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College of Social Science and Humanities Department of Geography and Environmental Studies COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS (THE CASE Of BASSONA WORANA WOREDA, NORTH SHEWA ZONE OF AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA) MSc. Thesis Tsegaye Hailiye July, 2020 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia i DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS (THE CASE OF BASSONA WORANA WOREDA, NORTH SHEWA ZONE OF AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, College Social Science and Humanities, Debre Berhan University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Environment and Sustainable Development By Tsegaye Hailiye Adviser: Arragaw Alemayehu (PhD) July, 2020 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia ii DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES APPROVAL SHEET – I This is to certify that the thesis entitled: Impacts of Climate Variability on Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Bassona Worana Woreda (District), North Shewa Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science with specialization in Environment and Sustainable Development of the Graduate Program of the Geography and Environmental Studies College of Social Science and Humanities , Debre Berhan University and is a record of original research carried out by Tsegaye Hailiye PGR 024/11 under my supervision, and no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation have been duly acknowledged. Therefore, I recommend that it to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements. ________________ _________________ Name of Major Advisor Signature Date OR _________________ _________________ Name of Co-Advisor Signature Date iii DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES APPROVAL SHEET – II We, the undersigned members of the boarded of the examiners of the final open defense by Tsegaye Hailiye have read and evaluated his thesis entitled Impacts of Climate Variability on Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Bassona Worana District, North Shewa Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia, and examined the candidate. This is therefore to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in Environment and Sustainable Development. _____________________ _______________ _____________ Name of the Chairperson Signature Date _____________________ _______________ _____________ Name of Major Advisor Signature Date _____________________ _______________ _____________ Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date _____________________ _______________ _____________ Name of External Examiner Signature Date iv AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my genuine work, and that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been profoundly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science at Debre Berhan University and it is deposited at the University library to be made available for users under the rule of the library. I declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the department or the Dean of College of Post Graduate when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author and advisors of this thesis. Name: Tsegaye Hailiye Signature: --------------------- Place: College of Social Science and Humanities, Debre Berhan University. Date of Submission: ----------------------------------- v BIOGRAPHICAL SKECH The author was born in 1973 at Bassona Worana district, North Shoa Zone, Amhara regional state. He attended his elementary, junior and secondary school education at, Angolela, Atse zere’ayakob, and Hailemariam Mamo respectively, in the same Zone. After the completion of high school education, he joined Woreta Agricultural Training center in 1992 and graduated with certificate. Thereafter he was employed in Bassona Worana district Agricultural office as Development agent (DA) position at different kebeles for three years. Based on the successful accomplishment and efficiency the author had got upgrading program and he join Agarfa ATVET college in 1996 and graduated in Diploma with Animal science 1998. Similarly, after graduation he served the district in different kebeles as development agent from 1999-2001, side to side the author study in Alpha university college distance program and graduated in economics. Again, he had got another upgrading program and join Wollo university of Agriculture in 2002 and graduated with BSc degree in Animal Science in 2004. Right after graduation, he was worked for two months in district in similar position. From March 2004-August 2010, he worked at Enhanced Rural Self Association/ERSHA / and Tesfa Berehan Child and Family Development Organization/TBCFDO/ Non-governmental organization as livelihood project officer. In 2011 he joined the School of Graduate Studies of the College of Social Science and Humanities of Debre Brehan University to pursue his MSc study in Environment and sustainable development. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, thanks to the Almighty God for grace of life and strength that enabled me undertake my studies. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Arragaw Alemayehu for his encouragement, critical and constructive comments from the early design of the proposal to the final write up of the thesis. I, really, appreciate his kind and tireless effort. I want to express my deepest love and respect for my parents and all my friends who supported me in all aspects. Without their support in all direction the completion of the work was impossible. Momentously I want to thanks Basssona Worana woreda; Fishery and livestock resource development office, Trade and industry office, cooperative promotion office, head , respective expertise and development agent (DA) and also the respondents selected from the study area for their support in providing necessary information, different resources and relevant data collected from the study site with their valuable advice and assistance. Finally, I am grateful to my colleagues Mekides Workie, Aynalem Getiye, Yirga Mashilie, Kefelegn Chernet and Belete Hailu, who were doing their thesis for their valuable information, support, and encouragement in multi-dimensional ways. vii ABBREVIATION AND ACRONONYMS AEZ Agro Ecological Zone Ave Average Br. Birr BWADO Bassona Worana Woreda Agricultural Development Office BWCPO Bassona Worana Woreda Cooperative Promotion Office CCV Climate change and variability CH4 Methane CO2 Carbon dioxide CSAP Climate smart agricultural Practice CSA Central Statistical Agency CV Coefficient of variation DA Development Agents DMI Dry matter intake FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focus Group Discussion GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GO Governmental Organizations HH Household HHH Household Head ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MDGs Millennium Development goals mm Millimeters MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development n Number of respondents viii N Population N2O Nitrous oxide NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMA National Meteorological Agency PCI Precipitation concentration index SD Standard deviations SE Standard errors SNV Netherlands Development Organization SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences SRT Standardized Rain fall Anomalies STA Standardized Temperature Anomalies THI Temperature Humidity Index TLU Tropical Livestock Unit Tmax Maximum temperatures Tmin Minimum temperature To Temperature UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change USD United States Dollars WB World Bank WFP World Food Program me ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Page APPROVAL SHEET – I ...................................................................................................................... iii APPROVAL SHEET – II ..................................................................................................................... iv AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. v BIOGRAPHICAL SKECH .................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. vii ABBREVIATION AND ACRONONYMS ........................................................................................ viii CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................................
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