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HEMISPHERES Hemispheres The Tufts University Journal of International Affairs A Tufts University Student Publication Vol. 31, 2008 Vol. HEMISPHERES Mayer Campus Center Tufts University Medford, MA 02155 [email protected] http://ase.tufts.edu/hemispheres International Migration VOL. 31, 2008 HEMISPHERES Hemispheres The Tufts University Journal of International Affairs A Tufts University Student Publication Vol. 31, 2008 Vol. HEMISPHERES Mayer Campus Center Tufts University Medford, MA 02155 [email protected] http://ase.tufts.edu/hemispheres International Migration VOL. 31, 2008 Hemispheres The Tufts University Journal of International Affairs Vol. 31 2008 Editor-in-Chief Nicholas D. Malouta Assistant Editors Treasurer and Outreach Christopher Giliberti Coordinator Arun Yang Benjamin Sacks Photography Editors Layout Editor Kalpana Ganti Ernest Kim Scott Newton Design Editor Events Coordinator Suh Lee Adrienne Serafin National Solicitation Editors-at-Large Coordinator Christine Loftus Cory Siskind Ashley Semler Benjamin Filippo Established in 1976, Hemispheres is the Tufts University Journal of International Affairs. The Journal addresses a variety of social, economic, political, and legal issues, both contemporary and historical, within the framework of international relations. The articles contained herein reflect diverse views of undergraduates at Tufts, as well as other universities. While the Editorial Board is solely responsible for the selection of articles appearing in Hemispheres, the Board does not accept responsibility for any opinions or biases contained within. Correspondence should be addressed to: Hemispheres, Mayer Campus Center #52, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155. Hemispheres is distributed without charge to the students, faculty and administration of Tufts University. For further information about Hemispheres, please refer to our website at http://ase.tufts.edu/hemispheres. Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 1 Hemispheres The Tufts University Journal of International Affairs Vol. 31 2008 Editor’s Note 4 Articles Patterns in Roma Migration 6 Joshua Benjamin Violence and Migration: The Relationship between 18 Colombia’s Domestic Security Situation, Economy and the Development of Transnational Communities Benjamin Roseth In Our Strategic Interests: A Review of U.S. Foreign 38 Policy Towards Liberia Sasha Hayes-Rusnov Restricting Rural Urban Migration: An Analysis of the 56 Hukou Migration System in China John Chiosi The Roots of Racism in the German Football Stadium 74 Darren Thies 2 Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 Land and Labor: A Comparative Study of Internal 102 Migration and Japanese Immigration to São Paulo State Daniel Brasil Becker Photographic Exploration Images of International Migration in a Changing World 148 Kalpana Ganti, Nicholas D. Malouta, Scott Newton Interview Karen Jacobsen, Ph.D., Director of the Refugees and 158 Forced Migration Program, Feinstein International Center, School of Nutrition and Science Policy, Tufts University Arun Yang, with additional reporting by Ernest Kim Editorials An International Shift in Market Hegemony: Shanghai’s 164 Threat to New York Christopher Giliberti The Lion’s Cubs Go Home: Post-Colonial Inter- 168 Commonwealth Migration Benjamin Sacks Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 3 Edtior’s Note n this year’s volume of Hemispheres, we will explore the complex issue of international migration. The particular issue of migration has continued to attract widespread attention around the world over Ithe past few years, as economic migrants and political refugees from the developing world continue to move to the United States and Europe in ever-increasing numbers and refugee crises arise in conflict zones such as Iraq and Darfur, or persist year after year in places like Afghanistan and the Palestinian Territories. It is my hope that this edition of Hemispheres will help the reader to grasp the importance of migration in a changing world, as well as to grasp its mechanics and processes. Migration entails leaving one’s home, one’s family, and everything else one has ever known, sometimes forever. Many factors push and pull migrants: the hope for better socioeconomic circumstances, the search for freedom of religion or political belief, or even simply the will to survive. People continue to migrate, as they have throughout human history. Our staff has made a concerted effor to address the issue of migration in both a contemporary and historical perspective. We have striven to select content which relates to the many various types of and motivations for migration, and we have drawn on examples from different world regions and historic eras. This issue will examine migration both within and among states, as these are often interconnected and pivotal to the understanding of migration on a global scale. We seek to understand not only the processes of migration themselves, but also the effects on the societies from which the migrants originate and the ones into which they move. Migrants are not only changed themselves by the exprience of migration, but they also change the socieities into which they move. Socieities around the world arise as a result of migration, and immigrant and diaspora communities comprise important linkages for economic and cultural exchange. I would like to congratulate the Tufts International Relations Program on its 30th Anniversary and extend our deepest thanks for their continued support. I would particularly like to express my heartfelt thanks to Professor Malik Mufti, Kirk Lange, and Moira Todd for their 4 Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 invaluable aid, advice, and encouragement. I would also like to thank the Tuts Community Union, the Tufts Departments of Political Science and Economics, and the Study Abroad Program for their continued support. Lastly, I would like to offer my sincerest gratitude and congratulations to our published authors and staff members. This journal represents a collective effort which would not have been possible without the work and support of many people. Nicholas D. Malouta Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 5 Joshua Benjamin Patterns in Roma Migration by Joshua Benjamin or most of recent history, European societies have been largely sedentary. People lived and died in the same town where they were born. Even now, when Europeans are becoming increasingly transnational, life is Fstill largely structured around some degree of permanency. People stay in the same place for extended periods of time, and establish roots through their homes, places of work, and networks of friends. Within this social context live the Roma, a nomadic group of people who for centuries have survived as the largest stateless group in Europe. They stand out even more for their continued fight for survival on a continent where they have met with consistent hostility, punctuated by the Holocaust. This paper proposes to look at Roma migration from the Holocaust to the present, and will discuss the various reasons for their migratory tendencies in three parts. First, this paper will discuss the historical aspect of Roma migration and provide some background on the Roma tradition in Europe. Next, this paper will look at the role of ethnic and political persecution, particularly focusing on the Holocaust and the subsequent period of Soviet rule in Eastern Europe, as two catalysts for an increase in Roma migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe. This paper will then analyze Roma migration not as the result of specifically anti-Roma or anti-minority persecution, but instead as a product of the historical tendencies in all cultures to move back and forth between urban and rural settings, or to migrate for economic reasons. By way of conclusion, this paper provides an assessment how the expansion of the European Union to Eastern Europe may herald a new age in the history of Roma migration, and how the future of the Roma situation in Europe may look brighter than ever before. Joshua Benjamin is a senior studying International Relations and French at Tufts University. 6 Hemispheres, Vol. 31, 2008 Patterns in Roma Migration Who are the Roma? Currently, between seven and nine million Roma live in Europe, with their population concentrated in the eastern part of the continent. In Bulgaria, they make up 4.7% of the population, in Romania they make up 2.5% of the population, and in Hungary 1.9% of the population. They are also scattered around Western Europe, albeit in lower numbers. While there is still some debate as to the exact origins of the Roma, it is commonly agreed that they originated somewhere in northwestern India, and began to migrate west approximately one thousand years ago, with the first recorded European encounter dating from 1407 in Germany. (Liegeois and Gheorghe 1995: 7). This is the most commonly accepted theory because of various linguistic and genetic studies that link the Roma in Europe to the people and language that still exist in that part of India. Contrary to popular belief, the name “Roma” has nothing to do with the country of Romania. The exact reasons for this transcontinental migration remain a mystery, but Alt and Folts (1996) suggest that the Roma may be related to an elite group in India, known as the Banjaras, that provided warriors for Alexander the Great. As Alexander’s army retreated, the Banjaras’ position in India as the erstwhile supporters of an invading army may have made them persona non grata, which pushed them to leave India. (Alt and Flots 1996: 3). In addition, many folk stories in Europe attempt to explain Roma migration history, but these stories are most likely false and are used primarily in order to denigrate them and prove that they are an inferior class of people. According to one Roma woman, one story explains that the Roma are being punished for stealing the fourth nail that was needed in Christ’s crucifixion. That is why his feet are crossed and nailed together. There was a nail for each hand and one for each foot. Our wandering is punishment for taking the fourth nail. (Alt and Folts 1996: 3). Interestingly, this legend has been adopted by the Roma themselves, who have changed it slightly to say that the fourth nail stolen by the Roma was supposed to puncture Christ’s heart.