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Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia

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Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Final Report Namibia Nature Foundation In collaboration with: SAIEA, Sustainable Solutions Trust, Research and Information Services of Namibia and eftec 2016 Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Acknowledgements The authors would in particular like to thank Dr. Konrad Uebelhoer and Dr. Martin Nowack of GIZ, Ms. Ece Ozdemiroglu of eftec, Gillian Maggs-Kölling, Theo Wassenaar, John Irish (Gobabeb Training and Research Centre) and Mutjinde Katjiua (Namibia University of Science and Technology NUST) who reviewed and provided detailed comments to support the finalisation of the report. Ben Nathanael designed and compiled the maps of each ecosystem zone. This study was financed by the Resource Mobilisation Project of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für international Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The Resource Mobilisation Project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). The BMUB supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. Contributing Authors Lawrie Harper-Simmonds, Dr John Mendelsohn, Dr Jean-Paul Roux, John Pallet, Dr Chris Brown, Angus Middleton and Johannes Kruse Edited: Catherine Birch Updates This inventory of ecosystem services is a first step, and should lead to debate, research, and further iteration. As more knowledge and data are gathered and our understanding of ecosystem services is improved, this inventory can potentially be updated. To this purpose, contributions can be submitted to the email address below. Please note that only well-developed submissions backed up by data/evidence/qualified opinion will be considered. Enquiries Namibia Nature Foundation 76 – 78 Frans Indongo Street Windhoek, Namibia Tel: + 264 61 248345 Fax: +264 61 248344 Email: [email protected] Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Acronyms CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CICES Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services FEGS-CS Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources NBSAP2 Namibia’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NDC Namibia Development Corporation NE Rivers North-East Rivers NHIES National Household Income and Expenditure Survey ResMob Resource Mobilisation for the Conservation of Biodiversity SANUMARC Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre SEEA-EEA System of Environmental-Economic Accounts: Experimental Ecosystem Accounting SNA System of National Accounts TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity UKNEA United Kingdom National Ecosystem Assessment UNAM University of Namibia USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... II 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2 THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES APPROACH .................................................................................................... 6 2.1 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 ECOSYSTEMS, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND WELL-BEING: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................... 7 3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 IDENTIFICATION AND DELINEATION OF ECOSYSTEM ZONES ................................................................................ 10 3.2 ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM ZONES ............................................................................................................. 11 3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ...................................................................................................... 15 3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVENTORY OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .............................................................................. 19 3.5 PRIORITISATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ...................................................................................................... 22 3.6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 23 4 KEY ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES .................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 FIRE ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 BUSH ENCROACHMENT .............................................................................................................................. 26 4.4 CHANGES FROM LIVESTOCK TO WILDLIFE FARMING .......................................................................................... 27 4.5 CATTLE OWNERSHIP IN COMMUNAL LAND ..................................................................................................... 27 4.6 RURAL EMIGRATION AND URBAN GROWTH .................................................................................................... 27 4.7 URBAN CHALLENGES ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.8 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 28 5 NAMIBIA’S ECOSYSTEM ZONES AND THEIR SERVICES ............................................................................ 32 5.1 NORTH-EASTERN RIVERS ........................................................................................................................... 32 5.2 NORTHERN KALAHARI WOODLANDS ............................................................................................................ 46 5.3 DRY KALAHARI WOODLANDS ...................................................................................................................... 61 5.4 HIGHLAND ACACIA SAVANNA ..................................................................................................................... 74 5.5 KARSTVELD ............................................................................................................................................. 87 5.6 ETOSHA PANS AND SHRUBLANDS ................................................................................................................ 99 5.7 CUVELAI DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................................ 110 5.8 WESTERN HIGHLANDS ............................................................................................................................ 122 5.9 NAMA KAROO SHRUBLANDS .................................................................................................................... 134 5.10 NORTHERN NAMIB ................................................................................................................................. 148 5.11 NAMIB SAND SEA................................................................................................................................... 161 5.12 SUCCULENT KAROO ................................................................................................................................ 173 5.13 COASTAL AND NEAR-SHORE ..................................................................................................................... 184 5.14 CONTINENTAL SHELF ............................................................................................................................... 197 5.15 SHELF-BREAK AND SLOPE ........................................................................................................................ 208 Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia 5.16 DEEP SEA ............................................................................................................................................. 220 5.17 URBAN ................................................................................................................................................. 228 6 SYNTHESIS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL ..........................................................
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