAY Writing an Essay: • Thesis Paragraph – Addresses the QUESTION!! – Contains Thesis (what is YOUR theme) – Organizational Categories (set up your following paragraphs) • Supporting Paragraphs – Topic sentence – Specific factual information – Interpretive commentary – Documentation (DBQ)* – Clincher sentence • Conclusion – Supports, sums up Level of Questions Level One: questions are the facts of history. They can be answered from the text or other resources Level Two: questions require students to make inferences as to how and why the factual information has an impact in the historical context in which it occurs.
    [Show full text]
  • APUSH Unit 3: Revolution and Republican Culture, 1754-1800 (Chapters 4-7)
    APUSH Unit 3: Revolution and Republican Culture, 1754-1800 (chapters 4-7) Key Theme: British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity. Key Concepts 3.1 — British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. I. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. 3.2 — The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. III. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. 3.3 — Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Modern Partisanship
    The Power of Modern Partisanship The Aligning of Social and Political Identity and Its Effects An Our Age of Uncertainty paper by Chris Jackson Ipsos Presents Age of Uncertainty The Power of Modern Partisanship The Power of Modern Partisanship The Aligning of Social and Political Identity and Its Effects Politicians, pollsters, and social scientists all seek to understand and predict how people will respond to events. To this end, we have found that identity—or, more precisely, how people define themselves—is a powerful predictor of behavior. This is an outgrowth of using demographics in social sciences as proxies for a wider range of socio-cultural beliefs. Since people have many different ways of characterizing themselves in different circumstances, contexts, or times, researchers have traditionally relied on context-specific identifiers. For instance, someone may behave like a parent at home but an employee at work. However, one particular type of identity—political partisanship—has become the lens for many Americans in how they relate to the world around them. This has problematic implications, not just for government, but for civil society and the economy, as party identification has an increasingly zero-sum logic of “with us or against us.” Political partisanship is not a new phenomenon. It has When people hear of “increased partisanship,” as they often existed since the establishment of the American Republic do today, they may think that an ever-larger proportion of when Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party Americans are closely identifying with either of the two faced off against Alexander Hamilton’s Federalist Party.
    [Show full text]
  • Symmetric Constitutionalism: an Essay on Masterpiece Cakeshop and the Post-Kennedy Supreme Court
    University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship 2019 Symmetric Constitutionalism: An Essay on Masterpiece Cakeshop and the Post-Kennedy Supreme Court Zachary S. Price UC Hastings College of the Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Zachary S. Price, Symmetric Constitutionalism: An Essay on Masterpiece Cakeshop and the Post- Kennedy Supreme Court, 70 Hastings L.J. 1273 (2019). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/1736 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 70.5-PRICE (DO NOT DELETE) 5/27/2019 9:48 AM Symmetric Constitutionalism: An Essay on Masterpiece Cakeshop and the Post- Kennedy Supreme Court † ZACHARY S. PRICE Following Justice Kennedy’s retirement and the bitter fight over Justice Kavanaugh’s confirmation, increasingly polarized views about constitutional law in general, and specific constitutional cases in particular, threaten to undermine courts’ legitimacy, degrade their institutional capacity, and weaken public support for important civil liberties. To help mitigate these risks, this Essay proposes that judges subscribe to an ethos of “symmetric constitutionalism.” Within the limits of controlling considerations of text, structure, history, precedent, and practice, courts in our polarized era should lean towards outcomes, doctrines, and rationales that confer valuable protections across both sides of the nation’s major political divides, and away from those that frame constitutional law as a matter of zero-sum competition between competing partisan visions.
    [Show full text]