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Reflection on Christianity and Traditional Religion in Western Kavango in Namibia

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Reflection on Christianity and Traditional Religion in Western Kavango in Namibia Reflection on Christianity and Traditional Religion in Western Kavango in Namibia Eeva-Maria Muurman Master’s Thesis in General Church History September 2017 UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Faculty Department Faculty of Theology Department of Church History Writer Eeva-Maria Muurman Title of thesis Reflection on Christianity and Traditional Religion in Western Kavango in Namibia Discipline General Church History (Missiology) Type of thesis Month and year Number of pages Master’s Thesis September 2017 124 p. (text 114 p.) + 2 App. Abstract This thesis examines perspectives that Christians in Western Kavango in Namibia have about Christianity and their past religious traditions. The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (former Finnish Missionary Society) has been working there since 1926. The latest Finnish missionaries left the area in 2013. The Catholic mission was already active in Kavango when the Finns arrived, but Catholicism has been more influential in the eastern part of Kavango. Nowadays new, Pentecostal type churches are attracting a lot of people. The basic research method has been interviewing people in Kavango. First, I wanted to know why they are Christians and what Christianity means to them. Second, I interviewed them about what they know or remember about old cultural traditions and how they evaluate them. I also wished to get deeper into the process of conversion, but I was not able to do so, mainly because almost all the informants had been Christians since their childhood. It seems that people in Kavango have taken Christianity as their own. Christianity in Kavango also has longer and deeper roots than I expected. All the informants said that they are Christians and all consider Christianity as important for themselves. There was more variation in how they expressed the basic meaning of Christianity: salvation to heaven after death, getting daily bread from God, or having order and purpose in life. Prayer is very important to Christians in Kavango; almost every informant spoke something about prayer although I did not ask about it. This may have something to do with the tradition of offering and praying to ancestral spirits. Now Christians feel they have direct contact to God through prayer, as there is no more need to approach him through a mediator. Early missionaries required a Christian way of life from converts. Women had to cut away their traditional hairdo, and polygamous men had to send extra wives away. Concerning the hairdo the missionaries thought that it involves a lot of magic, whereas the local people saw it only as a matter of beauty until they adopted new ideals of hygiene. Polygamy has been more common than I expected and is still found in Kavango. The church still follows the guideline on polygamy given by the missionaries. The moral code of the church is strict in particular on cohabitation before marriage. Strict morals are not, however, only a product of the mission; the traditional society used to have harsh punishments. Traditional healing divides opinions. On one hand Christians also admit there are true herbal remedies that healers know. On the other hand many healers are only cheating people to get money, and even today some point out “witches” as the cause of illness or injury, leading to blaming of innocent people. In general, it can be said that Christians in Kavango consider Christianity and traditional African religion as a continuum, not as opposites. They compare their pre-Christian era with the Old Testament. When they prayed God through their forefathers, it was like praying the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. In fact, the world of the Old Testament is close to that of African traditional life in many aspects. Even so, Christians in Kavango see Christianity as something brought to them by God’s power, so they can confess faith in Jesus whom they did not previously know. Keywords mission, Kavango, Namibia, cultural change, Christianity, traditional African religion, interview Place of storage Helsinki University Library, Library of the Central Campus, Theology Other information LIST OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 1.1. The Objectives of the Study ..........................................................................1 1.2. Earlier Research ............................................................................................3 1.3. Research Process and Methods .....................................................................7 2. Historical Background .......................................................................................15 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................15 2.2. Traditional Life in Kavango ........................................................................16 2.3. General and Church History of Kavango ....................................................21 3. Christianity as Experienced by the Informants ..................................................35 3.1. Short Biographies of the Informants in Regard to Christianity ..................35 3.2. The Meaning of Christian Faith ..................................................................46 3.3. Christianity ‒ Foreign or African? ..............................................................54 4. Traditions in Relation to Christianity.................................................................60 4.1. Traditional Clothing and Hairdo .................................................................60 4.2. Questions Concerning Marriage .................................................................66 4.3. Traditional Healing and Witchcraft ............................................................76 4.4. Ancestors, Kingship and Rituals .................................................................86 4.5. Relationship between Religion and Culture................................................92 4.6. Same God? ................................................................................................103 5. Conclusions ......................................................................................................108 Sources and Literature .........................................................................................115 Appendix 1. Table of the Informants ...................................................................125 Appendix 2. Maps ................................................................................................127 1. Introduction 1.1. The Objectives of the Study The aim of this research is to describe Christianity and its interpretations, history and relation to local culture in Western Kavango in Namibia. Embracing Christianity in this area is clearly connected to cultural change. I intend to find out how the people there understand themselves as Christians with respect to their historical past and traditions and how they now evaluate their pre-Christian cultural and religious traditions. I also try to couple religious issues and changes to the general history of the area. With Western Kavango I mean what is approximately the Kavango West Region in the present-day Namibia. Kavango used to be one administrative region in Namibia, but it was split into two regions, Kavango West and Kavango East, in 2013.1 Western Kavango is roughly equal with the Kwangali speaking area and corresponds to the part of Kavango where Finnish missionaries have been working. The name Kavango derives from the Kavango River, which starts in central Angola and ends in the inland Okavango Delta in Botswana.2 The river has several names; in Angola it is called Cubango and in Botswana Okavango; the Kwangali people simply call it mukuro, meaning a river or a stream. The form Okavango was used earlier in the mission literature, because it was the way of Owambo languages known to the first Finnish missionaries to come to the area. In my bachelor’s thesis3 I explored the first decade of Finnish missionary work in Kavango. Then I read copies of the mission magazine Suomen Lähetyssanomia from the era and explored how missionaries described their work and the traditional culture in Kavango. In my master’s thesis I want to get deeper into this theme and make the African voice audible. What has been written about the topic is mainly by Finnish missionaries, and I do recognise my limits as one of them. Yet my honest wish is to study ideas of the Namibians themselves. How do they experience the new faith replacing their old beliefs and customs, or has it really replaced the old? The old missionaries saw “paganism” as a complete opposite to Christianity. However, I am inclined to think that the Africans did not experience the new belief as something totally new, but on the contrary as a kind of broadening out their 1 Kavango West 2016. There are now altogether fourteen administrative regions in Namibia. 2 For example, Mendelsohn & el Obeid 2004, 38, 63. 3 Muurman 2011. 1 existing horizons, as something that they already had, but into which missionaries added more information. In this work I try to get some proof for this hypothesis. Some scholars have criticised missionaries and blame them for endeavouring to transform black people into whites. Becoming Christian also brought about major changes to the African way of life. The postcolonial critics point out that missionaries brought their cultural habits together with the new faith and thus underestimated the traditional values and skills of
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