DOCSLIB.ORG

The Namibian Leopard: National Census and Sustainable Hunting Practices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Namibian Leopard: National Census and Sustainable Hunting Practices THE NAMIBIAN LEOPARD: NATIONAL CENSUS AND SUSTAINABLE HUNTING PRACTICES In Cooperation with The Ministry of Environment and Tourism Study Report Conducted by Dr. Louisa Richmond-Coggan, LRC Wildlife Conservation 31st March 2019 Acknowledgments This study was undertaken on behalf of the Namibian Professional Hunting Association (NAPHA) and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), both of which were committed to the need for an update on the status of Namibia’s leopard population. NAPHA President, Danene van der Westhuyzen, and CEO, Tanya Dahl, along with the EXCO, leopard committee and administration staff helped to facilitate the smooth running of the study. Thanks go to MET Deputy Director of Scientific Services, Kenneth Uiseb, along with Iifo Fillemon, Holger Kolberg and Oiva Akudhenga and the staff of the permit office for allowing access to key data and providing insights into complex Ministry processes. Many other people and organisations contributed to the successful completion of this study and we would like to thank you all; Additional specialised analysis was conducted by Dr. Vera De Cauwer (Namibia University of Science and Technology), Oliver Baines and Alice Jarvis (EIS). Dr. Chris Brown (Namibian Chamber of Environment), Dr. Morgan Hauptfleisch (Namibia University of Science and Technology) and Angus Middleton (Namibia Nature Foundation) provided invaluable guidance and support throughout. The Large Carnivore Management Association of Namibia members were instrumental in the collection of leopard presence and density data from across Namibia. The Namibia Agricultural Union and their local farmer associations, the Conservancy Association of Namibia, the Hospitality Association of Namibia and Wildlife Game Ranches for their assistance raising the study’s profile among their members and collecting questionnaire data on behalf of the study. Dr. Ingrid Wiesel (Brown Hyaena Research Project) provided the raw data for the Namib- Naukluft and Tsau//Khaeb National Parks. Kate Vanelli for her assistance during the Auas Mountains field research and Brave Natanael for collating MET problem animal records. AGRA, the Windhoek Livestock Auctioneers and the Namboer Auctioneers for allowing research to be conducted at their stores and auctions. Over the course of the study the hospitality and friendship of the farming associations and wider communities was greatly appreciated. Several individuals in particular allowed us stay on their properties for extended periods of time. Without the generosity of Tanya Beyer and Klaus Rush, Andreas and Theresia Haag and the Wilckens family the fieldwork would not have been possible. We would also like to thank all the landowners across Namibia who allowed camera traps to be placed upon their properties and took the time to accompany us during pre-surveying and imparting invaluable local knowledge. This research was conducted in accordance with the National Commission on Research Science and Technology guidelines and under the permit number RCIV00042818. Study Sponsors Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 2.1. Background to the Study ................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1. Carnivore Conservation ............................................................................................ 5 2.1.2. Carnivore Ecology .................................................................................................... 7 2.2. African Leopard Conservation and Sustainable Use....................................................... 9 2.2.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2. Human-Leopard Conflict ........................................................................................ 18 2.2.2. Sustainable Use....................................................................................................... 20 2.3. Study Scope ................................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Study Objectives ........................................................................................................... 26 2.4.1. Objective 1 - Leopard Population ........................................................................... 26 2.4.2. Objective 2 - Human-Leopard Conflict .................................................................. 26 2.4.3. Objective 3 - Sustainable Hunting of Leopard ....................................................... 27 2.5. Study Outcomes ............................................................................................................ 27 2.5.1. Leopard Population and Human-Leopard Conflict ................................................ 27 2.5.2. Sustainable Hunting of Leopard ............................................................................. 28 3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 28 3.1. Survey Areas ................................................................................................................. 28 3.1.1. National Survey Area ............................................................................................. 28 3.1.2. Camera Trap Survey Areas..................................................................................... 29 3.2. Characteristics of the Leopard Population .................................................................... 30 3.2.1. Density and Population Structure ........................................................................... 30 3.2.2. Habitat Suitability ................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3. National Population Size ........................................................................................ 37 3.2.4. Activity Patterns ..................................................................................................... 40 3.3. Human-Leopard Conflict .............................................................................................. 40 3.3.1. National Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 40 3.3.2. Ministry of Environment and Tourism Records ..................................................... 44 3.3.3. Communal Conservancies ...................................................................................... 45 3.4. Leopard Hunting in Namibia......................................................................................... 45 i 3.5. Assumptions and Limitations ........................................................................................ 46 4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 47 4.1. Results Summary Table ............................................................................................. 47 4.2. Characteristics of the Leopard Population .................................................................... 48 4.2.1. Density and Population Structure ........................................................................... 48 4.2.2. Habitat Suitability ................................................................................................... 52 4.2.3. National Population ................................................................................................ 53 4.3. Human-Leopard Conflict .............................................................................................. 61 4.3.1. National Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 61 4.5.2. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism Problem Animal Records .................. 70 4.5.3. Communal Conservancies ...................................................................................... 72 4.4. Leopard Hunting in Namibia......................................................................................... 73 4.4.1. Trophy Hunts .......................................................................................................... 73 4.4.2. Leopard Sex ............................................................................................................ 78 4.4.3. Leopard Age ........................................................................................................... 84 4.4.4. Hunt Effort .............................................................................................................. 85 4.4.5. Trophy Size............................................................................................................. 90 4.4.6. Activity Patterns ..................................................................................................... 98 4.4.7. Trophy Hunting Quota Allocation ........................................................................ 101 5. Discussion and Conclusions .............................................................................................. 103 5.1. Trends in Leopard Numbers ........................................................................................ 103 5.2. Hunting Sustainability
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp
    Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis) Appendix 1: Historical and recent geographic range and population of Angolan Giraffe G. c. angolensis Geographic Range ANGOLA Historical range in Angola Giraffe formerly occurred in the mopane and acacia savannas of southern Angola (East 1999). According to Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005), the historic distribution of the species presented a discontinuous range with two, reputedly separated, populations. The western-most population extended from the upper course of the Curoca River through Otchinjau to the banks of the Kunene (synonymous Cunene) River, and through Cuamato and the Mupa area further north (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). The intention of protecting this western population of G. c. angolensis, led to the proclamation of Mupa National Park (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). The eastern population occurred between the Cuito and Cuando Rivers, with larger numbers of records from the southeast corner of the former Mucusso Game Reserve (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). By the late 1990s Giraffe were assumed to be extinct in Angola (East 1999). According to Kuedikuenda and Xavier (2009), a small population of Angolan Giraffe may still occur in Mupa National Park; however, no census data exist to substantiate this claim. As the Park was ravaged by poachers and refugees, it was generally accepted that Giraffe were locally extinct until recent re-introductions into southern Angola from Namibia (Kissama Foundation 2015, East 1999, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). BOTSWANA Current range in Botswana Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the population of Giraffe in the Central Kalahari and Khutse Game Reserves in central Botswana is from the subspecies G.
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Based Conservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity
    Community-Based Conservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity By Arthur Hoole A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba March, 2008 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Community-Based Conservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity By Arthur Hoole A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (c) 2008 Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. i To the memory of my parents, and for Leslie ii ABSTRACT This study investigates the premise that national park designations and management in Southern Africa decoupled indigenous communities from their local ecosystems. The research explores ways and means to recouple communities and national parks to promote biodiversity. The relationships are characterized between Namibia’s community-based resource management program (CBNRM), conservancies, and protected areas system, with particular reference to the Ehi-rovipuka Conservancy and Etosha National Park in northern Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Caprivi and Khaudum Safari
    CAPRIVI & KHAUDUM SAFARI Visit remote and beautiful areas often devoid of other visitors on this safari through Namibia’s northeast and Caprivi Strip. Sleep under soft duvets on stretcher beds in comfortable mobile camps erected for you and enjoy relaxed evenings at smart lodges. Your knowledgeable guide will escort you through the rugged wilderness of Khaudum National Park, a densely wooded wilderness region of the northern Kalahari that’s unreachable in a 2WD vehicle. Experience rural village life and travel through lush green landscapes not see in the western desert regions of Namibia. Seek out wildlife on the fertile flood plains, swamps and in the riverine forests of the small but fascinating Mahango Game Reserve and in the larger, wilder Mudumu National Park. Finally, enjoy the tranquil experience of cruising along the Chobe River in a House Boat whilst watching animals drink at the waters edge. Day 1 - Windhoek After checking through customs at Windhoek Airport, you are met and transferred to a quiet guesthouse set in pretty gardens and situated in one of the city’s leafy suburbs. Spend the afternoon relaxing and getting over your long flight or take the time to explore Windhoek. Ask your hosts to recommend their favourite restaurant from one of the city’s many good eateries or perhaps arrange to dine in. No meals are included. Day 2 – Okonjima Your guide will meet you at your guesthouse after breakfast for the drive north through a region of gentle rolling hills where many of Namibia’s larger farms and ranches can be found. One such farm has been transformed into a wildlife reserve and is home to the AfriCat Foundation, an organization dedicated to the conservation and protection of Namibia’s predators – in particular leopard and cheetah.
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerario Namibia, Botswana & Zimbabwe
    Namibia, Botswana & Zimbabwe 9 DAYS | 2021 NEW WORLD SAFARIS D E S T I N A T I O N M A N A G E M E N T C O M P A N Y African travel specialists www.newworldsafaris.com Information DAY Itinerary Distance Example hotels MEAL 01 Windhoek Town Lodge Windhoek D 02 Windhoek | Okahandja | Etosha 450 km Etotongwe Lodge BLD 03 Etosha NP | Tsumeb/ Etosha Region 250 km Makalani Hotel BD 04 Tsumeb/Etosha Region | Divundu 580 km Rainbow River Lodge BD 05 Divundu | Caprivi 260 km Zambezi Mubala Lodge BD 06 Caprivi Zambezi Mubala Lodge BD 07 Caprivi | Chobe National Park 250 km Trave Lodge BD 08 Chobe National Park Trave Lodge BD 09 Chobe National Park | Victoria Falls 100 km The Kingdom at the Falls BD 10 Victoria Falls | Departure D Key B L D Breakfast Lunch Dinner www.newworldsafaris.com Itinerary Day 01 | Windhoek You will be welcomed at the airport and escorted to your hotel. Before you arrive at your hotel, an orienta- tion city tour through Windhoek begins. Here you can see the Christ Church, the boulevard, the equestrian monument and the district of Klein Windhoek, as well as the district of the Bantu-speaking Katutura commu- nity. The rest of the day is at your disposal. In the evening, enjoy a dinner at Joe’s Beerhouse. Day 02 | Windhoek - Okahandja - Etosha National Park After breakfast, continue towards Outjo. You drive through typical African semi-desert landscapes and stop in Okahandja, where you visit the famous wood carving market. Visitors can learn about the art of wood car- ving and buy small souvenirs here.
    [Show full text]
  • National Parks of Namibia.Pdf
    Namibia’s National Parks “Our national parks are one of Namibia’s most valuable assets. They are our national treasures and their tourism potential should be harnessed for the benefi t of all people.” His Excellency Hifi kepunye Pohamba Republic of Namibia President of the Republic of Namibia Ministry of Environment and Tourism Exploring Namibia’s natural treasures Sparsely populated and covering a vast area of 823 680 km2, roughly three times the size of the United King- dom, Namibia is unquestionably one of Africa’s premier nature tourism destinations. There is also no doubt that the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is custodian to some of the biggest, oldest and most spectacular parks on our planet. Despite being the most arid country in sub-Saharan Af- rica, the range of habitats is incredibly diverse. Visitors can expect to encounter coastal lagoons dense with flamingos, towering sand-dunes, and volcanic plains carpeted with spring flowers, thick forests teeming with seasonal elephant herds up to 1 000 strong and lush sub-tropical wetlands that are home to crocodile, hippopotami and buffalo. The national protected area network of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism covers 140 394 km2, 17 per cent of the country, and while the century-old Etosha National and Namib-Naukluft parks are deservedly re- garded as the flagships of Namibia’s conservation suc- cess, all the country’s protected areas have something unique to offer. The formidable Waterberg Plateau holds on its summit an ecological ‘lost world’ cut off by geology from its surrounding plains for millennia. The Fish River Canyon is Africa’s grandest, second in size only to the American Grand Canyon.
    [Show full text]
  • Mudumu National Park
    Mudumu National Park Mudumu National Park is one of Namibia’s least-known parks, but is richly rewarding for adventurous visitors. The main attraction is the riverine habitat of the Kwando River, while inland the Mudumu Mulapo fossilised river course and the dense mopane woodland shelter woodland species. There is no formal entrance gate or park fence – the park is separated from neighbouring communal farmland by a graded cutline. Mudumu is home to a large elephant population. The park acts as a corridor for these pachyderms as they migrate between Botswana, Zambia, Angola and Zimbabwe. In recent years, Mudumu has become the model for co-operation between parks and neighbours. The parks, conservancies, community forests and traditional leaders work together on law enforcement, fire management (early burning), game monitoring and translocations. This evolved from the need to manage common resources across unfenced park and conservancy boundaries. FACT FILE Park size: 1 010 km² (737 on cutline) Date proclaimed: 1990 Natural features: Kwando River floodplain and associated grasslands and riparian woodlands. Vegetation: Tree and Shrub Savannah Biome. Vegetation type: North-eastern Kalahari Woodlands, Riverine Woodlands and Islands, Caprivi Mopane Woodland and Caprivi Floodplains. Mopane (Colophospermum mopane), leadwood (Combretum imberbe) and mangosteen (Garcinia livingstonii) trees. Wildlife: Elephant, buffalo, lion, leopard, spotted hyaena, cheetah, African wild dog, hippo, crocodile, spotted-necked otter, sitatunga, red lechwe, common impala, Burchell’s zebra, sable antelope, eland, wildebeest and giraffe. Tiger fish and tilapia are common fish species. The 430 bird species recorded in Mudumu include African fish eagle, African skimmer and western-banded snake eagle. Tourism: Walking, bird-watching, game viewing.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: ICR2045 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT (TF-53247) ON A GRANT Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 7.1 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA FOR AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY-BASED ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized November 29, 2011 Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit - AFTEN Sustainable Development Department Southern Africa 1, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland – AFCS1 Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective October 13, 2011) Currency Unit = N$ N$ 1.00 = US$ 0.121 US$ 1.00 = 8.24 N$ FISCAL YEAR April 1 – March 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBIEM Community-based Integrated Ecosystem Management CBNRM Community-based Natural Resource Management CBO Community-based Organization CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CCF CBNRM Consultative Forum CFF Community Funding Facility CPP Country Pilot Programme CPS CBNRM Policy Specialist CSD CBRNM Support Division CSP Contracted Service Provider DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs DoF Directorate of Forestry DPWM Directorate of Parks and Wildlife Management DSS Directorate of Scientific Services EIA Environmental Impact Assessments ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EWERAP Enhancing Wildlife-based Economy in Rural Areas Project FFEM Fonds Français pour l'Environnement Mondial (French GEF) GEF Global Environment Facility
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist and Provisional Conservation Status of Namibian Reptiles
    Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 1 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST AND PROVISIONAL CONSERVATION STATUS OF NAMIBIAN REPTILES MICHAEL GRIFFIN BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM PRIVATE BAG 13306 WINDHOEK NAMIBIA Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 2 Annotated Checklist - Reptiles Page 3 CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 METHODS AND DEFINITIONS 6 SPECIES ACCOUNTS Genus Crocodylus Nile Crocodile 11 Pelomedusa Helmeted Terrapin 11 Pelusios Hinged Terrapins 12 Geochelone Leopard Tortoise 13 Chersina Bowsprit Tortoise 14 Homopus Nama Padloper 14 Psammobates Tent Tortoises 15 Kinixys Hinged Tortoises 16 Chelonia GreenTurtle 16 Lepidochelys Olive Ridley Turtle 17 Dermochelys Leatherback Turtle 17 Trionyx African Soft-shelled Turtle 18 Afroedura Flat Geckos 19 Goggia Dwarf Leaf-toed Geckos 20 Afrogecko Marbled Leaf-toed Gecko 21 Phelsuma Namaqua Day Gecko 22 Lygodactylus Dwarf Geckos 23 Rhoptropus Namib Day Geckos 25 Chondrodactylus Giant Ground Gecko 27 Colopus Kalahari Ground Gecko 28 Palmatogecko Web-footed Geckos 28 Pachydactylus Thick-toed Geckos 29 Ptenopus Barking Geckos 39 Narudasia Festive Gecko 41 Hemidactylus Tropical House Geckos 41 Agama Ground Agamas 42 Acanthocercus Tree Agama 45 Bradypodion Dwarf Chameleons 46 Chamaeleo Chameleons 47 Acontias Legless Skinks 48 Typhlosaurus Blind Legless Skinks 48 Sepsina Burrowing Skinks 50 Scelotes Namibian Dwarf Burrowing Skink 51 Typhlacontias Western Burrowing Skinks 51 Lygosoma Sundevall’s Writhing Skink 53 Mabuya Typical Skinks 53 Panaspis Snake-eyed Skinks 60 Annotated
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia
    Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Final Report Namibia Nature Foundation In collaboration with: SAIEA, Sustainable Solutions Trust, Research and Information Services of Namibia and eftec 2016 Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia Acknowledgements The authors would in particular like to thank Dr. Konrad Uebelhoer and Dr. Martin Nowack of GIZ, Ms. Ece Ozdemiroglu of eftec, Gillian Maggs-Kölling, Theo Wassenaar, John Irish (Gobabeb Training and Research Centre) and Mutjinde Katjiua (Namibia University of Science and Technology NUST) who reviewed and provided detailed comments to support the finalisation of the report. Ben Nathanael designed and compiled the maps of each ecosystem zone. This study was financed by the Resource Mobilisation Project of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für international Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The Resource Mobilisation Project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). The BMUB supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. Contributing Authors Lawrie Harper-Simmonds, Dr John Mendelsohn, Dr Jean-Paul Roux, John Pallet, Dr Chris Brown, Angus Middleton and Johannes Kruse Edited: Catherine Birch Updates This inventory of ecosystem services is a first step, and should lead to debate, research, and further iteration. As more knowledge and data are gathered and our understanding of ecosystem services is improved, this inventory can potentially be updated. To this purpose, contributions can be submitted to the email address below. Please note that only well-developed submissions backed up by data/evidence/qualified opinion will be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Acclimatisation of African Rhinoceros After Re- Introduction to Former Livestock Farmland in Namibia
    Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Aus dem Deutschen Primatenzentrum Göttingen, Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung und dem Institut für Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Nutztierethologie On the acclimatisation of African rhinoceros after re- introduction to former livestock farmland in Namibia INAUGURAL - DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften - Doctor rerum naturalium - (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Thomas Göttert Haldensleben Hannover 2011 Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: Prof. Dr. Michael Böer & Prof. Dr. J. Keith Hodges 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. med. vet. Michael Böer 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ute Radespiel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14.02.2011 It takes a very long period of observing to become really familiar with an animal and to attain a deeper understanding of its behaviour; and without the love for the animal itself, no observer, however patient, could ever look at it long enough to make valuable observations on its behaviour. Konrad Lorenz Meinen Eltern LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 African rhino population dynamics........................................................................................ 1 Namibia’s importance for rhino conservation........................................................................ 2 The relationship between translocation and acclimatisation: implications for rhino management ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MEFT Annual Progress Report 2019
    Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 2019/2020 1 2 Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 2019/2020 3 Contents 4 Acronyms 6 Message from the Minister 8 Executive Summary 10 1. About the Ministry 14 1.1 High Level Statements and Core Values 14 1.2 Strategic Themes of Operation and Objectives 14 1.3 Structure of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism 15 1.4 Key Functions 16 1.5 Budget for the 2019/20 Financial Year 17 1.6 Public Enterprises 17 1.7 Supporting Projects 17 1.8 Key Stakeholders 18 2. Organizational Performance and Service Delivery 20 Contents 2.1 Financial Overview 20 2.2 Operational Performance 22 2.3 Business Process Re-engineering 22 3. Maintenance and Development of Infrastructure in Protected Areas 24 3.1 Park Management Stations and Staff Housing 24 3.2 Fencing 27 3.3 Roads 27 3.4 Water Infrastructure 28 3.5 Waste Management 28 3.6 Park Management Plans and Tourism Development Plans 29 4. Wildlife Monitoring and Species Management 30 4.1 Wildlife surveys 30 4.2 Bird Counts 33 4.3 Management of Elephants 34 4.4 Management of the Wild Horses Population 35 4.5 Game capture and translocations 35 5. Generating benefits for communities 36 5.1 Support to communal conservancies to ensure good governance 36 5.2 Conservation hunting and Wildlife Utilization Quotas 36 5.3 Concessions 38 5.4 Wildlife Stock Breeding Scheme 38 6. Human Wildlife Conflict Prevention and Mitigation 40 6.1 Human Wildlife Conflict Statistics 40 6.2 Human Wildlife Conflict Mitigation and Prevention Measures 41 4 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Comm Unity-Based Gonservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity
    Comm unity-Based Gonservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity By Arthur Hoole A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies ln Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Natural Resources lnstitute University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba March, 2008 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Community-Based Conservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity By Arthur Hoole A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (c) 2008 Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to University Microfilms lnc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. To the memory of my parents, and for Leslie ABSTRACT This study investigates the premise that national park designations and management in Southern Africa decoupled indigenous communities from their local ecosystems. The research explores ways and means to recouple communities and national parks to promote biodiversity. The relationships are characterized between Namibia's community-based resource management program (CBNRM), conservancies, and protected areas system, with particular reference to the Ehi-rovipuka Conservancy and Etosha National Park in northern Namibia.
    [Show full text]