World Bank Document

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

Public Disclosure Authorized ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

CONSULTANCY SERVICE FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN,TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARATION,AND CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION FOR DEBREBIRHANE –ANKOBER ROAD PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Report Final March,2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... V I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 II . SUMMARY OF POLICY , LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS ...... 2 III . SUMMARIZED PROJECT IMPACTS ...... 3 IV . MAIN FINDINGS ...... 4 V. RAP COST & BUDGET ...... 4 VI . ENTITLEMENT MATRIX ...... 6 VII . PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ...... 6 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 7

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION ...... 8 1.2 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 9 2. OBJECTIVE, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF RAP ...... 11

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RAP ...... 11 2.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF THE RAP ...... 11 3. SOCIO - ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT ROAD ...... 13

3.1 PROFILE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROAD CORRIDOR ...... 13 THE NEED FOR THE ROAD ...... 13 3.2 ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGE ...... 15 3.3 DEMOGRAPHY ...... 15 3.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT ...... 15 3.5 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ...... 16 3.6 SOCIAL SERVICES ...... 16 3.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ...... 19 4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 25

4.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA ...... 25 4.2 ERA’ S RESETTLEMENT /R EHABILITATION POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 25 4.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 26 4.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 28 5. POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ROAD...... 36

5.1 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 36 5.2 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 37 6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 44

6.1 ANKOBER WOREDA ...... 45 6.2 CONSULTATION WITH PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAP S) ...... 48 6.2.1 ATTITUDE ABOUT THE PROJECT ...... 49 6.2.2 THE POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE ROAD ...... 49 6.2.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 49 6.2.4 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 50 6.2.5 MAJOR OUTCOMES OF THE CONSULTATION ...... 50 7. BASELINE SOCIO - ECONOMIC SURVEY ...... 52

7.1 NUMBER OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ...... 54 7.2 IMPACT ON BUILDINGS OR HOUSES TO BE AFFECTED ...... 55 7.2.1 EXTENT OF IMPACT ON HOUSES ...... 57 7.3 IMPACT ON FARMLAND ...... 57

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7.4 IMPACT ON TREES ...... 57 7.5 PUBLIC UTILITIES AND COMMON PROPERTIES ...... 59 7.6 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE OF THE RIGHT OF WAY ...... 60 7.7 TRANSITIONAL ALLOWANCE ...... 61 7.8 INCOME RESTORATION ...... 62 * LAND FOR LAND SUBSTITUTION IS AVAILABLE AND THE AMOUNT IS FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT ...... 62 7.9 PAP S TRAINING COST ...... 62 7.10 CONSULTANT ’S PROPOSAL FOR INCOME RESTORATION ...... 62 8. VALUATION AND COMPENSATION METHODS FOR LOSS OF ASSETS ... 64

8.1 STRATEGY FOR EXPROPRIATION AND COMPENSATION ...... 64 8.2 CUT -OFF DATE ...... 64 8.3 COMPENSATION APPROACH ...... 64 8.4 INCOME RESTORATION ...... 65 8.5 REPLACEMENT COST ...... 66 8.6 BASIS FOR VALUATION ...... 68 8.7 UNIT COSTS ...... 71 9. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND ENTITLEMNT MATRIX ...... 75 10. COMPENSATION PAYMENT AND PROCEDURES ...... 78 11. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS ...... 79

11.1 FUNCTION OF THE GRIEVANCE COMMITTEE (GC) ...... 80 12. RESETTLEMENT MEASURES ...... 82 13. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS ...... 83 14. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 86

14.1 PRE -CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 86 14.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 87 14.3 POST -CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 88 15. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR THE RAP ...... 89

15.1 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF THE RAP ...... 89 16. SCHEDULING AND TIMING ...... 91 17. COSTS AND BUDGET FOR RESETTLEMENT / REHABILITATION ...... 92

17.1 BUDGET REQUIREMENT ...... 93 17.2 ESTIMATING RAP COST ...... 93 18. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN ...... 95

18.1 INTERNAL MONITORING ...... 96 18.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 97 19. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF RAP ...... 98 20. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 99 21. REFERENCES ...... 101 ANNEXES ...... 102 ANNEX 1 - INVENTORY OF PROJECT AFFECTED PROPERTIES ...... 103 ANNEX 1 -1 AFFECTED HOUSES ...... 104

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ANNEX 1 - 2 AFFECTED FENCES AND GATES ...... 105 ANNEX 1 - 3 AFFECTED FARM LAND ...... 106 ANNEX 1 - 4 AFFECTED TRESS ...... 107 ANNEX 1 – 5 LIST OF PUBLIC UTILITIES ...... 108 ANNNEX 2 - MINUTES OF MEETING OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 109 ANNNEX 3 - CONFIRMATION LETTER ...... 110 ANNEX 4- LOCAL UNIT COST ...... 111 ANNEX 5 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF AFFECTED PROPERTIES ...... 112 ANNEX 6 - PROJECT MAP ...... 115 ANNEX 7 - RESPONSE AND CLARIFICATIONS TO COMMENTS ON THE RAP REPORT...... 116

LIST O F TABLES Table 1: Salient features of the project ...... 9 Table 2: List of towns and villages along the project road ...... 13 Table 3: Population distribution by Woreda and sex ...... 15 Table 4: Distribution of urban & rural population by woreda ...... 16 Table 5: Number of Primary schools & students by sex ...... 16 Table 6: Number of Secondary schools & students by sex ...... 17 Table 7: Number of health facilities by woreda...... 17 Table 8: Number of Health Professionals by Woreda ...... 18 Table 9: Top 20 diseases in North Shewa zone in 2010 ...... 18 Table 10: Household size of the interviewed PAH’s ...... 19 Table 11: Interviewed PAP’s Occupation...... 19 Table 12: Age & Sex Composition of PAPs ...... 20 Table 13: Ethnic Background of the Interviewed PAP’s ...... 20 Table 14: Religious Background of the interviewed PAP’s ...... 20 Table 15: Income and expenditure of interviewed PAH’s ...... 21 Table 16: Household Annual Expenditure by Major Items ...... 21 Table 17: Education Levels of the interviewed PAH members ...... 22 Table 18: Distance of the nearest Educational and Health Institutions from surveyed Household ...... 22 Table 19: Prevalence of Health Problems in the sample PAH’s ...... 23 Table 20: Travel to other areas ...... 23 Table 21: Reasons for travelling to other places out of the Respondents’ Village ...... 23 Table 22: Preferred Resettlement/Compensation Options of PAPs ...... 24 Table 23: Comparison of Ethiopian Legislation and World Bank’s Operational Policy ...... 31 Table 24: Mitigation measures for Negative impacts ...... 38 Table 25: Affected households who lose more than 20% of their land ...... 53 Table 26: Number of Project Affected Persons by type of property ...... 55 Table 27: Number and type of affected houses ...... 56

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Table 28: Organizations with affected Trees ...... 58 Table 29: Type and number of affected Trees by Woreda ...... 58 Table 30: Number of poles by type & cost estimate ...... 59 Table 31: Estimated Area of material sources ...... 61 Table 32: Total Cost of Transitional Allowance ...... 61 Table 33: Estimated cost for income restoration ...... 62 Table 34: Average Production of food grains and Apple in a given hectare of land: .. 63 Table 35: Replacement Costs for Agricultural Land and Structures ...... 67 Table 36: Methodology adopted to show Compensation/Valuation ...... 68 Table 37: Basic Unit rates of Houses per Woreda ...... 72 Table 38: Basic Unit rates of Trees ...... 73 Table 39: Basic Unit rates of Crops ...... 73 Table 40: Entitlement Matrix ...... 76 Table 41: Resettlement Loss and Mitigation Measures Required ...... 82 Table 42: List of Formal and Informal Institutions that will be Consulted during Implementation of the RAP 84 Table 43: Proposed Implementation Schedule of RAP on Quarterly Basis ...... 91 Table 44: Preparing Resettlement/ Rehabilitation Budget...... 92 Table 45: Cost Estimate & Budget for RAP ...... 94

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet CSA Central Statistical Authority EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMT Environmental & Social Management Team EPA Environmental Protection Authority ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focus Group Discussion ha hectare HH House Hold HIV/AIDS Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome IMT Intermediate means of Transport Km kilometer NGO Non Governmental Organization PAP Project Affected Persons PIA Project Influence Area RAP Resettlement Action Plan RSDP Road Sector Development Programme ROW Right of Way STD Sexually Transmitted Disease

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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

i. Introduction

The Project road is geographically situated in the North East part of the country from the town of Debre Berhan located some 120 km North of Addis Ababa (on the Addis Ababa - Dessie trunk road) and terminating at the town Gorobella in Ankober woreda. Administratively, the project road is located in North Shewa Administrative zone of Amhara Regional State, in three woredas, namely, Debre Berhan, Basona Werana and Ankober.

The population in the influence area of the project road is estimated to be about 287,194, of which, 50.3% are male and 49.7% are female. The urban population is about 14.9% of the total population in the project road corridor. This reveals that the project area is predominately rural and the majority of the population is dependent on subsistence farming. The major types of agricultural crops that grow in the project area include, Teff, Wheat, Barley and legumes.

In its infrastructural development, both in road and communication facilities the project road corridor is among the least developed. Most of the populations in the project area depend on traditional means of transport and walking on foot.

The construction of the project road is expected to improve the socio economic situation, and bring important changes in the livelihood of the populations that are crossed by the project road. It is anticipated that the project road could also contribute to the growth and development of trade, marketing network & systems, improvement of crop and livestock production. The natural resource and human resource potentials in the project area are also important to contribute to the development of the area.

The potential positive impacts of the project road include opening up of market opportunities, provide access to improved and better social service facilities, create improved communication, growth and development of eco-tourism, increase in the supply of agricultural inputs, create investment and employment opportunities, contribute to income generating activities, and improve the opportunities for women by creating access to transport and other facilities.

The potential negative social impacts includes; involuntary resettlement, loss of houses (residential and commercial), loss of business and income, community severance and risk for vulnerable groups, loss of productive resources, loss of farming and grazing land and the disruption of social, cultural and economic ties and networks. Total of 31 households located at Ankober town may have to be relocated within the same town, and the remaining 60 will move to the back of their present houses.

It is also expected to have both positive and negative impacts in the direct Project Influence Area (PIA), as well in the indirect influence area. The potential social impacts will be quicker felt in the direct influence area. The adverse (or negative) social impacts are very minimal and could not make significant impacts that will impede the life of the local population.

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The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) indicates income restoration measures for the Project Affected Persons (PAPs), and establishes methodologies for compensation estimate and payment procedures.

ii. Summary of Policy, Legal & Administrative Frameworks

ERA has prepared Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework (ERA RRPF), which serves as a policy document for the valuation and compensation of Project Affected Persons (PAP). The ERA RRPF ensures that Project Affected Persons (PAP) will not be impoverished due to the adverse social impacts induced by road projects and that PAPs should be compensated for loss of assets at replacement cost and be assisted in case of relocation or resettlement.

Loss of land is the major impact observed in road projects, and in Ethiopia, no compensation is made for loss of land. As per the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, land is a public property and that no individual person has the legal right to ownership. Since there is no private ownership of land in Ethiopia, and hence, rural or urban land could not be sold or mortgaged or transferred; citizens have only usufruct right only over land. A usufruct right gives the user of the land the right to use and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labor which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc.

Regarding expropriation of land for public use, the FDRE has issued two proclamations. The first one being Proclamation No. 455/2005, which deals about the expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation and second on is Council of Ministers regulation No.135/2007, which details and basis on the payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes.

Regarding the preparation of RAP for road projects and its implementation Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is responsible and has the mandate. In ERA, Environmental & Social Management Team and Right-of-Way (ROW) branch are directly responsible for the review, monitoring and implementation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Resettlement Action Plan. ESMT is also in charge for the identification of adverse environmental and social impacts and its mitigation measures.

In case of conflicts or gaps between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) law and Bank Policy, Bank policy will prevail as the final and this RAP will be an international credit agreement between the Government of Ethiopia and the Bank.

The ROW Branch is accountable for the implementation of the expropriation/compensation operations, registration of PAPs, establishment of compensation committees, assessment and establishment of compensation rates and payment of compensation.

This RAP builds on FDRE Constitution and Proclamation 455/2005; and also on World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP/BP 4.12).The content of this RAP Report (Final) Page 2

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RAP is within Ethiopia’s existing legal and administrative framework and World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP4.12).

iii. Summarized Project Impacts

The potential positive and negative social impacts created by the construction of the project road are identified through field surveys, meetings and discussions held with PAPs, Government officials and experts; and also by reviewing the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and other studies.

The construction of the project road will create subsequent increase and utilization of agricultural inputs and services that will result in increased production (crop and livestock) and, due to lower transport costs and improved and extended market access and opportunities, there will be higher farm gate prices for local produce.

The construction of the project road, in the short and medium term will create impacts such as reductions in vehicle operating cost, transport and time costs for public passenger and for freight transports, and for private vehicle users, and improvement in the availability of transport facilities and services. In the long term, it will create development impacts and incentive that will bring about economic growth and changes and improved quality of life for the people residing in the project area.

In addition to the positive impacts due to the upgrading of the project road, a number of negative impacts, such as, loss of productive assets, including land, income and livelihood; loss of housing; loss of community structures and services (or utilities), spread of communicable diseases (Typhoid, Typhus), spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and HIV/AIDS, growth of squatters & uncontrolled settlements, and spoil dumping on farm lands and near water points.

With regards to the dense population there is scarcity of cultivable land and hence, the land requirement is an important and crucial issue. The land requirement entails permanent loss of 42 ha of land located along the project road. Majority (83%) of the affected households having lost strip of their land, could also continue their livelihood in the remaining plot of land; however they need to be compensated as per the law for losing their crops, trees, and some other perennial crops. However, the remaining 17% of households who lost more than 20% of their land have to be compensated in land for land in those areas where the administration confirmed availability for land (in Bassona Weran Woreda) and cash as well as in livelihood support schemes for those in Ankober woreda.

The above negative impacts could be minimized if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented as suggested in this RAP.

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iv. Main Findings

The main findings summarizes type of affected properties including housing structures, crops, farmland, electricity poles and lines, telecommunication poles and lines, and also different types of tree species. The following table summarizes the main findings of the Resettlement Action Plan. Table I: Summary of Main Findings No. Description Quantity 1 Number of towns crossed 2 2 Road km length 42 3 Design Standard DS4 4 ROW width in meters 30 m

5 Number of individual households losing 85 housing structures 6 Number of Government and other 6 organizations losing House 7 Number of individual households losing 55 fence & its gates 8 Number of Government and other 15 organizations losing Fence 9 PAPs losing farm land 420 10 Number of Government organizations 5 losing farm 11 Number of Electricity poles to be affected 183 12 Number of Telephone poles to be affected 8 13 Number of Water supply lines and points 8 Source : Consultant’s field survey an ROW inventory 2011

v. RAP Cost & Budget

The total estimated cost and budget for the RAP is about ETB 13,874,873.76 . The following table summarizes the total amount of the fund (or compensation estimate) and budget required for the implementation of this RAP.

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Table II: Cost Estimate & Budget for RAP

Total Cost In No. Item Description No./Qt. ETB A Compensation for Bio-physical Structures 1 Replacement of Housing Structures 124 2,326,133.12 2 Replacement of Fences and Gates 70 195,788.50 3 Compensation for trees 34964 2,615,623.00 4 Compensation for crops on permanently Affected land 42.06 884,918.43 4.1 Compensation for crops on Temporarily Affected land 28.85 1,124,587.52 5 Relocation of public utilities 5.1 Electric poles and Transformers 183 429,649.23 5.3 Telephone Pole (TP) 8 20,000.00 5.4 Water Supply lines and Points 11 541,440.00 Sub-Total (A) 8,138,139.80 B Resettlement and Rehabilitation support Shifting Cost and Disturbance Allowance for 157 1 Households 157 314,000.00 Sub-Total (B) 314,000.00 C Support for project Implementation 1 External & Internal monitoring (27,000.00/man month) 6 162,000.00 2 Cost of Income restoration 89 1,046,255.00 3 PAPs Training Cost 36 72,000.00 Budget for RIC, Asset Valuation and Finalizing ROW 4 issues 580,000.00 5 Fee for NGO HIV /AIDS Activities 3 Woredas 750,000.00 Socio-Environmental Management cost for Resettlement 6 area 500,000.00 Sub-Total (C) 3,110,255.00 Total (A+B+C) 11,562,394.80 D. Contingency (20%) of the total Cost 2,312,478.96 Grand Total ( ETB) 13,874,873.76

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vi. Entitlement Matrix

Persons affected by land acquisition, and relocation of structures and assets, are entitled to a combination of compensation measures and resettlement assistance. The affected persons in the project will be entitled to various types of compensation and resettlement assistance that will help in the restoration of their livelihoods, at least, to the pre-project standards.

The following entitlement matrix clarifies who will be entitled (category of PAPs) for what type of loss, the compensation policy & implementation issues.

vii. Public Disclosure

Public disclosure of the RAP is for the PAPs and other stakeholders to review and comment on entitlement measures and other issues in the implementation of the RAP.

ERA will publicly disclose this RAP in Amharic language make copies available and distribute with a letter accompanied to Regional, Zonal and Woreda authorities. This could be done by: a) Publishing it on ERA’s website; b) Publishing it in Newspapers that are by the Regional Government Information Bureau; c) Announcing it on Regional and National radio stations and d) Depositing/posting it in a range of publicly accessible places such as, Woreda offices, Municipalities and Kebele Administration offices. The World Bank will also disclose the RAP through its Info shop upon the authorization of the Government of Ethiopia.

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1. INTRODUCTION

The population in the influence area of the project road is estimated to be about 287,194, of which, 50.3% are male and 49.7% female. The urban population is about 14.9% of the total population in the project road corridor. This reveals that the project area is predominately rural and the majority of the population is dependent on subsistence farming. The major types of agricultural crops that grow in the project area include, Teff, Wheat, Barley and legumes.

In its infrastructural development, both in road and communication facilities the project road corridor is among the list developed. Most of the populations in the project area depend on traditional means of transport and walking on foot.

The construction of the project road is expected to improve the socio economic situation, and bring important changes in the livelihood of the populations that are crossed by the project. It could also contribute to the growth and development of trade and urban centers, improvement of crop and livestock production and its marketing network. The natural resource and human resource potentials of the project area are so important to contribute to the development of the area.

The potential positive impacts of the project road include opening up of market opportunities, provide access to improved and better social service facilities, create improved communication, growth of tourism, increase in the supply of agricultural inputs, create investment and employment opportunities, contribute to income generating activities, and improve the opportunities for women by creating access to transport and other facilities.

The potential negative social impacts includes; involuntary resettlement, loss of houses (residential and commercial), loss of business and income, community severance and risk for vulnerable groups, loss of productive resources, loss of access to services like markets, education and health facilities, loss of farming and grazing land and the disruption of social, cultural and economic ties and networks. However, it is not envisaged that there will be a requirement for involuntary resettlement of the project affected person since they will be able to be reinstated in the remaining plot of land they have. Of course, some households may have to be relocated within the same town or village, and some will move to the back of their present houses.

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The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) of Debre Berhan – Ankober road project is prepared to ensure that Project Affected Persons (PAP) located in the direct influence area of the road will not be impoverished due to the adverse social impacts induced by the project road and that PAPs should be compensated for loss of assets at replacement cost and be assisted in case of relocation or resettlement.

The RAP is also prepared to alert project affected communities and residents located in the direct project influence area as well as those living in the indirect influence area. The RAP has been based on primary data collection (field level data and information gatherings); public consultations, meetings held with Government authorities and elders; and data gathered from secondary sources. The household census or baseline information and data collected on the livelihoods of PAPs and affected assets and properties is basis for the preparation of the RAP.

Generally, the construction of the project road is to have high positive impacts on the socio economic development of the area and in the Region. It will open up the project area with the outside world and create better and improved market opportunities for the sale of crop and livestock production mainly. With the construction of the project road, farmers could fetch higher market prices to their produces compared to the current low prices.

The construction of the project road will improve the livelihood of the local populations that are crossed by the road project. It could also contribute to the growth and development of trade and urban centers, improvement of crop and livestock production and its marketing network. The natural resource and human resource potentials are also highly important in contributing to the development of the project area.

The RAP indicates income restoration measures for the PAPs, and establishes methodologies for compensation estimate and payment. Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) has prepared Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework (ERA RRPF), which serves as a policy document for the valuation and compensation of Project Affected Persons (PAP).

The legal and administrative framework of this RAP is prepared on the basis all laws and policies of the country, and mainly basis itself on the Constitution and proclamations related to land expropriation and compensation. It also refers to ERA’s policies and guidelines on resettlement and rehabilitation, and also on World Bank policies.

1.1 Project Description and Location

The proposed road project is part of the link road of the Debre Birhan – Ankobe – Awash road project; that connects between the Addis Ababa – Desseie trunk road and the Addis Ababa – Djibouti trunk road. The Current road project is first section of the main link road project and connects between Debre Birhan town and Gorobela town (capital of Ankober Woreda). The other section (which is a separate project) extends from Ankober up to Awash town on the Addis Ababa – Djibouti asphalt road.

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The proposed project work is upgrading of an existing gravel road to asphalt level standard. The estimated total road length is about 42km up to the Ankober Minilik Palace located at about 4- km from the center of the Gorobela town.

Table 1: Salient features of the project Contract Name: Contract : Debre Birhan – Ankober Road section

Project length 43 km No of Villages traversed 5 No of Rivers crossed 5 Existing Road Details Functional Link Road Classification Road Class DS6

Pavement Type Gravel Road

Carriage way width 6m

Shoulders width No shoulder

Proposed Road Details

Functional Link Road Classification Road Class DS4

Pavement Type Asphalt concrete

Carriage way width 7m

Shoulders width 1.5m each

1.2 Project Location

The Debre Birhan _ Ankober road project is located in North Shoa Zone of the Amhara Regional State. The road origin (km0 + 000) is at a junction on the Addis Ababa – Dessie trunk road (at the outlet of Debre Birhan town towards Dessie side) about 132km from Addis Ababa (Location map Fig-1 below).

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Figure1: Location Map of the project area

The 42 km stretch is also presented in project map annexed to the report.

The ROW width of f the road is 30m. ERA’s Geometric Design Manual has given the Road reserve widths applicable for the different road classes and terrain classification. According to the manual, for the present road project, which is DS-4 road standard and the ROW limit is 50m. Moreover, the manual endorsed that ROW can be reduced for economic, financial or environmental reasons in order to preserve valuable land, resources or existing development or when provision of the desirable width would incur unreasonably high costs because of physical constraints. Hence, to reduce the impact on houses and related assets the ROW width is minimized to 30m , except for few locations where there is high cuts and fills which required more than 30m width (20+slope stack).

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2. OBJECTIVE, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF RAP

2.1 Objectives of the RAP

RAP is an important activity in any infrastructure development project to assess how the benefits are distributed among the local population.

The key objectives of the RAP are related to;

• review of the existing policies and development strategies, legal and institutional frameworks pertaining to the project, • carry out public consultation regarding the potential social benefits accruing from the construction of the project road, • conduct household census survey to identify PAPs, affected properties & assets, and estimate compensation costs; • Identification of the most appropriate social management and monitoring framework, which will ensure that reinforcement measures for the positive impacts and the mitigation of adverse social impacts are fully addressed.

2.2 Approach and Methodology of the RAP

This RAP is based on field level data and information gatherings and surveys; public consultations carried out with PAPs, local authorities and population and as well on existing secondary data and information.

Both the household census & field survey, and the public consultations were conducted by using data collection tools (questionnaire) and participatory assessment tools. Considering the importance of public participation in the project as required by the Terms of Reference (TOR), public consultations were carried out both in the urban and rural sections of the project influence area. Questionnaires were used to quantify the level and type and size of affected properties and assets.

The Household census survey is the basis for the preparation of this RAP. Hence, the household census or baseline information and data collected on the livelihoods of PAPs and affected assets and properties includes;

• Data & information about PAPs: Name, Age, Gender, Family size, etc. • Information on Livelihood activities: Profession (or Occupation), • Types of properties to be affected: Location, Size and Type • Impact on houses: Residential, Business; Magnitude of the expected loss (full or partial of assets), and the extent of displacement, physical or economic, • Impacts on agricultural land with the names of owners/users of the individual farmers in size, and trees, such as; fruit and permanent, cash crops assessed, • Information on vulnerable groups: Female Headed Households, disabled, elderly, blind, retarded or persons for whom special provision may have to be made,

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• Affected public utilities: Infrastructure and social services to be affected by the construction works; water distribution points, electricity supplies, telephone lines, etc • Conditions squatters: Illegally built houses in the ROW, if any, and number of houses (with types), locations (locality), size, status & conditions of these people, and how they are going to be treated and compensated.

In addition to data and information collected from the Household census and inventory of affected properties/assets, baseline data and information also collected on socio economic condition of the project area.

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3. SOCIO - ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT ROAD

3.1 Profile and Description of the Project Road corridor

The project road is located in the North Eastern and Eastern part of Ethiopia, specifically in North Shewa Administrative Zone of Amhara National Regional State. Administratively, the project road is located in North Shewa Administrative zone of Amhara and Regional State, in three woredas, namely, Debre Berhan, Basona Werana and Ankober.

The starting point of the project road is from the town of Debre Berhan in North Shewa administrative zone (or about 120 km North East of Addis Ababa) and terminating at Gorebella in Ankober woreda. The town of Ankober is one of the oldest administrative centers in Ethiopia and also believed to be established around 1270. It was a one-time capital city for the Shewan Kingdom.

The Debre Birhan - Ankober Road project is part of the Debre Birhan – Ankober – Awash link road project that connects between the Addis Ababa – Dessie – Mekele trunk road and the Addis Ababa – Semera – Djibouti main asphalt road. The current RAP deals with the first section of the road project starting at Debre Birhan town and traversing up to Ankober (Gorobela) town. The estimated road length for this section is 42km up to the Ankober Minilik Palace. The project work comprises upgrading the gravel surfaced road to asphalt standard and also by widening and improving the geometric design standard. The specific towns and villages along the route are shown in the table below:

Table 2: List of towns and villages along the project road S/No. Woreda Name Start End Town/village 1 Debrebirhan Debrebirhane 0+000 0+500 Town 2 Baso Werana Wushawushigne 10+500 11+400 village 3 Debele 18+600 21+030 Village/Kebele Town 4 Ankober Kundi 28+830 29+300 village 5 Temke 35+750 36+230 village 6 Gorebella(Ankober) 37+700 41+380 Town

The Need for the Road

The road project is in harmony with all the national development policies and strategies of Ethiopia, and fulfils all requirements set forth by the Government. Hence, the proposed road construction supports national development plans and is acceptable on the policy and strategy level.

Road infrastructure facilitates economic development and enhancement of social service coverage endeavors. Availability of transport facility is a pre-

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As discussed in the above sub-section, the Debre Birhan – Ankober – Awash link road connects between two major highways; the Addis Ababa – Djibouti port highway in the eastern part and the Addis Ababa – Dessie – Mekele highway in the North western part. The opening up of this route will have significant positive impacts to the socio-economic developments of the area. Goods to and from the Djibouti port could be directly delivered from/to the port to the northern provinces of the Amhara and Tigray regions instead of passing through Addis Ababa. This can reduce the distances to be travelled by those trucks, and also saves time and cost of transportation.

The related adverse environmental impacts due to vehicles in operation will also be reduced, as the millage to be covered decreases. The vehicle operating costs, environmental pollution impacts, traffic safety and public health risks associated with vehicle operation will all be reduced, provided other safety factors are kept constant.

The construction of the project road is expected to create employment opportunities and job for the local communities. The youth and women residing in the project area will benefit from the employment opportunities created due to the construction of the road.

In general the upgrading and opening up of the link road will also have the following beneficial impacts; • opening up of market opportunities, • provide access to improved and better social service facilities, • create improved communication, growth and development of eco- tourism, • increase in the supply of agricultural inputs, • create investment and employment opportunities, • Contribute to income generating activities, • Improvements in lifestyle of Women and employment opportunity by creating access to transport and other facilities. • Improvement in storm drainage structures • Reduction in traffic-generated dust • Improvements in access to Social Services

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• Facilitates and contributes to Poverty Reduction objectives • Improvements in Traffic Safety • Encourages and assists rain Water Harvesting at road sides

3.2 Ethnicity and Language

The major ethnic groups in the project area are the Amhara, who speak Amharigina as their first language. Amharigina is also the official language of the Federal Government. Religious wise, more than 90% of the population practice Orthodox Christianity. In Ankober woreda, about 3.4% of the population is from Argoba ethnic group and practice Islam as their religion.

3.3 Demography

According to the 2011 annual statistical abstract the total population of the woredas traversed by the project road is about 287,194, of which, 50.3% are male and 49.7% are female. The table below presents the population in the project corridor woredas by sex. Table 3: Population distribution by Woreda and sex Woreda Total Male Female Ankober 81,725 41,411 40,314 Basona Werena 128,492 65,788 62,704 Debere Berhan 76,977 37,368 39,609 Total 287,194 144,567 142,627 Source: CSA Statistical Abstract, July 2011

3.4 Urban development

The growth and development of urbanization in the project road corridor is at its infancy stage. The major urban center that is located in the project road corridor is the town Debre Berhan which is the administrative and commercial capital in North Shewa administrative zone with a population of 65,214. The town of Debre Berhan was established some 600 years ago and used to be the administrative and political centers in central Ethiopia.

The urban population in the project road corridor is estimated to be about 14.9% of the total population residing in the three woredas that are located along the project road and of which, the town of Debre Berhan consists 85.66% of the urban population. The following table presents the distribution of urban and rural population by woreda.

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Table 4: Distribution of urban & rural population by woreda Woreda Urban Rural Number of Rural kebeles Ankober 4,397 72,066 19 Basona Werena 1,219 119,660 30 Debere Berhan 33,556 - - Total 39,172 191,726 49 Source: CSA Statistical Abstract, July 2010

3.5 Economic Activity

Agriculture (subsistence farming) is the mainstay for over 85 percent of the population in the project area. Apart from crop farming and livestock keeping, there is very small economic activity in the project influence area.

The project area is densely populated and extensively cultivated, and is inhabited by rural livelihoods dependent on crop production. The settlement pattern in the project area is concentrated in the rural villages located along the project road. Travel and transport in the project area is mainly carried out walking on foot. It is estimated that more than 80% of households in the project area walk on foot to reach different social services and facilities.

It is assumed that the project influence area would be 20 km on either side of the road for vehicular traffic and 10km for pedestrian or animal borne traffic. Taking into consideration the above assumptions the population that will be influenced by the project road is estimated between 50 - 60 percent of the total population of the project area.

3.6 Social Services

3.6.1 Educational services

There are about 53,345 students in 108 primary schools that are located within the three administrative woredas located in the project road corridor. This means that out of the total number of students in the zone, only 13.2% are from the three woredas located in the project corridor. The table below presents the number of primary schools by woreda and number of students by sex.

Table 5: Number of Primary schools & students by sex Woreda No. of primary No of students by sex schools Male Female Total Ankober 38 7583 7509 15,092 Basona Werena 48 13,764 12,815 26,579 Debere Berhan 22 5499 6175 11,674 Total 108 26,846 26,499 53,345 Zonal total 855 202,438 201,060 403,498 Source : Annual Report of Zonal Education Office, 2010

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The number of secondary schools is also at its very lowest level. There are only 5 secondary schools (9-10) and one secondary school (11-12). The total number of students in the above schools is 7813 or 17.86% of the total number of students in the zone. The ratio of girls to boys seems to be in the growing side and in the project road corridor, about 49.60% of secondary school students are girls and in the zone about 46.47% are also girls. The following table presents the number of students by sex and grade level.

Table 6: Number of Secondary schools & students by sex

Woreda No. of secondary No of students by sex schools 9-10 11-12 Male Female Total Ankober 2 - 465 395 860 Ba sona Werena 1 - 936 1130 2,066 Debere Berhan 2 1 2,536 2,351 4,887 Total 5 1 3937 3876 7813 Zonal total 32 16 23,413 20,330 43,743 Source : Annual Report of Zonal Education Office, 2010

3.6.2 Health Services and Facilities

The distribution of health services and facilities, and also that of health professionals has not yet reached to its expected level in the zone and in the project road corridor. There are only 5 health centers and 2 hospitals (both hospitals are in Debre Berhan town). In Ankober woreda, a health center gives its service for 12,567 people and in Basona Werena woreda one health center serves for 60,440 people. The following table presents the distribution & number of health facilities by woreda.

Table 7: Number of health facilities by woreda Woreda Health centres Hospital Total Rural Urban Ankober 2 1 - 3 Basona Werena 1 1 - 2 Debere Berhan - - 2 2 Total 3 2 2 7 Source : Annual Report of Zonal Health Office, 2010

The distribution of health professional with that of the population is also very low and does not meet the requirements of the population. The ratio of health professional to population shows that a physician is for 21,315 and a specialist Doctor is for 46,184 people. The following table presents the number of health professionals by woreda.

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Table 8: Number of Health Professionals by Woreda Woreda Health professionals by Qualification

Health Nurse Nurse Mid Others Health Specialist Physician Officer Degree Diploma wives Extension Doctor workers Ankober 5 1 12 - 5 28 - - Basona 4 - 39 1 15 56 - - Werena Debere 7 14 10 54 54 - 6 13 Berhan Total 16 15 61 55 74 84 6 13 Source : Annual Report of Zonal Health Office, 2010

3.6.3 Top 20 diseases

Most of the diseases in the project road corridor and in the zone are diseases that could be controlled and cured if appropriate health and hygiene education and awareness exist and that nutrition level of the population improves. The following table presents the top 20 diseases in the zone as per the World health Organization criteria.

Table 9: Top 20 diseases in North Shewa zone in 2010 Number Type of Diseases 1 Acute URT 2 Other unspecified Malaria 3 Primary typical other & unspecified pneumonia 4 Bronco Pneumonia 5 Labor Pneumonia 6 Vivax Malaria 7 Other Helminthes 8 Ameobiasis 9 Inflammatory disease of the eye 10 Pyrexia of unknown origin 11 Bacillary dysentry 12 Gastro Enteritis & Colithis 13 Other unspecified dysentery 14 Hypertrophy of tensile & Ardencies 15 All other infective & parasitic diseases 16 Falciparum Ma laria 17 Ascariasis 18 Gastor Enteritis & Colithis 19 Infection of skin & subcutaneous Tissue 20 Streptococcal sore Throat Source : Annual Report of Zonal Health Office, 2010

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3.7 Characteristics of the Project affected Households

Out of 638 Households, 78 representative samples of affected households were selected from which 59 were Males and 19 Females to characterize and indicate the socio economic Features of the PAPs. In the following sub-sections, different Socio- Economic features of the Project affected Persons.

3.7.1 Household Size

The size of the PAH’s that were surveyed varies between 1-12 family members. The average family size of the interviewed households is 6. Table 10: Household size of the interviewed PAH’s

Wereda Household Size Total No of HH

(1-5) (6-10) 11 & above Debre Birhan 1 1 0 2 Baso Werana 12 27 2 41 Ankober 15 18 2 35

Total 28 46 4 78

Source: Survey Results, October 2011

3.7.2 Occupations of the PAP’s

The most dominant economic activity within the project areas is Agriculture, as indicated in the table below. Main crops that are produced include Barley, Beans and Peas. Some are also engaged both in agriculture and off farm activities like working as daily laborers. Few of the respondents were involved in Business activities including working in small shops and grinding mills.

Table 11 : Interviewed PAP’s Occupation

Occupation No % Agriculture 38 48.7 Agriculture & off farm 24 30.8 Agriculture & Business 8 10.3 Trade/Commerce 4 5.1 Civil Service 1 1.3 Others 3 3.8 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

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3.7.3 Age & Sex Composition

Out of the 78 interviewed people 59(76.3%) were male and the remaining 19 (23.7%) were female. The gender distribution of the PAP is presented in table below while the age structure of the total interviewed people by gender is presented in table below.

Table 12: Age & Sex Composition of PAPs

Age group Female Male Total % 0-14 69 74 143 29.9 15-65 158 152 310 64.7 65+ 13 13 26 5.4 Total 240 239 479 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

3.7.4 Ethnicity & Religion

All interviewed PAP’s were from the Amhara ethnic group and all of them were followers of the Orthodox Christian Religion.

Table 13: Ethnic Background of the Interviewed PAP’s

Ethnic Group Frequency % Amhara 78 100 Argoba 0 0 Oromo 0 0 Tigre 0 0 Gurage 0 0 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

Table 14: Religious Background of the interviewed PAP’s

Religion No % Orthodox 78 100 Muslim 0 0 Protestant 0 0 Catholic 0 0 Jeovah Witness 0 0 Others 0 0 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

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3.7.5 Income & Expenditure

Interviews were made to get an indication of income and expenditure of the surveyed households. But, accuracy of this information is questionable because usually people don’t feel comfortable revealing their exact income or earnings. Main source of income for the PAP’s was agriculture and off farm activities they conducted as daily laborers for salary. Few had their own business.

The table below shows the income and expenditure ranges of the PAP’s. 63.2% of the PAP’s earned equal or more than 13,000 birr per year while 19.7% earned between 6000-13000 birr per year, 14.5% earned between 2001-6000 and 2.6% earned less than 2000 birr per year.

Table 15: Income and expenditure of interviewed PAH’s

Expenditure Income Range NO % Range % ≤ 2000 2 2.6 4 5. 1 2001 -6000 11 14.1 14 17.9 6001 -13000 15 19.2 23 29.5 ≥13000 50 64.1 37 47.5 Total 78 100 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

As revealed in the table bellow, food expenditure dominates the household annual expenditure which is between 5001-10000 birr followed by Clothing expenditures which is between 2001-5000.Also Ceremonial and other expenditures which are both between 0-500.

Table 16: Household Annual Expenditure by Major Items

Up to More than Expenditure Range 501-1001 1001-2000 2001-5000 5001-10000 Total 500 10000 Food Frequency 5 7 8 9 29 20 78 Expenditure Percent 6.4 9 10.3 11.5 37.2 25.6 100 Frequency 70 3 1 1 0 1 76 Tax Percent 92.1 3.9 1.3 1.3 0 1.3 99.9 Medical Frequency 33 14 6 3 1 1 58 Treatment Percent 56.9 24.1 10.3 5.2 1.7 1.7 99.9 Educational Frequency 38 10 10 5 0 0 63 Expenditure Percent 60.3 15.9 15.9 7.9 0 0 100 Frequency 1 8 6 1 1 0 17 House rent Percent 5.8 47.1 35.3 5.9 5.9 0 100 Agricultural Frequency 8 4 10 3 1 0 26 input Percent 30.8 15.4 38.5 11.5 3.8 0 100 Water & Frequency 20 4 3 2 0 1 30 Electrticity Percent 66.7 13.3 10 6.7 0 3.3 100

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Up to More than Expenditure Range 501-1001 1001-2000 2001-5000 5001-10000 Total 500 10000 Cloting Frequency 6 17 22 26 5 0 76 Expenditure Percent 7.9 22.4 28.9 34.2 6.6 0 100 Ceremonial Frequency 33 14 12 5 0 0 64 Expenditure Percent 51.6 21.9 18.7 7.8 0 0 100 Other Frequency 23 9 4 13 9 4 62 Expenditures Percent 37.1 14.5 6.5 20.9 14.5 6.5 99.8 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

3.7.6. Educational Levels

According to the conducted survey most of the PAH members were literate. Table 19: shows the education levels of the interviewed PAH members.

Table 17: Education Levels of the interviewed PAH members

Educational Level Frequency % Illiterate 140 29.2 Read & Write 54 11.3 Primary School 185 38.6 Secondary School 75 15.7 College 14 2.9 Others 11 2.3 Total 479 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

3.7.7 Health Status

Typhoid, Common Cold and Tuberculosis were indicated as the most prevalent diseases suffered by the Members of PAH’s. Skin problems, Eye Sicknesses and High blood pressure were also indicated trough not so common.

Table 18: Distance of the nearest Educational and Health Institutions from surveyed Household

Primary School Health Institution Distance in KM Frequency % Frequency % less than 1 77 98.7 78 100 (2-3) 0 0 0 0 (4-5) 0 0 0 0 (6-10) 0 0 0 0 Total 77 98.7 78 100 missing 1 1.3 0 0 Total 78 100 76 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

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Table 19: Prevalence of Health Problems in the sample PAH’s

Frequency Percent Yes 47 60.3 No 31 39.7 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

According to Table above, health problems prevailed among 60.5% of the interviewed PAH’s. While there was no health problem in the remaining (39%) interviewed households in the previous year.

3.7.8. Transportation and Travel out of the Local Area

The table below shows that 68.4% of the respondents travel to other areas for various reasons like Medical treatment, Religious purposes, Market, Education and so on.

Table 20: Travel to other areas

Frequency % Yes 53 67.9 No 25 32.1 Not Stated 0 0 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

29.6% of the respondents travelled to other areas for Religious purposes, 14.8% to attend funerals and Medical purposes while 13% for commercial purpose.

Table 21: Reasons for travelling to other places out of the Respondents’ Village

Purpose of Travel No % Medical 8 14.8 Religious 16 29.6 Education 5 9.3 Job Search 3 5.6 Visits 6 11 Attending Funerals 8 14.8 Commercial 7 13

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Public Meetings 0 0 Vacation 0 0 Others 1 1.9 Total 54 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

3.7.9. Vulnerable Groups

Vulnerable groups constitutes of the elderly, Single Mothers, widows or female heads of Household and the physically and mentally disabled or impaired. These individuals are expected to suffer more as a result of the road project due to their disadvantaged position in the society. 17 vulnerable family members of the PAP’s were identified in the survey. Most of the identified vulnerable persons were the elderly and female heads of household while few had physical disability like Blindness and Polio.

These individuals need special attention, support and assistance throughout the implementation process. The provision of any assistance sought by the vulnerable persons must be organized by the Resettlement Implementation Committee together with the Woreda Administrations. During the public consultations, the participants and relevant stakeholders were sensitized to provide special support to such vulnerable groups and they have in turn pledged to provide the needed support.

3.7.10 Relocation Options

During the survey, Respondents indicated their preferred option for compensation. Table 23 shows their preferred form of Compensation.

Table 22: Preferred Resettlement/Compensation Options of PAPs

Compensation Options No % Cash Compensation 76 97.4 Resettlement 2 2.6 Property for Property lost 0 0 Others 0 0 Total 78 100 Source: Survey Results, October 2011

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4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

This section discusses FDRE policies, programmes and legislations that will directly influence the RAP.

4.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Constitution of FDRE is the highest policy and legal document that presents the basis for all laws and policies in the country. In Ethiopia, land ownership and expropriation is basically a constitutional issue. It is because of this that FDRE constitution is discussed in this RAP.

The Constitution Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia clearly states that the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public use subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property. The FDRE Constitution (Article 40, No. 8) states that the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public purposes by providing the appropriate compensation.

Land in Ethiopia is a public property & that no individual person has the legal right of ownership, and hence, rural or urban land could not be sold or mortgaged or transferred; citizens have usufruct right only over land. A usufruct right gives the user of the land the right to use and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labor which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc.

In Ethiopia, a person has the ownership right for the property he has invested on the land. Article 40 No.7 of FDRE Constitution states that: “ Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labor or capital”.

If the land that is owned by an individual is expropriated by the Government for public use, the person is entitled for compensation. In this regard, article 44 No.2 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states that: “ All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance ”.

4.2 ERA’s Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework

ERA prepared Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework (ERA RRPF) in February 2002 and revised it in December 2006. The ERA RRPF contains various elements that ERA should be following regarding compensation procedures and related issues.

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Persons (PAPs) should be consulted and compensated in relation to resettlement / relocation, and for loss of assets and properties that are affected due to the construction of road projects.

Regarding compensation procedures and establishing compensation rates, ERA establishes compensation committees at project area level by enlisting representatives from government offices and representatives of project affected persons (PAPs). The compensation committees have the function of conducting the registration of affected properties and the number of PAPs and determining the compensation rates.

If a dispute arises regarding the amount of compensation to be paid to the project affected persons, recourse is available to the courts. However, aggrieved PAPs will also have a chance to make their complaints to the Right of Way (ROW) agent, the consultant and finally to the compensation committee.

4.3 Legal Framework

4.3.1 Proclamation on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes

The FDRE has issued proclamation on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation (No 455/2005), regarding the appropriation of land for Government works and payment of compensation for property. The proclamation sets the responsibility of the different institutions, how the amount of compensation should be calculated, establishment of valuation committee and other several issues related to compensation and displacement.

As per the proclamation, the power to expropriate landholdings mainly rests on woreda or urban administration authorities. Part two, Article 3, No.1 of the proclamation states that: “A woreda or an urban administration shall, upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the same purpose.”

A land holder whose land has been expropriated for public use by the concerned government authorities is entitled for compensation. Part two; Article 7, No.1 of the proclamation states that: “A land holder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment for compensation for his property situated on the land for permanent improvements he made to such land”.

The amount compensation to be paid for the property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined or calculated on the basis of replacement cost. For houses in urban areas, the amount of compensation should not be less than the current market value of construction.

In addition to the amount of compensation for the property expropriated, the proclamation also gives a provision for cost of removal, transportation and erection.

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Concerning displacement compensation for rural land holdings; in Part three under Article 8 it states that: “ A rural landholder whose land holding has been permanently expropriated shall, in addition to the compensation payable under article 7 of this proclamation, be paid displacement compensation which shall be equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land”.

4.3.2 FDRE Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2007

FDRE Council of Ministers has issued a regulation on July 2007 on the payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes. The regulation provides the basis for compensation of affected properties and to assist the displaced or affected persons to restore their livelihood.

The Regulation is divided into Four Parts and 24 Articles; Part 2 deals with Assessment of Compensation, Part Three is Provision of Replacement Land and Payment of Displacement Compensation and Part Four deals with Miscellaneous Provisions.

Part Two, Assessment of Compensation has provisions: compensation for buildings, fences, crops, perennial crops, trees, protected grass, for permanent improvement on rural land, for relocated property, mining license and for burial ground. It also sets the formula or methodology for calculating the amount of compensation.

Part Three, Provision of Replacement Land and Payment of Displacement Compensation; deals with the replacement of urban land, rural land, land used for crops and perennial crops, protected grass or grazing land and for the expropriation of rural land.

Part Four, Miscellaneous Provisions deals with properties for which compensation is not payable, furnishing of data, records of property, evidence of possession and ownership and valuation of costs.

4.3.3 Rural Land Administration and Land use Proclamation No. 456/2005

FDRE has also issued proclamation on rural land administration and land use (Proclamation No. 456/2005). The proclamation mainly states the right to hold and use of rural land, and rural land use restrictions.

As per to the proclamation; farmers and pastoralists engaged in agriculture for living shall be given land free of charge. Young people above the age of 18 who want to engage in agriculture also have the right use rural land. It also recognizes that women have the right to get and use rural land.

The legislation also recognizes that citizens who have the right to use rural land may get rural land from his family by donation, inheritance or from competent authorities. It also brings new initiatives which were not there in the past, such as, certificate of holding to be prepared by competent authority. It also recognizes transfer of lease through lease to farmers or investors of land.

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In relation to compensation payment to be made for a holder in relation public works either by the federal or regional governments, section two, article 7, no. 3 states that:

“Holder of rural land who is evicted for purpose of public use shall be given compensation proportional to the development he has made on the land and the property acquired or shall be given substitute land thereon. Where the rural land holder is evicted by the federal government, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the federal land administration law. Where the rural land holder is evicted by their regional governments, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the rural land administration laws of regions”.

The Constitution of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia (1995) on article 40.3 states the public ownership of both rural and urban land as well as all natural resources. It further states that land is common property of the Ethiopian people and cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Moreover, ownership of land is vested on the public and the people while rural and urban dwellers have only use rights over land. A use right gives the user of the land the right to use the land and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labor which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc.

4.4 Administrative and Institutional Framework

4.4.1 Ethiopian Roads Authority

The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is re-established as per Proclamation No. 80/1997. ERA is a legally autonomous agency responsible for the administration of the Road Sector Development Programme (RSDP). ERA is in charge of the development and management of the country’s road network: planning, construction and maintenance of trunk and major link roads, while responsibility of rural roads has been decentralized to Regional Rural Road Authorities (RRAs).

The construction of roads requires land acquisition and issues related to land expropriation. According to proclamation No. 80/1997 ERA has the power to “determine the extent of land required for its activities, in the adjacency as well as surrounding of highways, and the conditions of use of such land by others”.

ERA’s re-establishment proclamation also states that ERA has the power “to use free of charge, land and such other resources and quarry substances required for the purpose of construction and maintenance of highways, … and other required services; provided, however, that it shall pay compensation in accordance with the law of properties on the land it uses” (Article 6.18). RAP Report (Final) Page 28

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In ERA, the Environmental & Social Management Team (ESMT) and Right of Way (ROW) Branch are directly responsible bodies for the review, monitoring and implementation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Resettlement Action Plans.

ERA’s Environmental & Social Management Team (ESMT): ESMT’s responsibilities are setting and implementing ERA’s environmental & social guidelines in support of the national level requirements. The ESMT holds the capacity of advisory, coordination and supervision aspects that are pertinent to the road environmental and social impacts and implication assessment as well as co-ordination with the respective ERA district offices.

ERA’s Right-of-Way Branch : The ROW Branch is responsible for making available the required land for road/highway construction and maintenance, the establishment of material sources (borrow pits and quarries) and camp sites and for implementation of Resettlement Action Plans (RAP). It is also responsible for negotiations with property owners in fixing compensation for any building, crop, vegetation and other property. The negotiation process is carried out with woreda administrations, rural and urban kebele administrations to secure right of way for highway maintenance and construction purpose as well as for the establishment of quarry and camp sites.

The Right-of-Way Branch organizes property valuation committee from appropriate Woreda level officials, community elders and introduces the committee with the standard methodology and procedures of valuation of properties set in the proclamation 455/2005 for affected crop and other assets.

ROW branch investigates claims and disputes arising from land acquisition; recommends acceptance or rejection of compensatory claims and ensures that payments are effected as agreed with claimants or as decided by the competent authority; secures receipts and land transfers for road construction. In consultation and expert opinions or such organizations for the valuation of property or, where appropriate establishes arbitration appraisal committee for conducting negotiations with property owners or their representatives, ensures that accepted appraisal methods and techniques are followed in the valuation of property.

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4.4.2 Amhara National Regional State

Since the project road fully located in Amahara regional state, the Regional Environmental Protection Authority is also responsible to closely monitor and oversee the implementation of the RAP as presented in this document.

4.4.3 Environmental Protection Authority

The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was established in August 1995, under Proclamation 9/1995, and is an autonomous government body reporting directly to the Council of Ministers. It has a broad mandate covering environmental matters at federal level. EPA’s proclamation sets out the main responsibilities and broad organizational structure, which includes : to establish a system for EIA of projects, policies, strategies, laws and programs and to enforce implementation of this EIA process (i.e. Review EIA reports) and the recommendations which result from it for projects that are subject to Federal licensing, execution or supervision. EPA is also responsible to provide advice and technical support to the regions on environmental matters.

4.4.4 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage

FDRE Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages (No. 209/2000) provides the legal basis for the Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Ethiopia. The Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) is the main authorized body that is responsible to carry out research and conservation activities on cultural heritages.

The Authority (ARCCH) is expected to carry out a scientific registration and supervision of Cultural Heritage; protect Cultural Heritage against man-made and natural disasters; enable the benefits of Cultural Heritage assist in the economic and social development of the country; and discover and study Cultural Heritage.

Among the powers and duties of the Authority are: registers Cultural Heritage in cooperation with the appropriate body; protects and supervises Cultural Heritage, collects information on Cultural Heritage, defines the nature and classify the standard of same; gives the necessary education and advice on the content, benefit and preservation of Cultural Heritage; and Collects Cultural Heritage in museum and makes available same to visitors and researchers.

In the proclamation, under miscellaneous provisions, it states that, any person who holds permit to conduct construction works in a reserved area [an area declared to be containing an assemblage of immovable Cultural Heritage or an archaeological site] and who discovers Cultural Heritage in the course of construction activities shall stop construction and shall forthwith report same in writing to the Authority.

In the following table comparisons of the National Legal Provisions with that of the World Bank Operational Policies are presented:- RAP Report (Final) Page 30

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Table 23: Comparison of Ethiopian Legislation and World Bank’s Operational Policy

Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison Recommendations to Address Gaps Policy World bank OP4.12 has overall Proclamation No 455/2005 The World Bank World Band OP 4.12 Objectives policy objectives, requiring that: (Article 3(1)) gives power to requirement for overall objectives • Involuntary resettlement Wereda or urban avoidance or shall be applied to should be avoided wherever administrations to minimization of avoiding or possible, or minimized, “expropriate rural or urban involuntary minimizing exploring all alternatives. landholdings for public resettlement is not involuntary • Resettlement program should purpose where it believes that written into Ethiopian resettlement to ensure be sustainable, include it should be used for a better legislation. resettlement program meaningful consultation with development…”This is Proclamation No sustainable and affected parties, and provide supported by Article 51(5) and 455/2005 does not includes meaningful benefits to the affected parties Article 40(8) of the 1995 indicate consultation consultation. • Displaced persons should be Constitution. with displaced persons assisted in improving throughout the livelihoods etc, or at least Proclamation No 455/2005 resettlement process, restoring them to previous (Article 7(5) states that” the rather only allows for levels cost of removal, transportation a complaints and and erection shall be paid as grievance process. compensation for a property Although that could be relocated and Proclamation No continue to serves as before.” 455/2005 allows for some form of support to the displaced

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persons, it does not explicitly state that livelihoods should be restored to previous levels or improved. Notification Article 10 of World Bank OP4.12 Article 4 of Proclamation No There is a gap in Displaced person period /timing requires that the resettlement 455/2005 requires notification Proclamation No should always be of displacement activities associated with a sub - in writing, with details of 455/2005 to allow land paid compensation projects are linked to the timing and compensation, to be expropriated and support before implementation of development which cannot be less than 90 before necessary the land is handed program to ensure displacement days from notification. It measures for over, as per World or restriction of access does not requires that land should be resettlement take Bank OP4.12. occur before necessary measures handed over within 90 days of place, particularly for resettlement are in place. In payment of compensation before the displaced particular, taking of land and payments. If there is no crop person has been paid. related assets may take place or other property on the land, This can have serious only after compensation has been it must be handed over within consequences for those paid, and, where applicable, 30 days of notice of affected, as they may resettlement sites and moving expropriation. It further gives be displaced without allowances have been provided power to seize the land shelter or livelihood. to displaced persons. through police force should the landholder be unwilling to hand over the land Eligibility for World Bank OP4.12 gives Proclamation No 455/2005, According to World The requirements of Compensation eligibility to: Article 7(1) allows’ Bank OP4.12, World Bank OP4.12, • Those who have formal legal landholders’ to be eligible for eligibility for as described in rights to the land; compensation, where the term compensation is Column 1 of this

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• Those who do not have formal “landholder” (Article2(3) granted to “affected table, expected to be legal rights to land, but have a means” and individual, parties. Ethiopian applied, claim to such land; and government or private Legislation only grants • Those who do not have organization or any other compensation to those recognizable legal right or organ which has legal with lawful possession claim to the land personality and have lawful of the land, and as per possession over the land to be Proclamation No 456, expropriated and owns those with traditional property situated thereon” possession i.e. Communal lands. It therefore does not recognize those without a legal right or claim as eligible for compensation. Compensation World Bank OP4.12 Article 6(a) Article 7 of Proclamation No. The World Bank The World Bank requires that displaced persons 455/2005 entitles the requirement for requirements for are provided with prompt and landholder to compensation compensation and compensation must effective compensation at full for the property on the land valuation of assets it be followed, as per replacement cost for losses of on the basis of replacement that compensation and OP4.12 footnote 1, assets attributable directly to the cost; and permanent relocation must result which states, “Where project. If physical relocation is improvements to the land, in the affected person domestic law does not an impact, displaced persons equal to the value of capital must have property meet the standard of must be provided with assistance and labor expended. and a livelihood compensation at full during relocation and residential returned to them to at replacement cost, housing, housing sites and /or Where property is on urban least equivalent compensation under agricultural sites to at least land, compensation may not standards as before. domestic law is

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equivalent standards as the be less than constructing a This is not clearly supplemented by previous site. Replacement cost single room low cost house as stated in local additional measures does not take depreciation into per the region in which it is Proclamations. It is necessary to meet the account. In term of valuing located. It also requires that expected that the replacement cost assets. If the residual of the asset the cost of removal, regulations and standard” being taken is not economically transportation and erection directives will provide viable, will be paid as compensation more clarity and for a relocated property clearer guidance in this continuing its service as regard. before. Valuation formula are provided in Regulation No. 135/2007 Responsibilities According to OP4.12, Article 14 Article 5 of Proclamation No The process required As per the World of the project and 18), the borrower is 455/2005 sets out the for the project Bank requirements, proponent responsible for conducting a responsibilities of the proponent / project processes census and preparing, implementing agency, implementing agency included screening, a implementing, and monitoring requiring them to gather data lacks descriptive census, the the appropriate resettlement on the land needed and processes in local development of a instrument. Article 24 states that works, and to send this to the legislations... plan, management of the borrower is also responsible appropriate officials for compensation for adequate monitoring and permission. If also requires payments and evaluation of the activities set them to pay compensation to monitoring and forth in the resettlement affected landholders. evaluation of success. instrument. In addition, upon It must also include completion of the project, the proper consultation borrower must undertake an with the affected assessment to determine whether parties throughout

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the objectives of the resettlement the process. instrument have been achieved. This must all be done according to the requirements of OP4.12. Article 19 requires that the borrower inform potentially displaced persons at an early stage about the resettlement aspects of the project and takes their views into account in project design.

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5. POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ROAD

There are a number of potential social impacts that influence either positively or negatively the population residing in the direct influence area of the project road. Both the potential positive and negative impacts are discussed in the following section. For the negative impacts mitigation measures are also suggested.

5.1 Potential Positive Impacts

The upgrading of the project road will also create the increase and utilization of agricultural inputs and services that will result in increased production (crop and livestock) and, due to lower transport costs and improved and extended market access and opportunities, there will be higher farm gate prices for local produce.

The project road, in the short and medium term will create impacts such as reductions in vehicle operating cost, transport and time costs for public passenger and for freight transports, and for private vehicle users, and improvement in the availability of transport facilities and services. In the long term, it will create development impacts and incentive that will bring about economic growth and changes and improved quality of life for the people residing in the project area.

The following are some of the positive social impacts of the project road construction works.

5.1.1 Employment opportunities for local communities

5.1.2 Creation of income generating activities

This is one of the positive impacts of the construction of the project road to the local community. There could be income opportunities to be created to population in the project influence area during construction works. Businesses, such as, shops, catering services (or small bars and restaurants) located along the project road and near construction camps, etc. could earn additional income due to the presence of large numbers construction workers. New shops and catering services also will be opened up.

5.1.3. Reduction in transport cost

The project road, in its short and medium term will create impacts such as reduction in transport and time costs for public passenger and freight transports.

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5.1.4 Increased and improved agricultural production & marketing system

There is very high potential for the increase of in agricultural production and marketing due to the upgraded road. Access to market and availability of inputs is also expected to show increment.

5.2 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures

In addition to the positive impacts created due to the upgrading of the project road a number of adverse negative impacts will also be created.

Involuntary resettlement is one of the major outcomes of development projects, such as, the construction of roads, where land acquisition is a mandatory process. People living within the Right of Way (ROW) may be affected in such a way that they could be forced to leave the ROW and be resettled or relocated to a new area.

The following negative impacts are expected to influence the construction of the project road. Almost all of the negative impacts could be avoided if proper mitigation measures are carried out.

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Table 24: Mitigation measures for Negative impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

1. Impacts on Livelihood and Income

The construction of the project road will affect the livelihood and Minimize the impact due to the widening of the ROW by improving the income of some households located in the direct influence area engineering design and making particular precaution to minimize the (mainly located in the town sections) negatively. Some households impact in the town sections. This is mainly because it is in the town that are located within the direct influence area will lose their sections that the impact will be observed on businesses. businesses and income while their houses are being demolished due to the widening of the ROW. 2. Spread of STD and HIV/AIDS

Road construction and other similar type of construction works are Prepare awareness creation plan to address the problem and spread of considered to be having high potential (due to their mobility) for the STD and HIV/AIDS among project workers and local communities. spread of communicable diseases, such as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS. The spread could be from the Provide education for local communities regarding the spread of construction workforce to the local population and vice versa. HIV/AIDs and STDs in public places, schools, and through community clubs and groups This is partly true because construction workers are mostly young and sexually active group of the population and are mobile, and have Work closely local health service giving institutions to control the spread more income than the local population to spend. This will attract sex of STD and HIV/AIDS. workers and bar owners to come to the nearby towns to camp sites and start such businesses. Provide care and support for HIV/affected and effected groups Free distribution of condoms both male and female type. Hence, the increase in the number of sex workers and alcoholism are believed to contribute to the spread STD and HIV/AIDS. Produce leaflets and road side posters about HIV/AIDs

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

3. Pressure on local health facilities

The health facilities which are located in the woredas along project The contractor to establish his own well equipped clinic and provide road lack the required number of medical staff, equipment, drug and health service to the construction workforce. related services. This being the picture about the local health facilities, the presence of additional population in the area, i.e., the Make Ambulance services available for the construction workforce. construction workers, will put pressure on local health facilities. Such type of pressure could reduce the effectiveness of the health The contractor’s clinic needs to work closely with local Government services as far as the local populations are concerned. health facilities. 4. Loss of Farm Land, housing and trees When households are displaced due to the construction of the project The land requirement for the road construction works may entail road works, appropriate compensation and rehabilitation measures should relocation of some houses located along the project road and in be provided for their lost assets and incomes as presented in this RAP. Right of Way. However, the project road may not require involuntary resettlement of the local population because it will only During the establishment of compensation committees at Woreda level take strips of land all along its route. PAPs should also be represented by electing their representatives

PAPs who will lose their houses should be relocated in places which are The relocation will be mainly for PAPS who may lose their houses appropriate for living. fully.

5. Impacts on women

The adverse social impacts that will be created due to the - Provide equal employment opportunity for women and men. construction of the project road shall affect women more than men. Among the social impacts, resettlement/relocation of PAPs may lead Awareness creation and educational programs to be organized for women to the breakdown of social networks and this has direct impact on on the spread of STD and HIV/AIDS.

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures women more than men. Women rely and depend on community and social networks for their emotional, family and practical supports. Since the different social impacts are reflected more on women than men, there is a need for women to be consulted concerning the construction of In road construction works, women always do not receive equal the project road and also regarding the proposed mitigation measures for employment opportunities; and the contractors, in most cases, favor the negative impacts. to employ men rather than women, and female workers do not obtain particular attention due to their biological and physical condition. Local authorities will ensure that women receive equal treatment in the Hence, the discrimination against women will negatively affect those compensation payment and in relocation / rehabilitation measures like women who want to work in the road construction work. that of their male counterparts.

In the project road, compensation payments and other related measures made for PAPs shall be done equally for women and men; and it will also take into consideration the interest of women.

Women’s risks to sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies may increase due to the influx of the construction workers in the area.

6. Impact on Historical & Archaeological sites

The construction and upgrading of roads may affect Avoidance measures not to disturb these sites have been strictly followed archaeological and historical sites that are located along road in the design and the alignment in this section shifted slightly to the RHS. sides. In the current project, the heritage sites falling within the However during construction works sometimes there is a possibility that ROW width are found towards the road destination; from km 37 – human remains, fossils and artifacts could be excavated. When this 44, where the old town of Ankober (Gorobela Town) is found, happens it should be immediately reported to the Regional Culture and several churches, plots of land previously occupied by foreign Tourism Bureau, and at the same time report to the Federal Conservation diplomatic mission (Italian, British & French), settlements of and Preservation of Cultural Heritages Authority and seek approval on

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

noblemen and defense force etc. are found surrounding the how to continue the construction works. Furthermore, the mitigation Ankober Minilik Palace. measures provided under the ESIA Report, section 6.5.7.5 should be strictly followed. There might also be unexplored archeological findings that may encounter upon excavation works. All of those sites are heritages to be preserved, for generations and also as touristic resources. Any development activity undertaken in the area has to take note of those sensitive sites and make due care not to cause significant site disturbance.

7. Polluting of water points

There is high possibility that drinking water points (rivers, springs, -The contractor has to take appropriate measure that water points do not and etc), could be polluted if different types of chemicals, oils from get polluted. vehicles and machineries are discharged to water points. Washing of -Avoid spilling of oil from vehicles and machinery near water points and vehicles near or in the rivers could also create similar problems. settlements; and washing of cars in the rivers.

8. Impacts on Public Utilities

Public utilities that may be affected due to the construction of the ERA will be responsible to advise all service providers of the intended project road include overhead telecommunication and electricity road works program and provide them with the road design, at the poles and cables. earliest opportunity. ERA should then notify the appropriate authorities of the relevant dates, and request completion of relocation works based The measurements taken to consider compensation of utility lines on their identification before the commencement of the construction covers those services visualized during the su rvey of the ROW. works. Once the compensation is paid to the service provider of the However, it is expected that there may be many more underground utility lines, it should remove it within 60 days from the date of receipt of

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures lines and distribution lines which could only be identified by the the compensation. ERE should also ensure that the residents on the road concerned service authorities and offices. side acquired the lost services at scheduled time through timely monitoring and evaluation.

9. Spread of malaria and other water borne vectors

Malaria is common in the lowland areas with altitude below 1800 mt. above sea level. The project corridor is not under this altitude Quarry site have to be located in places far from villages/settlements and level. However, it is clear that quarry sites and borrow pits are good crop areas. Once construction works are completed in the area; borrow sources for the breeding of other water borne diseases. Moreover, If pits should be filled up to stop stagnant waters from becoming breeding quarry sites and borrow pits are left unfilled after construction places for vectors and to avoid accident on animals. works, there is a very high potential for accident and injury on live stocks of the area.

10. Exploitation of Natural Resources In road construction works, there is a need to exploit some of the The exploitation of natural resources has to be used and managed natural resources (such as, stone, sand, select materials, timber, and appropriately without causing shortage and depleting the resources. the like) available in the locality. This was also among the impacts already expected and noted by the local community in the project The exploitation of the natural resources has to be done in a way that it area as they have learned from the Addis-Debrebirhan-Tarmaber does not facilitate or creates erosion and other environmental road project finalized recently. The following impacts were therefore degradation, and social impacts as well. identified in the ESIA under sub-sections sub 6.5.1.8 to 4 with minimizing measures recommended: Compensation for lost farm land as a result of land acquisition for • Impact due to Quarry site development ancillary works of stated nature should also be compensated in the same • Imp act due to borrow pits development way with that of land acquisition for ROW purpose. Detailed mitigation • Impacts due to Comps and Garages measures provided under these sub-sections of the ESIA should be • Impacts due to soil disposal areas strictly followed.

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

Monetary Compensation for land acquired for this purpose either permanently or temporally for the project duration is estimated based on the identified sites, location and area as provided by Soil and material reports of the project. For the land that is acquired for the project duration only, the contractor should strictly follow the handing over rules which includes rehabilitation of the sites for the previous purpose. 11. Scarcity of potable water These days there is scarcity of potable water in some localities due In those places/localities where there is scarcity of potable water, the to increased population growth, expansion of urban areas, and also contractor is responsible to look for an alternative water points to avoid construction activities. depleting the scarce potable water resource. The identification of alternative sources has to be done in consultation with local authorities. 12. Dust pollution Dust pollution is one of the major negative impacts in road The mitigation measure is to always to water the road to minimize the construction works. It can cause health problem if taken in large dust. The watering has to be done continuously until the dust level is dose to local communities and the contractor’s workforce as well. It minimized. is also a nuisance for pedestrians and businesses in the area.

In town sections, it affects businesses, such as restaurants, bars and shops located along the road. In the rural sections, it affects the growth of crops by affecting their pollination and maturation if it is in large quantity and stays for a longer period.

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6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Public consultation and field level investigation was carried out in all of the major urban centers and in those villages located along the project road. Public consultations were carried out with the objective of identifying the potential social impacts (positive and negative); and on the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the negative impacts and on measures of reinforcement for the positive impacts; to inform the public on the potential impacts and seek the participation and contribution of the public during the construction of the project road.

The primary purpose of public consultation is to protect the interest of affected persons/communities, especially the poor and vulnerable groups. It also gives opportunity for the affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse impacts, maximize additional benefits, and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation. Public consultation was carried out through formal meetings & public gatherings, focused group discussions, meeting with women groups, meeting with teachers and health professionals, and also through informal meetings held with different sections of the community.

Public consultations were held with woreda authorities and cabinet in Basona Werena and Ankober woreda in the months of October 2010 & November 2010. During the public consultation meeting, woreda cabinet members, elders and women representatives, and sector office heads from each woreda have taken part.

FDRE Constitution also reaffirms the participation of the public, in policies and projects that affect their livelihood. Article 43 No.2 states that: “Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community”.

Stakeholders’ consultation was also conducted to increase the participation of all the stakeholders, including people residing in the project area, local government officials, Kebele administrations and Woreda experts and professionals from every sector and in almost all locations where the road traverses. Stakeholders’ consultation was held with the objective of influencing the identified stakeholders in each key stage of construction the project road, and that concerns of stakeholders are reflected in the road design and construction works. The consultation was held in every woreda town located in the project area and in almost every rural kebele where the project road traverses.

Both the public and the stakeholders’ consultation were held in all the towns and also in those kebeles (rural and urban) located along the project road. The consultations were conducted with different community groups residing in the project influence area. The consultations were held in the form of meetings and Focus Group Discussions (FGD).

The different groups of public and private organizations, community groups and Project Affected Persons (PAPs), and individuals who participated in the public and stakeholders consultations include;

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• Project Affected Persons (PAP), • Elders and informal leaders, • Woreda Administration and Sector Offices, • Kebele Administration representatives (rural and Urban), • School Teachers, Health Workers and Agricultural Development Agents, • Business men (Hotel and Restaurant owners, Transporters, Traders, etc),

6.1 Ankober Woreda

Among the public consultation and meeting held the one that was carried out in the town of Ankober had quite large number of participants. The residents of the town have attended the consultation meeting in large numbers and were very actively engaged in the discussions and raised a number of pertinent issues. The turnout was so high in such a small town where more than 500 people that were drawn from different walks of life, age group and gender have participated in the public consultation held in Ankober town. The gender distribution of the participants of the public consultation was about 60% male and 40% female. The main discussion point and questions that were raised by the residents during the public consultation were; a) Is the proposed project road will continue to follow the existing alignment that crosses through the center of the town? b) Will there be a newly proposed alignment to be constructed as a bypass behind the center of the town? Both the technical design team and Social team gave an explanation to the participants on the procedures and policy issues regarding construction of roads in general and the project road in particular. Explanations were also given from what will be the pros and cons of constructing the project road through the center of the town from technical, environmental and social issues. The team has elaborated why a bypass would be a better option instead of constructing a road through the center of the town. The consultants’ design team has proposed realignment with the objective of minimizing the potential negative impacts that might occur from the construction of the road in the town section and also from technical point view there might also be deep cut which makes life difficult for the residents. Generally, the engineering design team does not think that it is plausible to construct the project road in the town section due to the following reasons; If the project road constructed through the town section it will have deep cuts that will affect a number of residential, business and public services, and hence, there will be large number of household that would be relocated due to the demolition of houses.

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Since the existing ROW is so narrow and that one side of the road is located on ridges there is an elevation difference and this will limit the working area during construction. In some locations it has sloppy areas that reach between 9-12 meters There are also some sharp curves in some locations which will affect the traffic movement. The public was briefed on the suggestions made above by the design team why there is a need to construct realignment. Following the above explanation, suggestions, the discussions and issues raised during the meeting were carried out in a highly participatory and open manner. A number of people have made their views, opinions, suggestions and comments particularly regarding the proposed construction of the bypass or realignment of the road at the Back of Gorebella town. However, during the consultation meeting, the public have strongly rejected the idea of the proposed realignment that by passes Gorebella town and insisted that the road should follow the existing alignment. Some of the arguments and reasons of the public are summarized as the following; The existing road has significant contribution for the growth and development of the town; and hence, the construction of the project road should follow the existing alignment in the town section and maintain its existence whatever will be its consequences. Since most of the town all businesses and services are located along the existing road it would be difficult to relocate the businesses to the proposed road alignment because there is not enough space to construct houses. The proposed realignment is located some distance from the center of the town section; its construction may not have significant contribution for the growth and development of the town. The proposed alignment does not seem to be totally inappropriate and unsuitable for traffic flow and does not have enough and suitable space that could be used for settlement (or construction of houses) from both sides of the ROW. If the proposed realignment is constructed it will not be possible to expand the town along the road side since the proposed realignment passes at the edge of a ridge and may face land slide in the long future since the soil in the area has that sort of character. If constructed, the proposed realignment will not attract through traffic to stay in the town either for short period or for staying an overnight. If through traffic fails to make use of the facilities & services located in the center of the town there will not be much benefit to be generated from the road project. On the contrary, it might affect the growth and development of the town.

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In general, the public and local authorities’ are concerned that if the proposed realignment is approved that it will have a negative consequence on the development of the town, on its business development and on the local community. The participants of the public consultation meeting and the woreda administration cabinet have unanimously decided that the road should follow the existing alignment, crossing the center of the town and are ready to pay any sacrifice from the anticipated or potential negative impacts due to the abandoning of the construction of the proposed realignment. Finally consensus was reached on the basis that further examination on both options will be made by the consultant to satisfy the demand of the public at large. And will come up with final options before finalizing the design work. However, on the second time consultation made on January 29, 2011 the discussion with local stakeholders and elderly people of the community in Ankober town the consultant explained to the participants that there is no alternative other than the proposed realignment in Ankober section. Further technical explanations were made o the participants by engineering team. The explanation included technical explanations and reasons under which the road cannot be constructed following existing alignment. Among the convincing justifications were: The ROW Survey showed that a total of 350 houses including government institutions, schools, historical churches, and public services offices all concentrated at the center of the town will be affected. This indicates that after demolishing these houses and institutions which are situated all along the ROW, the town will have no more appearance of town and no more remaining space on the road side. This is because as the technical standard of the proposed road indicated it demands deep cuts up to 40 meter, widening of the ROW which is too difficult with the topographic feature the town is established. A very good example from recent project at Debrebirhan town was also used to justify the situation as shown in the figure below.

Finally, the participants agreed with the change of alignment which was the only option for the road design to continue. The consultant also explained its willingness to design the existing alignment to pave it as it is without disturbance of the settlement and major structures.

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The stakeholders on the other hand showed strong willingness and readiness to provide required support and cooperation needed to finalize the construction of the road and have finally requested for the urgent completion of the design.

Consultation with stakeholders and elderly at Ankober and Debrebirhan Towns January 2011

6.2 Consultation with Project Affected Persons (PAPs)

The consultant has consulted with the Project Affected People to obtain their attitudes towards the project road. Influential persons in the area (esteemed elders) and other groups of the community (women, youth, elderly) participated in the consultation. The agenda of the discussion were the following:

• PAP’s attitude towards the proposed road project • On the nature of potential social impacts of the project road on social, cultural and economic ties and networks during and after construction works; on the loss of productive resources; such as, loss of farmland and business; • Identification of major social impact issues, such as involuntary resettlement, community severance and vulnerable groups that are at particular risk of project impacts; and compensation for affected properties and assets • Views on Contribution of the Proposed Road on their life • Ways in which PAPs can participate in the construction of the road • Their willingness to hand over their properties for the project • To clarify questions raised by the discussants regarding compensation for affected assets and related issues • To aware the PAPs on the overall impacts of the project and relevant measures to be taken

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6.2.1 Attitude about the project

Under this topic the consultants’ team has briefed about the objectives of the project and RAP preparation to the discussants or project affected persons and people living in the project area. The discussants on their side also said that, the construction of the road is one of the basic priorities for socio-economic development of Weredas. The discussants forwarded that the upgrading of the road creates access to health and other social service facilities located at urban centers like Debrebirhan. The following major positive and adverse impacts were identified by the participants.

6.2.2 The positive impacts of the road

In the public consultation process the discussants invited to list down the positive and negative impacts of the project to examine their understanding about the project. In view of this, they have mentioned the following:

The proposed road project will provide us adequate transportation facilities Facilitates and strengthens socioeconomic relationship between people of neighboring woredas We will get access to market to sell agricultural products with better price Will create access to health and other social service facilities Job opportunity will be created at construction phase to the unemployed youth found in the rural and urban communities of the project area The road will enable them to be connected with their families in far distance. With the upgrading of the road health problems associated with dust will be solved Thus, they have accepted the proposed project and expressed interest enthusiastically to the team of consultants presenting the discussion.

6.2.3 Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

On the other hand the discussants also expressed the following negative impacts resulting from the project:

In the course of road construction some houses and properties will be affected The project may involve displacement of some households from the project area The project will affect farmland and perennial crops Most PAPs particularly of business men involved in small shops and grinding mills are threatened that they might loss the access to the front side of the road which inherently will affect their business. The construction contractor may tend to employ people from outside of the project area Worekers may access and walk over farm fields without permission Unwanted soils/waste materials may be damped on farm fields

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6.2.4 Proposed mitigation measures for negative impacts of the project

The consultant has briefed the existing legal procedures for compensating and rehabilitating of people whose properties as well as livelihood is going to be affected due to the proposed project. In view of this, the discussants have grasped full lesson regarding the constitutional rights of project affected persons to obtain compensation for properties they loss for public purposes and development works. Briefing was also made to the discussants about the RAP implementation procedures and regulations for mitigation of the negative impacts of the project.

They have also been informed to select their representatives to be member of compensation committee and grievance committee to follow-up the procedure and clear out if any complaints appear.

Finally the discussants expressed their interest to hand over their property to be affected by the project as long as the government provides them the required compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation supports.

6.2.5 Major outcomes of the consultation

Finally, the consulted project affected people and the consulting team reached consensus on the following points to be considered during the project road construction phases.

Project affected households particularly those in Gerebella should get appropriate compensation and relocated in suitable areas before the commencement of the project road construction ; The members of compensation committee should include representatives from the affected households, community elders, and experts from concerned government offices so as to provide fair and appropriate compensation for the project affected households; The valuation of properties should take into account the current price of commodities; Finally, the participants pledged promise to contribute all what they could for the successful implementation of the project road and implementation of the RAP. The PAPs have also promised to use the compensation money and support for the intended purpose and turn the negative impacts into positive by rehabilitating their livelihood. The Amharic version of the minutes of meetings held with concerned PAPS is annexed with the report. The pictures below depict discussions made in each kebele from Debrebirhan 01 to Ankober.

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Debrebirhan Kebele 01 Weshawshign Kebele

Debele Keble

Lay Grebella Kebele(kundi & Temke) Tach Gorebella Kebele( ankober town)

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7. BASELINE SOCIO - ECONOMIC SURVEY

The baseline socio economic survey of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) is the core component of this RAP; because it is at this stage that all the relevant data and information concerning the PAPs is collected and compiled. The baseline data about PAPs identified the current occupants of the houses located within the right-of-way, owners of farmland and trees; and also public utilities that are located within the right of way.

The baseline information and data collected on livelihoods of PAPs and affected assets and properties includes;

Name and location of PAPs, Types of properties to be affected by km location (station), size and type Impact on houses and type of houses Impacts on agricultural land with the names of owners/users of the individual farmers and size of land, Impacts on trees assessed with the names of owners/users of the individual farmers, No. & type of public utilities, such as, electricity supplies, telephone lines, etc

The detail list of PAPs, data and information on the above items is presented in the inventory sheet which is attached in the Annex.

The major potential impact of the project road will be on the livelihood of the communities due to acquisition of farmland in rural sections and houses in the town sections for the construction works.

In the project road corridor, land permanently required for the construction of the project road is mainly inside the 30 meters wide ROW both in Urban and Rural sections except for 50m width is taken where there are high cuts and fills. In addition to the ROW, land is required for the construction of structures and associated drainage and protection works, and for the construction of access roads. In addition to the construction of ROW, Camp sites, Borrow pits and Quarry sites will be constructed by using marginal lands.

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Table 25: Affected households who lose more than 20% of their land

>20% of total No of total land Road Section Kebele land Affected Households in ha in ha

Debrebirhan 01 3 1.500 0.68

Debrebirhan& Weshawshign 16 10.750 3.73 Basso werana Debele 33 7.375 1.74

Grazing & Fallow land 1 0.250 0.06 Sub total 53 19.875 6.21

Ankober Kundi 12 9.500 2.94

Temke 2 0.500 0.18

Gorebella 4 3.000 0.97 4.09 Sub total 18 13.000 10.3 Total 71 32.88

Most sections of the project road corridor traverses through hilly & mountainous area, and in a highly cultivated and densely populated area. Farming occupies an estimated 80% or more of the project road corridor. The impact of the project road due to the widening of the ROW will be mainly on strip of farmland, houses and trees. The impact on houses and farmlands (due the project road corridor) does not require fully relocation of PAPs, meaning that the number of households that will be resettled or relocated to different locations outside of their present neighborhood and locality is insignificant since the impact is partial and that PAPs could be able to maintain their livelihood in the remaining plot of land. However, according to the World Bank’s Resettlement Policy frame work; there will be a total of 71 household farmers who may permanently lose more than 20% of their farmlands for the road construction works. These households account 11% of the total households affected. It was also ensured that land replacement for land is not feasible in the project area of Ankober Woreda where 18 of the HHs losing more than 20% of their holding are located. Therefore, these households should be compensated in cash for the forgone benefit of entire land holding and should be provided with livelihood rehabilitation strategy. Budget for such program is also including in the cost of compensation (see sections 7.7 to 7.10 below). It is also noted that the information regarding the measure of land holding each affected household has may not be real because of the reasons described below: • It was difficult to get registered information on the amount of land holding each individual farmer has from concerned Administrators.

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• As per the information from the woreda land administrators, almost all farmers having land along the road side have other plots of lands in areas other than the road side and when they were asked about the amount of land they hold they may not include all the land they hold either in fear of taxation or lack of awareness

Therefore, the consultant was forced to base its calculation on the information gathered from the individual households.

PAPs from rural areas, located from stations Debrebirhan Kebele 01(km 000) to Temke village (km 35) and who may lose their houses will be able to construct similar houses by moving backwards some distances within the remaining plot of land. On the other hand PAPs that might be fully losing their houses due to the widening of the ROW in Ankober town(following the existing road) and those in the realigned section will be allocated land for construction of similar size of house in the expansion area of the town, which is 10 minutes walking distance from the center. The extension area of the town has all the required facilities and services such as, water and electricity lines.

The woreda administration and the town municipality have agreed to allocate land for house construction to those PAPs who might be relocated & are also willing to provide all the necessary administrative support.

7.1 Number of Project Affected Households

The impact of the project road due to the widening of the ROW will be mainly on farmland, houses and trees. The impact on these assets will not require PAPs in the rural section to be resettled to a new locality outside of their woreda.

However, PAPs from Ankober town and who will fully lose their houses will only be relocated to the new expansion area of the town, which is about 10 minutes walking distance from the center. In the new expansion area of the town where all facilities and services, such as, water supply, electricity health facilities are available. This means that among the above PAPs, none will be resettled or relocated to totally different locations outside of the present town boundary or to distant locations. Most PAPs could be able to maintain their livelihood in the new expansion area without facing much negative social impact and loss of income. On the other hand, PAPs that are located in rural areas and who may lose their houses will be able to construct similar houses within their remaining plot of land without going away from their present locations and locality. This makes life very easy for them as far as they are provided with the appropriate compensation payment.

In Ankober town, for those PAPs who may lose their houses and move to the new expansion area of the town, the local Government authorities have agreed and are willing to provide each a plot equivalent to their previous lots for construction of houses and also agreed to provide all other necessary support.

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The following table presents the number of PAPs who will be losing farmland, housing structures, trees and fences. With the new alignment of the section in Ankober area, the number of affected households has significantly decreased. Accordingly, the total households affected by the project road has now became 638 households including governmental, religious and service organizations who lost all or either of the stated assets. The table below presents summary of impacts by property type and gender.

Table 26: Number of Project Affected Persons by type of property No. Description No. of Male HHs Female 1 Number of individual households losing housing 85 71 14 structures 2 Number of Government and other organizations 6 losing House 3 Number of individual households losing fence & 55 43 12 its gates 4 Number of Government and other organizations 15 losing Fence 5 PAPs losing farm land 420 365 55 6 Number of Government organizations losing farm 5 7 Number of individual households losing trees 81 58 23 8 Number of Government organizations losing trees 11 9 Total 678 537 104 Source : Consultant’s field survey, July 2011

7.2 Impact on Buildings or Houses to be affected

There will be different types of buildings / houses that will be affected due to the widening of the ROW. The affected houses are mainly divided into two major categories, namely, those covered with corrugated iron sheet and having different types of wall and floor, and the second category of houses includes those covered with thatched roof.

A total of 124 houses that are located within the ROW width will be affected due the construction of the project road. These houses are owned by 85 individual households and 6 different organizations namely; Weshawshign Milk Distribution shop, Kundi & Gorebella Kebele Offices, a class room of Kundi school, Ankober Agricultureal Research Office and a Prayer House of Protestant Church. Most of the affected houses are located inside the 30 meters ROW width in Ankober .

Among the above affected houses, 31 are located in Basona wereda at Weshawshign, and Debele villages; however, large numbers of the affected houses, which are about 93 houses, are located in Ankober Woreda of Kundi, Temke and Gorebella villages and town respectively. Since most of the affected houses in the Gorebella town are

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located on the ridge of mountainous side, they will be moving to the new expansion area of the town as stated in the previous section.

The following table presents the number of affected houses by number, type and estimated compensation cost. Table 27 : Number and type of affected houses Average Unit Area in m. Total Cost Woreda No. Type of Houses By Construction Material No. Cost Sq. ETB /m.Sq. area Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Mud 1 floor 15 629 469.63 295,394.70 Wood+ Mud wall with Thatched Roof and 2 Mud floor 4 96 153.14 14,701.00 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and 3 Cemented loor 1 54 502.00 27,108.00 Masonry+ Mud Wall with CIS Roof and mud 4 floor 1 35 190.00 6,650.00 Masonry+ Mud Wall with Thatched Roof and Debrebirhan 5 Mud floor 1 40 50.00 2,000.00 and Baso Dry Masonry Wall with CIS Roof and Mud Werana 6 floor 1 45 190.00 8,550.00 Hollow Block Wall with CIF Roof and 7 Cemented floor 1 78 685.00 53,430.00 Wood Stick Wall with CIS Roof and Mud 8 floor 4 107 157.93 16,898.40 Wood Stick Wall with Thatched Roof and 9 Mud floor 1 27.5 190.00 5,225.00

10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Cemented floor 2 6 594 3,564.00

Sub-Total 31 1,117.50 433,521.10 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Mud 1 floor 72 2582.71 533.48 1,377,812.02 Wood+ Mud wall with Thatched Roof and 2 Mud floor 3 107 293.66 31,421.90 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and 3 Cemented floor 7 633.00 610.67 386,556.80 Masonry Wall with Thatch Roof and mud 4 floor 2 95.23 500.00 47,614.80 Masonry+ Mud Wall with CIS Roof and Ankober 5 Timber floor 1 28.8 600 17,280.00 Wood Stick Wall with CIS Roof and Mud 8 floor 4 73.36 319.01 23,402.40 Wood Stick Wall with Thatched Roof and 9 Mud floor 1 18.81 294.00 5,530.10

10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Cemented floor 1 1 594 594.00

10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 2 10 240 2,400.00

Sub-Total 93 3,549.91 1,892,612.02 Grand Total 124 4667.41 2,326,133.13 Source : Consultant’s Survey, July 1011

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7.2.1 Extent of Impact on Houses

A total of 124 houses owned by 84 individual Households, 7 different institutions namely; Kundi School, Muluwongel protestant churche,3 different Agricultural Offices, Gorebella Kebele Administration and Weshawshign kebele milk distribution shop will be affected by the project road.

The building structures that are affected due to the project road are both residential and houses used by small businesses. Among the total affected houses, 60% are used for residence and 14% are used for small business like shop and restaurant, and the remaining 26% are public institutes consisting of 3 government Agricultural offices, one school, one church and one association called Mentik Gedam Association.

Assessing the extent of damage on the houses reveled that out of the total houses affected in the three Woredas all the houses are going to be fully affected. the extent of impact was calculated based on the Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement policy which assumes that houses with more than 10% of their area is affected are considered as fully affected where as those houses with less than 10% of the area is affected are considered to be partially affected.

7.3 Impact on Farmland

Since most sections of the project road corridor traverses in the rural sections, it will have some impact on farm and grazing land. In the rural sections of the project road, an estimated 42.064 hectares of farm, grazing and fallow land will be permanently affected due the widening of the ROW and some realigned sections of the road.

The affected farmlands are owned by 420 private (or individual) farm households and 5 Government households and mainly used to grow cereal crops, such as, barley, wheat, teff, beans and peas. Grazing land in this RAP refers to those owned by private (or individual) households and located near homesteads and farmlands. Communal grazing lands are not included here. 85% the affected farmlands are used to grow cereal crops and in particular barley.

7.4 Impact on Trees

An estimated total of 34,964 different types of trees will be affected, of which about 97.17% are eucalyptus trees. Eucalyptus tree is a major construction material for houses and is also used as a fire wood and pole for electricity and telephone lines. The ownership distribution of the above affected trees shows that56% belong to the local Government details of which is presented in the table bellow and 44% belong to individual households.

The affected trees that belong to individual households are considered as additional source of income and a good source of construction material for households.

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Table 28: Organizations with affected Trees

S.No. Name Of Organization No of Trees 1 DB sheep Ranch 5 2 DB Kebele 01 1266 3 Debele Kebele 3364 4 Kundi Kebele 240 5 Ankober Agr. Research 226 6 Ankober Agr.Office 86 7 Ankober Selected seed Store 30 8 Gorebella kebele 12843 9 Protestant Church 468 10 St. Michael Orthodox Church 801 11 Ankober Echoturism 335 Total 19664 The total estimated cost for the affected trees is about Birr 2,615,623. The number of trees by Woreda and its cost estimate is presented in the table bellow and breakdown in the annex. Table 29: Type and number of affected Trees by Woreda Type of Unit Woreda Tree Age Group Cost No. Total Cost Post 140 4017 562,380.00 DebreBirhan Eucalyptus Truss 18 9651 173,718.00 & Basso Stick 10 2077 20,770.00 Werana Seedling 3 597 1,791.00 Conifer Post 140 133 18,620.00 Sub-Total 16475 777,279.00 Post 300 4733 1,419,900.00 Truss 35 4174 146,090.00 Eucalyptus Stick 3 2159 6,477.00 Seedling 1 6567 6,567.00 Post 600 371 222,600.00 Ankober Conifer Stick 60 220 13,200.00 Seedling 6 130 780.00 Apple 80 6 480 Enset Post 10 15 150 Weira 200 110 22000 Gesho 3 to5 Years 25 4 100 Sub-Total 18489 1,838,344.00 Grand Total 34964 2,615,623.00

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7.5 Public Utilities and common properties

Public utilities that could be affected due to the construction of the project road include electricity transmission cables and poles town water supply system and telephone poles.

With the changed alignment in Ankober section, the town water supply system and its reservoir that would have been affected partially with the existing alignment is now saved. Accordingly, the impact on public utilities and services is minimized significantly.

However, on the section approaching St. Michael Church at Km 41 the road alignment has shifted 20meters away from the existing line to save the church from vibration risks. As a result, a water distributing point in this section will be demolished and relocated. There are also some affected pipe and distribution lines that will be affected due to the road construction.

The following table presents the number of public utilities to be affected and its cost estimate. Table 30: Number of poles by type & cost estimate Number of Utility lines and points Water Electric No Woreda Service Service Telephone 1 Debrebirhan 3 10 2 Basso Worana 49 3 Ankober 11 124 8 Total 3 183 8 Total Estimated Cost of Restoration 541,440.00 429,649.23 20,000.00 Source : Consultant’s Survey, October 2011

The budgeted cost estimate for restoring the utilities is about 991,089.23 Birr according to the estimate prepared based on costs provided by the respective service offices of the project area. The above estimated cost includes, costs for pipe lines, fittings, cost for transportation and labor. The cost of materials of damaged items of electric was not included in the estimation. Breakdown of the estimation, inventory of utilities and local unit cost is annexed with the report.

ERA will be responsible to advise respected municipalities and town administrations, Telecommunication corporation and also Electricity supply offices about the intended road works program and provide them with the road design, at the earliest opportunity so that they could be able to shift the locations for the affected services before the commencement of the road construction works. ERA should then notify the appropriate authorities the relevant dates and request completion of relocation works for the utilities before the commencement of the construction works. Once compensation is paid by ERA to the service providers of the utility lines, it should be removed within a given time frame from the date of receipt of the compensation.

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7.6 Construction Activities Outside of the Right of Way

In addition to the Right of Way, the construction of the project may also require land for temporary roads (e.g. detours, access roads), sub-camps and materials sources (quarries, borrow pits), contractor and engineer’s camp. The cost for such items need to be planed and estimated based on the contractor’s requirement during the commencement of the construction and based on the current purpose of the land. However, for the purpose assisting the client on decisions of budgeting, the following estimations have been made.

A) Camp Site

Considering the nature of the project which is relatively short (42km), the project road is assumed to have one contract. It is estimated that only one comp to be utilized. Based on usual practice of typical local contractors, it is estimated that one comp site takes about 40,000m 2(200m by 200m) area of land. Accordingly, the total area of land required for the comp sites is estimated to be 40,000m 2. As experience shows, most of the time comps are left for the local administration to be used for maintenance work or other purpose. Therefore, it is assumed that the owners of the land will lose it permanently and hence need compensation accordingly. Hence, the cost is estimated based on the areas mostly grown grain (Barely) that is (10*Birr 418.8*23.69Qt/ha*4ha=Birr 396,854.88).

B) Explosive ware house

It is also assumed that the contract will have one were house site and it is estimated one site requires 20,000m 2 area of land(200mby 100m) plot of land required for explosive ware house in the contract. Therefore, about 2ha of land with productivity of 1.05/ha barley will be needed for the construction period which is assumed to be about 3 years with some contingencies. Hence the compensation cost will be 2ha*3* Birr418.8*23.69 Qt/ha=59,528.23.

C) Diversion Road/Detour

Temporary traffic diversions are necessary for the safe and easy passage of all public and construction traffic during the construction of the road.

Temporary traffic diversions shall be a minimum of 3.5 meters and 7.5 meters width for single and two-way traffic respectively. Where it is necessary or impracticable to construct temporary diversions, the Contractors shall construct the road in half widths, allowing traffic to use the half of the road not under construction at the time.

For the proposed road project, it is estimated that the whole 42 km of the project road require diversion roads of 7.5m width. Accordingly, the required land is estimated to be 31.5 ha. Also assuming that at least 30% of the land could be productive farm area and hence the cost for temporary displacement of the farmers is calculated based on the assumptions made so far. Therefore, the cost for

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compensation is estimated as 30%*31.5ha*21.79Qt/ha*Birr 418.8*3yeares = Birr 386,933.51.

D) Construction Material Sites

Sites for Construction materials like selected material (Natural Gravel source); Quarry (Rock source) and Borrow for the project road are estimated to be 5, 5 and 8 in number respectively. The area required for all these source materials is estimated to be a total of 134,000m 2 or 13.4 ha as shown in the table below. Material sites may not practically affect farming land. However, assuming that it would affect access road for transporting materials and the like and hence it is assumed that all 13.4 ha of land will be affected. Therefore, the cost for compensation is estimated for temporary displacement as follows= 13.4ha*3years*23.69Qt/ha*Birr 418.8 which is Birr 281,270.90. Table 31: Estimated Area of material sources Total Area No. Material Type No. of Sites needed in Proposed m2 1 Rock Source 5 31,500 2 Natural gravel 5 50,000 Source 3 Borrow Material 8 52,500 Source Total 134,000 Source: Soil and Material Report of the project January 2011

7.7 Transitional Allowance

It is presumed that all affected /displaced households with affected houses and trees will shift to a new location, for which they need to transport their belongings. Three types of transportation means are available for the purpose; draught animals (donkeys, mules) and medium freight trucks like Isuzu and human load can be used for moving belongings in the urban areas while draught animals and human portage can be used in rural areas. The cost of moving belongings would obviously depend on the size of moveable property one has, the type of transport used, and the distance involved. Table 32: Total Cost of Transitional Allowance

No of Property Affected Unit Total Type Road Section Individuals Cost(Birr) Cost(Birr) Debrebirhan & Basso Werana 26 2000 52,000 Houses Ankober 65 2000 130,000 Debrebirhan & Basso Werana 50 2000 100,000 Trees Ankober 16 2000 32,000 Total 157 314,000

Source: Own Computation

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7.8 Income Restoration

The affected people will temporarily lose income due to construction of their new houses and shifting and relocation. Therefore, it is proposed to compensate this loss of cash income as a transitional allowance for up to 12 month’s average income of Birr 3000.00, as obtained from household socio-economic survey carried out in the area. The income of the 18 farming households in Ankober Woreda is estimated based on their annual crop production and productivity considering the number of years an apple plant starts giving fruit which is 5 years. On the other hand, for the 53 HHs at Debrebirhan and Basona Werana a land developing cost of Birr 5,00.00 per ha is estimated to support the HHs to reinstate the substituted land(6.21ha) into productive/fertile level based on the amount of land each HHs is going to loss.

Table 33: Estimated cost for income restoration No of Source of Affected Unit Total Income Road Section Individuals Cost(Birr) Cost(Birr) Debrebirhan & Basso Business Werana 6 3000 216,000 House Ankober 12 3000 432,000 Debrebirhan & Basso Productive Werana 53* 31,050 Farm land Ankober 18 367,205 89 Total 1,046,255 Source: Own Computation

* Land for land substitution is available and the amount is for land development

7.9 PAPs Training Cost

Providing training for the PAPs in the area of trade and business promotions for urban areas and uses of modern farming practices and marketing of its products for rural PAPs is absolutely essential for resorting the lost income and betterment of life of PAPs in the area. In light of this fact, a total of Birr 72,000.00 is estimated for running training activities in the area for total of 36 HHs out of which 18HHs of affected business houses and 18 HHs of losing more than 20% of their farm land at Birr 2000 per head. Appropriate experts in this regard will be Agronomist/Agro-economist available in the Woreda and North Shewa Zone. The remaining 53 HHs will be served with land for land substitution and hence no need for training.

7.10 Consultant’s proposal for income restoration

The consultant recommends that collaboration and integration of all stakeholders to make the proposed schemes practicable. The role of the Kebele Administration in each woreda will be organizing and motivating the people to participate to the

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According to the woreda officials in Ankober woreda, the woreda has a package of scheme; Apple production and Agro-forestry in Ankober woreda. These potential schemes are proposed to organize and rehabilitate farmers who will be losing more than 20% of their holding with the assistance of respective experts and officials in the woreda. Regarding those who lose small business will be organized under the microfinance schemes that are in practice in each woreda towns namely; Amhara Micro finance enterprises. Hence, the woreda has to provide the needed assistant like providing land, consulting the kebele level officials and arranging experts those who can give technical support to the beneficiaries. The North shewa Zone will provide trainings on schemes, and monitor and evaluate each activity of both woreda and Kebele. In addition to these, the Zone has to search new ways and techniques that can improve the productivity of the schemes, and introduce to the beneficiaries.

Apple production Ankober Woreda is known for its cold weather fruits like apple and this has been reported to be productive by the woreda’s crop expert. Therefore, the affected farmers around the woreda cold be organized and assisted to be productive in the remaining less than 80% of their holding.

To see the feasibility of the proposed scheme for Ankober woreda, comparison on productivity of Apple production as compared with mostly produced grains in Ankober namely; Barley,wheat and or Bea which are produced in crop shifting system the information is presented as follows:

Table 34: Average Production of food grains and Apple in a given hectare of land:

Average/Year total Crop Type Productivity Price /unit production

Barly,Wheat &/or Bea 14.78 Qt./ha Birr 458.67/quintal 6,779.14

Apple 19,602 Kg/ha 50\Kg 980,100.00

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8. VALUATION AND COMPENSATION METHODS FOR LOSS OF ASSETS

8.1 Strategy for Expropriation and Compensation

The strategy adopted for the expropriation and compensation of the affected properties / assets follows the Federal Government laws and regulation for valuation and compensation estimate. In addition to the FDRE laws and regulations, WB policies and Regional Government laws and other supplementary guidelines are considered to achieve replacement cost for the lost assets.

This RAP builds on FDRE Constitution and Proclamation 455/2005; and also on World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP/BP 4.12).The content of this RAP is within Ethiopia’s existing legal and administrative framework and World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP4.12). In case of conflicts or gaps between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) law and Bank Policy, Bank policy will prevail as the final and this RAP will be an international credit agreement between the Government of Ethiopia and the Bank.

8.2 Cut-off date

Inventory of all affected properties (houses, different types of crops and trees) was conducted in February-March 2010 and also in September 2011. This last date could be considered as the cutoff date for all properties that will be affected due to the upgrading of the project road.

Both owners of the affected properties and local authorities have been informed not to carry out new construction along the project road and also not to construct an extension to the existing buildings. The woreda authorities have formally agreed to take the responsibility in monitoring such activities.

Final measurement & valuation of the affected properties has already been undertaken by the consultant with the follow up of compensation committee that was established at each woreda/district level. The committee, in close consultation with PAPs and in collaboration with the local experts and administration has review and establish the unit rate for the affected assets to be determined on the basis of market value.

8.3 Compensation Approach

The compensation approach adopted in this RAP is as per FDRE proclamation 455/2005 and WB policy on involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12).

Compensation for land structures, business, fixed improvements and other temporary impacts are based on among other things on market valuation, productivity valuation, negotiated settlements, material and labour valuation, disposition of salvage materials and other fees paid.

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It was identified that there are some business like grinding mills and small shops located along the road. If relocation of this business becomes necessary, access to customers and suppliers should be assured. In addition, workers losing employment in the process of relocating should be entitled to transitional income support. The compensation approach will be determined on the willingness and readiness of owners of a resource to give up their rights.

Compensation for temporary impacts will be calculated on the basis of the criterion/principles;

• Compensation equivalent to lost income required for the duration of impact, • Compensation equivalent to lost income required for loss of access, • Physical restoration of assets (or access) required prior to return,

In addition, PAPs will be entitled to transitional assistance which include moving expenses, temporary residence (if necessary), employment training and income support while awaiting employment and should have an option for full compensation if duration of impact is to exceed two years. In preparing the valuation average costs have been assumed. It should be noted that costs of construction vary from one locality to the other.

ERA’s RRPF also recognizes that PAPs who do not have license or permit and even squatters will not be barred from compensation. However, according to the World Bank’s Resettlement Framework, it should be noted that lack of license or permit will not be a bar to compensation. Because, even squatters have construction costs relative to design, materials employed, workmanship and final finish.

In general, compensation approach will address the following four questions: • what to compensate for (e.g. land, structures, business, fixed improvements or temporary impacts, lost income); • how and when to compensate (procedures and mechanisms); • Estimating the amount to be compensated.

The compensation approach will be determined on the willingness and readiness of owners of a resource that are required to give up their rights.

8.4 Income Restoration

Income restoration refers to reestablishment of income levels for the PAPs prevalent at the time of displacement. Income restoration is an important component for the resettlement of PAPs who have lost their productive base, businesses, jobs, or other income sources, regardless of whether they have also lost their houses.

In income restoration, issues such as, source of livelihood (monetary and non monetary), availability of land for replacement, existing skills of PAPs, employment opportunities and income restoration options will be provided.

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For PAPs who have lost their assets, income restoration plans or programmes may require support and services in the long and short term basis.

The short term support plans may include compensation payment made for lost assets and properties before relocation, allowances for transportation and moving agricultural extension and other related supports until the income level of PAPs is restored. This short term support also involves provision of employment opportunities at project construction site.

Long-term income restoration involves land and non-land-based economic activities that will provide a sustained source of income over a longer period of time and to enable income restoration, or better still, improvements in PAPs standard of living.

8.5 Replacement Cost

Replacement cost is based on the premise that the costs of replacing productive assets that have been damaged because of upgrading the project road activities or improper on-site management can be measured. These costs are taken as a minimum estimate of the value of measures that will reduce the damage or improve on-site management practices and thereby prevent damage. Replacement costs should take into account the market value of land, structures, and materials.

Replacement cost is the method of valuation of property and determine the amount of replacement through compensation. ERA's Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy Framework defines replacement cost approach as; “…direct replacement of expropriated assets and covers an amount that is sufficient for asset replacement, net depreciation, moving expenses and other transaction costs ".

Similarly, World Bank’s OP 4.12 defines replacement cost as follows: ” method of valuation of assets that helps determine the amount sufficient to replace lost assets and cover transition costs. In applying this method of valuation, depreciation of structures and assets should not be taken into account” .

In places where markets are not well organized or thin, replacement of assets may be scarce, or loss of human or social capital might also be debilitating there is a need to establish supplemental income strategies.

The replacement cost approach also involves;

• direct replacement of expropriated assets and covers an amount that is sufficient for asset replacement, • net depreciation, • moving expenses and • Other transaction costs.

With regard to land and structures, replacement cost is defined as shown in the following table for the different land use type, such as, agriculture, urban and rural land.

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Table 35: Replacement Costs for Agricultural Land and Structures

For public Agricultural Land For houses Infrastructure It is the pre-project or It is the pre-project or pre- It is the market cost of the pre-displacement, displacement, whichever materials to build a whichever is higher is higher with similar or replacement structure improved public (house) with an area and infrastructure facilities quality similar to or better and services and located than the affected house, or in the vicinity of the to repair a partially affected area affected house Market value of land of The cost of any The cost of transporting equal productive potential registration and transfer building materials to the or use located in the taxes construction site vicinity of the affected land The cost of land The cost of transporting The cost of any labour and preparation to levels building materials to the contractors' fees similar to those of the construction site affected land The cost of any The cost of any labour The cost of any registration and transfer and contractors' fees registration and transfer taxes taxes The cost of any The cost of any registration and transfer restructuring and building taxes the irrigation structure

Methodology for Compensation/Valuation of Assets

The following methodology and procedures will be adopted for the compensation/valuation rates for crops, trees and houses.

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Table 36 : Methodology adopted to show Compensation/Valuation

For Crop Loss For Tree Loss For House Loss • Measure the size of • Number and type of • Area or size of affected land for each type of trees by type building and estimate the crop (in square rate per m 2 ; meter or hectare) • Quantify the amount • Size and usage of the • Identify material for the of agricultural tree construction of the house production in kg, per and other homstead hectare or per m 2 structures such as septic tanks and builtup compounds. • Obtain current • Age of the tree • Estimate the cost of market price for construction each crop type • Calculate the • Estimating the number • Number of rooms and amount of of coppices to be facilities available compensation obtained from each payment based on tree per year, the size of production - • Market price for each • Demolishing and type of tree transportation cost - • Sum of the stream of • Labour cost (skilled and incomes from the tree unskilled - • Sum of the discounted • Current market value of benefits the house • Allocation for equivalent land and location advantage

8.6 Basis for Valuation

The basis for the valuation of affected assets and properties is Gross Current Replacement Cost (GCRC). ERA’s RRPF defines Gross Current Replacement Cost as ‘the estimated cost of erecting a building as new having the same gross external area as that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of land’ . The valuation process will also consider the use of “compensation value” for affected properties.

In addition to GCRC, “Compensation value” is also taken into consideration. According to the ERA’s RRPF, “Compensation Value” is defined as the amount to be

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FDRE’s Proclamation 455/2005, in part three, article 9 (valuation of property), no.1 states that “The valuation of property situated on land to be expropriated shall be carried out by certified private or public institutions or individual consultants on the basis of valuation formula adopted at the national level”.

8.6.1 Valuation/Compensation Estimates for Loss of Houses

Compensation procedures for loss of houses are established in consultations between the ERA and Woreda Authorities. The ROW Branch executes the expropriation/compensation procedures in concert with the ERA’s Contract Division, the entitled Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and the Woreda Authorities.

According to ERA’s Resettlement /Rehabilitation Policy Frame Work the basis for the valuation of houses is the Gross Current Replacement Cost (GCRC). This is defined as the estimated cost of erecting a house as new having the same total external area as that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of land.

In determining replacement cost for affected houses, the following points are considered in determining replacement cost for affected houses;

current construction cost and no allowance for deprecation is considered; depreciation of the asset and the value of salvage materials are not taken into account, nor is the value of benefits to be derived from the project deducted from the valuation of an affected asset ; Assume that houses that are partially demolished / affected are as if the entire house is affected. Therefore, compensation for the entire house will be paid for partially affected houses; Compensation rate is estimated on the basis of the type of the affected houses. The cost of each house that would be replaced is estimated on the basis of specification and bill of quantities prepared by the municipalities of each town and verified with PAP; and The households who lose their houses due to the construction of the project road will receive full replacement cost plus disturbance allowance. The disturbance allowance is considered to cover the loss of established businesses, and include social disruptions and inconveniencies. With this disturbance allowance, the affected people can cover expenses associated with their relocation including access to social and public services.

Compensation for houses, fences and other structures affected by the project as described above shall take place at full replacement cost, even if they are affected or demolished partially.

The project affected households and institutions that would be relocated from their current location will receive compensation equivalent to the location advantage they

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During the meetings held with the local authorities it has been agreed that they will provide the affected households residing in urban areas with a replacement land with similar or equivalent location advantage to their current location.

For those affected households who live in Kebele owned and rented houses, the Kebele administrations will provide an alternative rental accommodation for the same cost.

For the owners and renters of commercial and mixed property, the consequences of having to move away from their present location, which is mostly located along the main road, are considerably more significant than those house owners located in other places.

In all the towns sections, commercial and business areas are located all along the project road. Therefore, the affected businesses will be paid adequate cash compensation for rebuilding (or alternative premises provided for those who rent from government). They will be allowed to retain the remaining portion of the house for commercial use and will also be paid disturbance allowance for loss of earnings and to cover any of the other incidental expenses associated with having to move. Irrespective of the location of the area, the unit costs are taken to be identical for the similar types of houses.

8.6.2 Valuation/Compensation of crops lost from Permanent Dispossession/Loss of Agricultural Land

The principle for permanent loss of agricultural land is that it should be compensated with land for land compensation (or land for land replacement) in those areas where land is available for replacement. In the extent at which the agricultural land lost cannot be replaced, the principles for monetary compensation will apply.

Cash compensation is paid for loss of crops and trees found on permanently and temporarily lost agricultural land and acquired for the construction of the project road. The compensation rates for loss of trees and crops from lost agricultural land are established by the woreda agriculture and rural development office.

FDRE Proclamation 455/2005, Article 8 (displacement Compensation) No. 1; “A rural landholder whose landholding has been permanently expropriated shall, in addition to the compensation payable under article 7 of this proclamation, be paid displacement compensation which shall be equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land”

The principle of compensation also follows that of income restoration of PAPs. According to the five year average crop budget and gross income is calculated and the proportion of income equivalent to land loss is determined.

Taking into account the nature of road upgrading project, the extent of land expropriation on the sections concerned, is more than expected with regards to its RAP Report (Final) Page 70

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Therefore, to compensate the forgone benefit from agricultural land, cash compensation for affected land only will not be sufficient. Hence, the compensation considered in this RAP for such households considers the whole land with livelihood assistance.

The basis for the valuation of compensation is based on the different types of crops grown in the area and according to its current market prices. Therefore, in order to estimate compensation for the loss of crops the valuation for compensation is calculated on the crops that are commonly planted and grow in the project area.

The compensation procedures both for crops and other affected properties will follow ERA procedures and consult with Woreda administration offices. ERA’s right of way agents will execute the expropriation and the payment of compensation for the loss of crops and trees in accordance with agreed rate. The decisions taken will as is the practice, be documented with meeting minutes or protocols and receipts upon payment. The documents will as usual, be available at local government offices and at the ERA headquarters. Compensation rates for loss of crops and trees will be based on market values and cover a cash value of the loss estimated until the new crop or tree comes to maturity. The process and the necessary actions to be taken will be concluded after consultations with local governments and the ERA.

8.6.3 Valuation and Compensation for Public Utility Lines

Public utilities that may be affected due to the construction of the project road include, underground and overhead telephone and electricity lines, ducts, poles, telecom fiber optics, water mains, fittings, etc.

Relocation is normally carried out by the service providers upon payment of relocation cost and needs to be completed prior to commencement of the works, in order to avoid delaying the contractor. ERA will be responsible to notify the appropriate authorities of the relevant dates, and request completion of relocation works before the commencement of the construction works.

8.7 Unit Costs

Unit costs for indemnification of properties have been established by the Consultant based on information collected from the local people on current local market value, and other relevant regional offices.

8.7.1 House

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The following basic rates corresponding to types of houses encountered along the project area are estimated as follows:

Table 37 : Basic Unit rates of Houses per Woreda

Average Unit Cost No. Woreda Type of Houses By Construction Material /M.Sq. area

1 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 469.63

2 Wood+ Mud wall with Thatched Roof and Mud floor 153.14

3 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Cemented floor 502.00

4 Masonry+ Mud Wall with CIS Roof and mud floor 190.00 Debrebirhan 5 and Baso Masonry+ Mud Wall with Thatched Roof and Mud floor 50.00 Werana 6 Dry Masonry Wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 190.00

7 Hollow Block Wall with CIF Roof and Cemented floor 685.00

8 Wood Stick Wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 157.93

9 Wood Stick Wall with Thatched Roof and Mud floor 190.00 10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Cemented floor 594

1 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 533.48

2 Wood+ Mud wall with Thatched Roof and Mud floor 293.66

3 Wood+ Mud wall with CIS Roof and Cemented loor 610.67

4 Ankober Masonry Wall with Thatch Roof and mud floor 500.00 5 Masonry+ Mud Wall with CIS Roof and Timber floor 600

8 Wood Stick Wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 319.01

9 Wood Stick Wall with Thatched Roof and Mud floor 294.00 10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Cemented floor 594 10 CIS Wall with CIS Roof and Mud floor 240

7.7.2 Trees

The unit cost for trees in the project corridor was collected form respective woredas and taken with some considerations of adjustment for some over and under estimations realizing that the costs given were not in terms of age but in terms of local naming as Gind /Post to refer the age above 10 years and the like .

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Table 38: Basic Unit rates of Trees

Woreda Type of Tree Age Group Unit Cost Post 140 DebreBirhan Eucalyptus Truss 18 & Basso Stick 10 Werana Seedling 3 Conifer Post 140 Sub-Total Post 300 Truss 35 Eucalyptus Stick 3 Seedling 1 Post 600 Ankober Conifer Stick 60 Seedling 6 Apple 80 Enset Post 10 Weira 200 Gesho 3 to5 Years 25

7.7.3 Farm Land

The local unit cost by crop type was also collected form respective workeda agricultural bureaus. However, it was difficult to estimate for the exact types of crops that the individual household farmer uses the land to cultivate. Because during the household survey when the individuals were asked to report the type of crops they cultivate using the land, they responded more than one type of crop on the same strip of land. Therefore, only major type of crops produced in the corridor were used to fix the unit rate for calculation of compensation. The major crops selected were Barley, wheat and Beans and the weighted average was used as a unit cost.

Table 39: Basic Unit rates of Crops

Basona Werana Woreda

Average/Year 3years 3Years Cost with Productivity(Qt. Average average 20% inflation Crop Type per ha) Price /Qt Production cost rate in 3 years Barley 21.79 254.00 23.37 306.67 368.00 Wheat 23.36 321.60 25.64 416.00 499.20 Beans 20.242 263.60 22.07 324.33 389.20 Pea 15.198 319.00 15.97 378.33 454.00 Lentile 8.366 576.60 9.28 712.67 855.20 Checkpea/Fieldpea 12.37 326.60 13.95 424.33 509.20 Protected Grass/Grazing land 10000/ha 10000/ha 12000/ha RAP Report (Final) Page 73

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Avarge productivity and Cost of Major crops 23.69 349.00 418.80

Ankober Woreda

Average/Year 3years 3Years Cost with 20% Productivity(Qt. Average average inflation rate in Crop Type per ha) Price /Qt Production cost 3 years Teff 10.8 1,000.00 9.00 1,033.33 1,240.00 Wheat 15.4 530.00 14.00 416.67 500.00 Barley 18.2 368.00 16.00 313.33 376.00 Sorghum 15.6 640.00 10.33 616.67 740.00 Maize 13.8 488.00 9.33 460.00 552.00 Beans 15.4 620.00 14.33 416.67 500.00 Pea 9.6 646 8.67 443.33 532.00 Lentile 9.8 1120 8.67 833.33 1,000.00 9.2 Checkpea/Fieldpea 9.6 378 7.67 500.00 600.00 Protected Grass/Grazing land 10000/ha 10000/ha 12,000.00 Avarge productivity and Cost of Major crops 14.78 382.22 458.67

Source: Basona Werana & Ankober Woreda Agricultural Bureau 2010 and 2011

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9. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND ENTITLEMENT MATRIX

ERA has clearly set the eligibility criteria for resettlement/relocation in the RRPF and Environmental Procedure Manual. Both documents are in line with the eligibility criteria contained in FDRE Constitution and World Bank’s OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement.

FDRE’s constitution, ERA’s RRPF and the Bank's policy objective is to at least maintain the level of living under "without-project" situation, a strategy for enabling PAPs to maintain their former standard of living needs to be linked to what PAPs have lost. Therefore, persons affected by land acquisition, and relocation and/or rehabilitation of structures/assets, are entitled to a combination of compensation measures and resettlement assistance, depending on the nature of ownership rights of lost assets and scope of the impact, including social and economic vulnerability of the affected persons. In general terms, the affected persons in the Project will be entitled to various types of compensation and resettlement assistance that will help in the restoration of their livelihoods, at least, to the pre-project standards.

The preparation and content of this RAP is within Ethiopia’s existing legal and administrative framework and World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP4.12). In case of conflicts or gaps between the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) law and Bank Policy, Bank policy will prevail as the final and this RAP will be an international credit agreement between the Government of Ethiopia and the Bank.

The following criteria, which are contained in OP/BP 4.12, are adopted for this RAP; • Those who have formal legal right to land (including customary and traditional rights recognized by law of the country); • Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such lands or assets - provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan • Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying

It is also evident that all affected parties or PAPs may not be eligible for resettlement and there may be encroachers to the ROW or some new inflow of people into the right-of-way seeking eligibility for compensation. Hence, those persons who encroach on the area after a ‘cut-off date’ will be subject to expropriation and will not be entitled for compensation. During Public consultations and meetings held with local officials, it was confirmed that local authorities agreed to ensure that no person will be allowed to encroach to the ROW after the cutoff date.

Squatters (in urban or rural areas) and encroachers (into community and state forest areas) may be relatively recent arrivals on unused land. If such people arrived before the entitlements cut-off date they are eligible for compensation for any structures,

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crops or land improvements that they will lose. The government should pay the equivalent amount of relocation/rehabilitation assistance.

For squatters who do not depend on agriculture, Woreda officials can identify alternative income restoration options in close consultation with the squatters themselves. Squatters who occupy right of way can be provided with housing or income-earning opportunities elsewhere. Since the rationale is to protect vulnerable groups.

Based on analysis of the impact of the project and the criteria for eligibility, the entitlement matrix proposes eligibility and payments for all kinds of losses (e.g., land, housing, businesses, and temporary loss of income, displacement, and moving costs). It sets standards for compensation.

The following entitlement matrix is developed based on categories of PAPs according to losses and their entitlement benefits.

Table 40: Entitlement Matrix

Type of Definition of Compensation Application Implementation issues loss entitled person policy Permanent Arable land Farmers who -Land for land -Identify arable land close to loss of located along have usufruct replacement the affected community arable the project road right to cultivate -If land is not -List down affected and land the land available in close entitled households proximity provide -Compensate for lost crop as full compensation per the law in cash, based on -Rehabilitate land used the market value temporarily at the end of the of the land construction period Loss of Housing A person who -Full -A list of available structure in residential structures owns housing compensation each affected community area located in the infrastructure payment to cover -Compensations provided /house/ site -A person with no the loss of -If agreement has been reached formal legal housing structure on mode of compensation rights or claim - Relocate settlement, provide evidence structures structure to site acceptable to PAPs Loss of Loss of Owner of the Full A list of available commercial commerci commercial and commercial and compensation in each affected community al and business business activities payment to the -compensation provided business activities who over operates owner -If agreement has been reached activities the business at the -Relocate on mode of compensation site of the business or settlement, provide evidence. infrastructures. commercial activity to site acceptable to the

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Type of Definition of Compensation Application Implementation issues loss entitled person policy affected persons.

Loss of Housing Tenants who have Comparable or Tenants (renters) will be Rented structures rented houses better dwelling compensated for the Houses located in along either from a house from the inconvenience but the ROW kebele urban Kebele compensation will be paid to administration or administration for the urban Kebele or municipal from individual renters (tenants) administrations. landlords. at same rental costs and Renters from individul tenants displacement will be compensated for the compensation inconvinience in the same way equivalent to the as renters form kebele. But the three months rent. compensation shall be paid to owners of the house.

Loss of Trees and other Land owner, Full -Make inventory of trees trees plant species concession compensation -Determine individual need or located on the holder, squatters, payment based on compensation volumes land for the communities who type, age and -An assessment for structure for the utilize the land diameter of trees maintaining that kind of infrastructure, where trees and -provide vegetation and the other plant equivalent land -If agreement has been reached infrastructure species are nearby for on mode of compensation easement areas located replanting settlement, provide evidence

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10. COMPENSATION PAYMENT AND PROCEDURES

Compensation procedures and civil works schedule will be established by the ERA’s Right of Way Branch (ROW). All compensation payments will be effected ahead of the civil works. Compensation procedures will include the following four steps.

Compensation & property valuation committees : Compensation committees will be initiated by ERA’s ROW Branch & established at Woreda level. Once established, compensation committees will conduct the registration of affected properties and the number of PAPs; and shall establish the compensation rates, taking into account, Proclamation 455/2005 & ERA’s RRPF requirements.

Assessment of replacement values : All types of assets affected by the upgrading of the project road will be identified and compensated at replacement value by the compensation committees to be established at woreda level.

Establishment of compensation rates : Compensation rates will be established to effect the compensation payment. For instance, compensation of trees will take into account the distinction between various type of trees and their economic values; fruit trees versus non -fruit trees etc.

Effecting compensation payment : Compensation payment shall be effected for the affected properties through the compensation committee to be established at woreda administration or municipality level.

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11. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS

Compensation payment should be effected after the property valuation committee makes the final estimate of compensation payable for the affected properties at a replacement cost and finally approved by ERA. Following the ERA’s practice, compensation is only paid to the PAP after a written consent in the presence of members of the property valuation committee.

If a PAP refuses the amount of compensation payment suggested by the property valuation committee, litigation is settled by regular courts. Each individual PAP has the right to refuse the compensation rate proposed and take his case to the court if he finds the compensation to be under market value. However, the preferred option of dispute settlement ought to be the option of settling the dispute amicably because recourse to courts may take a very long time even years before a final decision is made and therefore, should not be the preferred option for both parties concerned.

Grievances are first preferred to be settled amicably whenever possible. That is, positive discussions are made to convince the affected PAP in the presence of elders, local administration representative or any influential person in the locality. If the PAP is not convinced with what has been proposed, as stated above, he can take the case to the court.

However, to avoid taking the case to court and to speedily and amicably settle the dispute arbitrational tribunal (Grievance Committee) will be established by ERA. The tribunal will be established by members drawn from each Woreda, ROW agent and representatives of PAPs. According to the Directive No 7/2002, the members of the tribunal will be:

• A justice Officer as a chair person; • Two residents of the town where the land is located, and • Two representatives of government offices

The procedures that will be adopted by the arbitrational tribunal members to address grievances redress are;

• Transparent and simple to understand • Free access to the procedures • Rapidly activating the procedures • Representatives of PAPs should be part of the committee during deciding how to respond the grievances • The response time between activating the procedure and reaching a resolution should be as short as possible

In case the dispute is not resolved, then if any of the Party disagrees, the aggrieved party has the right to appeal to the ordinary courts of law. According to FDRE Proclamation N0.455/2005, Article 11, sub article 1 states; an aggrieved PAP residing in rural area, “In rural areas and in urban centre where an administrative organ to hear grievances related to urban landholding is not yet established, a complaint

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Similarly, a PAP from urban area “may lodge his complaint to the administrative organ established by the urban administration to hear grievances related to urban landholdings”

A party dissatisfied by the decision of the administrative organ and the court may appeal to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court within 30 days from the date of decision. The decision of the court will be final.

Furthermore, proclamation 455/2005 also makes it clear that even if a PAP lodges his complaint to a regular court or administrative organ, the execution of an expropriation order may not be delayed or stopped.

11.1 Function of the Grievance Committee (GC)

The broad functions of the GC are the following:

The affected person will file his discontents in writing to committee chairperson. The grievance needs to be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person is unable to write, he shall obtain assistance to write the note and emboss the letter with his thumb print;

The GC records the grievances of PAPs categories and prioritizes them and provides solution to their grievances related to replacement land and compensation.

If required, the GC would undertake site visit and ask for relevant information from the project authorities, etc.

Fix a time frame to resolve the grievances and the time frame has to be short as possible

Inform the aggrieved parties about the development of their respective cases and their decision to the project authorities and the aggrieved parties as well.

The following steps should be followed in order to achieve consensus for any grievance related to any aspect of the project.

a) The affected person should file his grievance to the RIC. The grievance note should be written, signed and dated by the aggrieved person.

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b) The RIC should respond within seven (7) days. Thus, any meetings and discussions to be held with the aggrieved person should be conducted within this time frame. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, then other experts may need to be brought into value the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this case, the aggrieved person must be notified that his/her complaint is being considered.

c) If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome of the meetings, is passed on to the grievance committee.

d) The Grievance Committee will then attempt to resolve the problem within seven days of the complaint being lodged with them, again through dialogue and negotiation. If no agreement is reached at this stage, then the complaint is taken to the Arbitration Appraisal Committee.

e) The Arbitration Appraisal Committee (AAC) will embark on further negotiations with the aggrieved PAP. If the PAP does not agree on the decision of the Arbitration Appraisal Committee, he/she may appeal to the Zonal courts of law within three months from the decision of the committee.

The whole mechanism of RIC, GC and AAC will hear grievances once in 7 days. However, as the entire resettlement and rehabilitation process has to be completed before road construction work starts, these committees may meet frequently and more than once every 7 days, depending upon the number of such cases.

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12. RESETTLEMENT MEASURES

Based on the operational policies of ERA's Resettlement/Rehabilitation policy framework and WB policy on involuntary resettlement the WB (OP/BP 4.12), description of the packages of compensation is established at a replacement cost. The resettlement measures will assist each category of eligible displaced persons to achieve the objectives of the policy of ERA and WB.

The resettlement measures will make use of the outcomes of the household census survey, legal and administrative framework and public consultation.

The public consultation takes the opinion of the PAP's into consideration, in addition to being technically and economically feasible, the resettlement packages would be compatible with the cultural and economical preferences of the displaced people, and will be prepared in consultation with PAPs.

Table 41 : Resettlement Loss and Mitigation Measures Required

Type of Loss Mitigation Measures Loss of productive • Compensation at replacement rates, or replacement, for assets, including land, lost incomes and livelihoods. Income substitution and income and livelihood transfer costs during reestablishment plus income restoration measures in the case of lost livelihoods Loss of housing, • Compensation for lost housing and associated assets at possibly entire replacement rates; relocation options including community structures, relocation site development if required; plus measures systems, and services to restore living standards. • Provide (or finance resettled persons) housing, infrastructure (e.g., water supply, feeder roads), and social services (e.g., schools, health services). • Ensure comparable services to host populations; any necessary site development, engineering, and architectural designs for these facilities. Loss of other assets Compensation at replacement rates or replacement Loss of community Replacement if possible, or compensation at repl acement resources, habitat, rates; restoration measures cultural sites, and goods

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13. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS

There are a number of crucial activities that will be performed to make the physical relocation of the people under this project possible. Assuming that no budget constraints, the tentative time within which the compensation program will take place is proposed to be a maximum of 16 weeks. All compensation aspects of the program could be completed ahead of the civil works if it is planned properly. The re- establishment/re-housing transition period is minimized and believed to be adequate (4 to 6 months) if proper support is provided during the transition period.

ERA's Environmental & Social Management Team will be responsible for the monitoring the implementation of RAP. The office will coordinate, monitor and supervise local RAP implementation, and ensure a successful completion of RAP on behalf of ERA.

Woreda authorities, rural and kebele administration officials in each of the affected areas of the project were consulted as how to implement the compensation process either in rural or urban areas. The institutions that were consulted are the ones that have got direct responsibility on the issue. From the point of view of giving high priority to the project, Woreda officials have confirmed that implementation of the RAP will be effectively and efficiently undertaken within reasonable time specified by the client.

In the project area, there are no NGOs operating in development activities related resettlement, and Ethiopian law also does not permit NGOs to operate in such activities also. Hence, the organizations that would be responsible to implement the project include mainly Government institutions at woreda and kebele administration levels.

In the entire project area, the above mentioned institutions were consulted about the mechanisms on the implementation processes and they have stated unanimously that the respective offices as well as the people are expecting the construction of the road since many years back, and they will provide any assistance that is believed to speed up the compensation and the civil work of the road.

In all the affected Woredas and towns councils, the composition of Implementing Committees have been proposed and the responsibilities assigned for each organization or body is mainly on the basis of their legal mandates responsibilities given to each office.

The Implementation Committee will have the mandate, authority to ensure the proper implementation as per the RAP, assess the timely payment of compensation to the PAPs and other support mechanisms. The committee would report directly to the Woreda Administration offices, to Municipalities in town sections and to ERA. An estimated lump sum of Birr 500,000 is allocated for the implementation committee to carry out its activities. In addition the above, cost for mobilization and training of PAPs, which about 5% of the compensation estimate is also included.

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The Consultant has identified relevant institutions and organizations that would have impact for the implementation of RAP, and their contribution or role for the successfully implementation of the RAP. In this regard, Woreda Administration Offices, Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Offices, Municipalities of those towns located along the project road and Kebele administrations play very important role in the implementation of the RAP.

The organizations as well as their assumed responsibilities are presented in summarized form in the table below. These proposed participants will form an ad hoc committee, which assumes a form of organizational structure.

Table 42: List of Formal and Informal Institutions that will be Consulted during Implementation of the RAP

No Organizations Responsibility Budget Allocation, Coordination and implementation of the compensation and resettlement action plan and Ethiopian Roads Monitoring & evaluation. Monitor the restoration of 1 Authority services/utilities affected by the construction works, such as, water supply and power supply Coordinate the whole resettlement issue, facilitate Woreda Administration compensation for PAP, and facilitate land for land 2 Offices compensation, facilitate the relocation sites and the restoration of services. Identify land for the relocation of PAP and provide support in restoration; and provide special attention and 3 Municipalities support for the disabled, sick, elderly and female headed households Woreda Agriculture and Coordination and support of PAP and preparation of cost 4 Rural Development estimates Offices Provide advice on the fairness in relocation process and 5 Kebele Administrations valuation of compensation and coordinate on the support to be made for elders, FHH and elderly Represents PAP in all meetings and discussions held 6 Representatives of PAP with ROW branch of ERA and with other offices 7 Telecommunication Relocation of telephone lines Ethiopian Electric 8 Relocation of Electric poles and power supply Power Corporation 9 Urban Water Supply Relocation of water supply pipes and construct new line Services in areas where PAP will be re-housed/relocated

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The implementation of the compensation process will follow site selection, site preparation and relocation phases.

When resettlement is done in cluster, the selection of the appropriate site should be made among different and possible candidate sites. However, in road construction project there will not be any requirement for site selection and preparation since there will not be any resettlement of PAPs in a cluster. There will only be relocation of few PAPs.

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14. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The social management plan specifies mitigation and monitoring measures & actions with time frames, specific responsibilities assigned and defines the follow-up actions. Mitigation measures for the negative impacts have to be carried out at different stages of the road construction & operation phases.

During the design stage the consultant should incorporate proposed mitigation measures in the design and tender documents. The contractual agreement should also include articles to enforce the environmental issues. Construction stage activities are mainly the responsibility of the contractor and that of the construction supervision consultant. The actual physical implementation works are carried out mostly at this stage. The ESMB of ERA has to make periodic inspection and performance evaluation of the works during the construction period to monitor the proper implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

Mitigation measures proposed for the socio-economic issues like compensation to loss of properties, lost/degraded plots of land should be handled by a committee, composing of representatives of all stakeholders, including ERA, other local government administrative organs, NGOs, and the affected group as per the RAP proposal.

Environmental issues during the operation phase of the road shall be handled by the owner of the road infrastructure, the relevant department in ERA. The staff of the department or a designated unit in the department should acquire basic knowledge of the environmental monitoring activities to effectively assume the responsibility.

14.1 Pre-Construction phase

a) Engineering Design : Based on the recommendations/requirements presented in this ESIA the engineering design needs to consider the following aspects; • minimize the disruption or relocation of large number of households by the road project; • implement appropriate/suitable and cost effective mitigation measures to minimize the adverse social impacts;

b) Preparation of Tender Documents : To ensure the proper implementation of environmental and social avoidance/mitigation measures as well as all safety/health issues, sufficiently detailed environmental and social articles and clauses have to be formulated and become an integral part of the works contract, thus providing a contractual basis for an effective supervision and control of the proposed measures.

c) Implementation of RAP and Compensation for PAPs : During the construction phase, a prior notice, not less than six months is given to local authorities and Project Affected Persons if they are going to be relocated and be compensated for loss of their assets.

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Compensation is carried out according to this RAP. The responsible bodies shall include, Woreda Administration Offices, Agriculture offices and Municipalities. ERA’s ROW agent will be a member of the compensation committee.

ERA’s ROW branch shall be the responsible body to conduct the final valuation of compensation of all affected properties. The compensation committee to be established at woreda level will finalize/approve the relocation, compensation amount(s) to be paid for each PAP as presented in the RAP document.

14.2 Construction Phase

Most of the project environmental management activities will be carried out during the construction phase, since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. Management will very largely be concerned with controlling impacts which may result from the actions of the Contractor, through enforcement of the construction contract clauses related to protection of the environment as a whole and of the components within it. In this respect, it is important to recognize that successful mitigation of construction impacts can only be achieved if the environmental protection measures, as set out in the construction contract, are properly enforced.

Overall primary responsibility for construction supervision and contract management, and, therefore, for environmental management during construction, will lie with the Engineer as defined in the construction contract. However, certain powers and authority relating to day-to-day supervision will be delegated by the Engineer to the Resident Engineer. The Resident Engineer will have executive responsibility for ensuring that all site environmental management and monitoring aspects are dealt with promptly and properly. The environmentalist assigned as a site supervision staff will be responsible for environmental management and monitoring, and their role in the management chain is crucial if effective impact control is to be achieved.

It is recommended that a Sociologist and Environmental Specialist (ES) be appointed as a member of the construction supervision team. The Environmental Specialist would be responsible for reviewing and commenting on environmental aspects of work plans prepared by the contractor during the mobilization period, while the Sociologist will be responsible for supervising the implementation of the Rap and HIV/AIDS and other social issues.

During the first year of construction, inputs from the Sociologist & that of the Environmentalists would be higher than the subsequent years. A total of 3-4 man months period id proposed for each one of them (2- man months is suggested in the first year, and 1man month every year).

ESMT of ERA is required to make periodic inspection of the performances and give advice on issues requiring rectifications as the construction progresses.

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ESMT staff shall supervise all issues contained in the Environmental and Social management Plan; • Compensation payment for lost properties, • Rehabilitation of PAPs, • Implementation of mitigation measures for the negative impacts; • Safety and health requirements; • HIV/AIDS and STD control measures; • Temporary land requirements and reinstatement; • Reinstatement / re-cultivation of abandoned road sections after the construction of a respective section of improved / realigned road is completed for compensation of crops and other assets located on permanently dispossessed land (replacement of land) as determined during the Implementation Preparation Phase; • Implementation of reinforcement measures for the positive impacts; • Implementation of pre-operation requirements.

The contractor’s obligations shall include the assignment of at least two of his senior staff as Environmental Officer and Safety/Health Officer, well experienced in their respective assignments, to be monitored by the supervising engineer. Contractor’s staffs are also recommended to attend training and briefing on the negative social impacts and on its mitigation and avoidance measures.

14.3 Post-Construction phase

Following the operation of the project road, awareness and education activities should be provided on road safety and other negative social impacts. ERA’s ESMT, Local authorities, Police men, NGOs and the contractor shall be responsible for the introduction and implementation of the awareness and educational activities.

Continued enjoyment of the benefits arising from implementation of the project will only be achieved if effective routine and periodic pavement, earthworks and drainage system maintenance is carried out in a timely manner. Environmental management and monitoring in this respect will be the responsibility of the Operations Department of ERA, with implementation being carried out either by the department itself or by contractors. The Environmental and Social Management Team within ERA is expected to play an overall advisory role during this phase.

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15. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR THE RAP

15.1 Implementation Process of the RAP

The consultant has identified the number of PAPs, assessed the properties to be affected (houses, trees, fences and crop) and determined the compensation rates taking into account the ERA’s requirements.

ERA will establish property valuation committees to confirm the RAP findings in each of the Woredas located in the project road construction works. Managing RAP implementation is the main responsibility of ERA’s ROW Branch and the local authorities. The Implementing Committee will coordinate and handle any problems encountered in RAP implementation, and will report its progress to ERA and local authorities. Local authorities will assist ERA in organizing the PAPs in the implementation of RAP.

The implementation of the resettlement/relocation process will pass through the following four different stages/ phases. The plan would include target dates for the achievement of expected benefits to the resettled/relocated or re-housed. The schedule will also indicate how the resettlement/relocation activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project.

15.1.1 Committee Strengthening Phase The Ethiopian Roads Authority will request the Woredas traversed by the project road to re-activate the compensation (property valuation) committee and to become operational and develop working document/guideline. The notification will contain the above recommended list of institutions that will be involved in the committee. It should also clearly put the time frame given to undertake the task.

15.1.2 Awareness Creation Phase At this phase, the compensation/implementation (property valuation) committee members at woreda level will prepare clear working guideline and procedures based ERA’s RRPF and in this RAP document. Any clarification about the scope of the project should be given by the client. The committee members in return will elaborate to the Project Affected Persons the working guidelines and procedures. It will elaborate the public and PAPs the criteria’s for resettlement/relocation, procedures and mechanisms that are related with compensation payment for affected properties.

15.1.3 Compensation Payment Phase The compensation payment phase is a stage whereby the compensation payment will be effected to PAPs. Compensation payment will be made to the proper owners of the assets. The payment will be effected to PAPs in front of the compensation committee members (which also includes women).

The funds for compensation payment will be made available by the Finance Department of ERA.

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15.1.4 Reporting Phase Each Woreda administration offices and Compensation (property valuation) committee will produce a report regarding their accomplishments for the implementation of the resettlement/relocation process and submit the report to ERA and copy to the respective Regional & Zonal Administration offices; and to the Federal & Regional Environmental Protection Authority.

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16. SCHEDULING AND TIMING

There will be a number of crucial and important activities to be performed to make the physical relocation of the people under this project possible. There will be a number of activities that will be undertaken either through the direct involvement of the Woreda administration offices and compensation (or property valuation) committees.

Assuming that there is will not be any budget constraints, the tentative time schedule within which the compensation payment will take place is proposed to be 6 -12 weeks. All the compensation payments, relocation of PAPs could be completed ahead of the civil works if it is implemented as per the plan shown in the RAP. The re- establishment/re-housing during the transition period is minimized and believed to be adequate if proper support is provided. The proposed time schedule is presented in the table below.

From the point of view of giving high priority to the project, the officials have confirmed that implementation of the RAP will be effectively and efficiently undertaken within reasonable time specified by the client.

The re-establishment/re-housing transition period is minimized and believed to be adequate (4 to 6 months) if proper support is provided during the transition period.

Table 43: Proposed Implementation Schedule of RAP on Quarterly Basis

2011 2012 2013 Quarter Quarter Quarter Major Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Detailed household survey xx xx

Evaluation of assets xx Formation & strengthening of xx xx implementation/compensation Committees Education and awareness Creation about xx xx RAP procedures and compensation payment Stakeholder Consultation xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx Notification prior to Compensation(90) xx Compensation for affected Properties xx

Grievance redress measures & relocation xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx

Monitoring and Evaluation xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx Completion Report Writing xx

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17. COSTS AND BUDGET FOR RESETTLEMENT / REHABILITATION

The Compensation/Implementing Committee will have the mandate, authority and ensure proper assessment and timely compensation to the PAPs. The committee would report directly to the Woreda Administrator and Head of the Municipality in urban areas, and ERA.

An itemized budget is required for the implementation of RAP including compensation. The RAP specifies the mechanisms for transferring and channeling funds to responsible organizations and agencies, for disbursement to PAPs.

Financial resources to carry out the compensation and re-housing plans will be made available by ERA when and where required and construction plan will be prepared in concert with relocation plans.

The cost and budget to be prepared will include cost breakdown tables showing itemized estimates for all resettlement/relocation activities. The costs may include allowances for inflation, compensation for loss of different types of assets and properties, for income restoration, transportation costs and contingencies. The total estimated cost for the land compensation including 5% addition each for possible contingencies and price escalations.

The task and responsibility of the implementation committee is challenging and tiresome and demands extra effort. Hence, it will pay allowance at the rate of civil service regulations. A number of professionals such as, agriculture experts and surveyors will be involved in the measuring the size of land and property. The involvement of the different experts will assist in the day-to-day task of the valuation of the affected assets. The types of costs which are likely to be required in a resettlement plan are set out below. Table 44: Preparing Resettlement/ Rehabilitation Budget Category Cost Item 1. Compensation -Compensation for assets (crop, trees, houses and related structues) -Comp ensation for income losses 2. Relocation and -Cost of moving and transporting moveable items transfer -Cost of replacement houses -Cost of site and infrastructural development -Subsistence allowance during transition period -Cost of replacement business and downtime of business 3. Income restoration -Cost for income restoration (training, small business) -Cost of incremental services (agricultural extension, health and educational services) -Costs for environmental enhancement measures 4. Administrative costs -Physical facilities (transport and material costs) -Operation and support staff cost (telephone, perdiem, etc) -Training and monitoring costs -Costs for the evaluation by external agencies

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17.1 Budget Requirement

The budget requirement for the different institutions and compensation committees will be prepared on the task and responsibility of each organization.

ERA will be responsible to plan, administer and oversee the resettlement and compensation process and to establish Compensation committee and for the implementation of this RAP at each Woreda level.

The task and responsibility of the committee will be challenging and demands extra effort. Hence, to motivate the members of the committee remuneration/daily allowance will be paid for the period that they are engaged in the committee work. The detail Terms of Reference (TOR) and guidelines will be drawn out by ERA’s ESMT when the compensation process commences.

17.2 ESTIMATING RAP COST

A valuation method for the compensation of PAPs shall be developed for those households that will be affected by the project both in rural and urban centers. The ROW width is mainly inside the 30 meters and 50 and above in the some sections where high cuts and fills are required. The methods to be adopted for valuing the affected assets and properties shall be based on a replacement cost. The compensation for the forgone benefits from affected farmlands will be estimated on the basis of the unit rates established in this RAP.

Compensation cost for crops & trees : The valuation of compensation is based on the different types of crops grown in the area and according to its current market prices and cover a cash value of the loss estimated until the new crop or tree comes to maturity. • Average price per crop type (five year average price for total loss) • Land type (irrigated and non irrigated) and size for each type of crop • Average production per hectare • Number of farming season (or production season) The cost estimates for the affected properties, trees and crops is based on the average local price collected from the respective woreda agencies.

Compensation cost for housing & related structures : The amount compensation payment is estimated on the basis of the type of the affected houses. The cost of each house that would be replaced is estimated on the basis of specification and bill of quantities prepared by the woredas in rural sections & municipalities for the town sections.

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PAPs that might lose their houses, fences and other related structures due to the construction of the project road will receive full replacement cost plus disturbance allowance.

Compensation for houses, fences and other structures affected by the project as described above shall take place at full replacement cost, even if they are affected or demolished partially.

No. Item Description No./Qt. Total Cost In ETB A Compensation for Bio-physical Structures 1 Replacement of Housing Structures 124 2,326,133.12 2 Replacement of Fences and Gates 70 195,788.50 3 Compensation for trees 34964 2,615,623.00 4 Compensation for crops on permanently Affected land 42.06 884,918.43 4.1 Compensation for crops on Temporarily Affected land 28.85 1,124,587.52 5 Relocation of public utilities 5.1 Electric poles and Transformers 183 429,649.23 5.3 Telephone Pole (TP) 8 20,000.00 5.4 Water Supply lines and Points 11 541,440.00 Sub-Total (A) 8,138,139.80 B Resettlement and Rehabilitation support Shifting Cost and Disturbance Allowance for 157 1 Households 157 314,000.00 Sub-Total (B) 314,000.00 C Support for project Implementation 1 External & Internal monitoring (27,000.00/man month) 6 162,000.00 2 Cost of Income restoration 89 1,046,255.00 3 PAPs Training Cost 36 72,000.00 Budget for RIC, Asset Valuation and Finalizing ROW 4 issues 580,000.00 3 5 Fee for NGO HIV /AIDS Activities Woredas 750,000.00 Socio-Environmental Management cost for Resettlement 6 area 500,000.00 Sub-Total (C) 3,110,255.00 Total (A+B+C) 11,562,394.80 D. Contingency (20%) of the total Cost 2,312,478.96 Grand Total ( ETB) 13,874,873.76

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18. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

Monitoring and Evaluation is an integral part of this RAP and will oversee re- establishing process of the Project Affected Person (PAP). It will be a compliance monitoring and this will assist to follow the type of measures incorporated in RAP documents, and the extent to which on these matters, as set out in the RAP, are complied with. It is the objective of ERA to use lessons from the monitoring and evaluation results to enhance the preparation and implementation of future resettlement action plans.

The monitoring and evaluation process will assess the implementation of the project and ensure that it is carried out as per the plan and as per the requirements of FDRE laws, policies and guidelines.

The basic monitoring principles will describe:

• The internal monitoring process; • Key monitoring indicators (provide a list of monitoring indicators, which would be used for internal monitoring); • Institutional (including financial) arrangements; • Frequency of reporting and content for internal monitoring, process for integrating feedback from internal monitoring into implementation; • Financial arrangements for external monitoring and evaluation, including process for awarding and maintenance of contracts for the duration of resettlement; • Methodology for external monitoring; • Key indicators for external monitoring, focusing on outputs and impacts; • Frequency of reporting and content for external monitoring and process for integrating feedback from external monitoring into implementation. • Analysis of the environmental and social performance or record of each sub-project

RAP reports indicate the arrangements for monitoring of resettlement/rehabilitation activities by the implementing agency, supplemented by independent monitors as considered appropriate by the donor, specially the World Bank for this particular project. Hence, both performance and impact monitoring of the RAP has to be carried out.

Performance monitoring : To ensure the complete and objective information; performance monitoring indicators will be used to measure inputs, outputs, and outcomes for resettlement activities. It also checks the involvement of the PAPs in the monitoring process.

Impact Monitoring : Impact monitoring is used to evaluate the impact of resettlement for a reasonable period after all resettlement and related development activities have been completed. It uses the results of resettlement monitoring to guide its subsequent implementation.

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For the monitoring and evaluation of the RAP activities, the Implementing Committee (to be established) together with ERA’s Environmental & Social Management Team (ESMT) will take a prime responsibility at the project area level. The committees through Woreda administration office, which is the coordinator for the implementing committee will follow and clarify the implementation processes, and whenever found to be necessary will arrange the ground for consultation with Project Affected Persons (PAP).

ERA’s Environmental & Social Management Team will be responsible to monitor and evaluate the RAP in consultation with Woreda administration office. The monitoring indicators that will be adopted include;

a. Number of PAPs and amount of compensation to be made b. Restoration and restitution of PAP; successful relocation of PAPs and income restoration c. Appropriateness of relocation sites d. Appropriateness of the time schedule for RAP e. Public infrastructures and social services re established f. Support and assistance made to vulnerable groups and women g. Appropriateness of grievance redress mechanisms

ERA's through the ESMT will assign a qualified Sociologist/Social scientist to conduct individual evaluations of PAPs re-establishment socio-economic progress. This service aims at evaluating, and reporting on, the level of living conditions and social services of the PAPs, both before and after the re-establishment. The evaluation will be done on quarterly and annual basis for two consecutive years. The monitoring and evaluation results will be based on a number of key indices for selected households, in combination with the special observation by the social scientist.

Woreda administration offices will produce a report regarding their accomplishments and submit to ERA and Amhara Regional States. The report will inform the client about the accomplished compensation process and make the site is ready for the construction of the road.

18.1 Internal Monitoring

Internal monitoring will be conducted by the ESMT of the ERA, following the plan described and the ERA management team should make the necessary follow-up to ensure that proper monitoring is being undertaken. Since the magnitude and complexity of the operations is not quite large, ERA will conduct the monitoring through field visits at least once a month. The local administration (Woreda) will also conduct its own monitoring of the RAP or in collaboration with the ESMT of ERA.

The monitoring report by ESMT staff will be submitted to local authorities (Woreda and Municipality). A copy of this will be submitted to EPA and ESMT of ERA. It will also be enclosed in the construction progress reports submitted by supervising engineers. Only in this way can RAP implementation be monitored and problems identified.

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18.2 External Monitoring and Evaluation

The external monitoring and evaluation will be done in a predictable manner and period. The Federal EPA and the regional EPA will be responsible for the external monitoring of the RAP. Both the Federal and Regional EPA’s have significant role in the external monitoring and evaluation of the RAP. The twice annual WB supervision missions will also serve as one of the external monitoring mechanisms.

The objective of the external monitoring and evaluation, which is also a post resettlement assessment will be done by an independent consultant (or an NGO) commissioned by ERA, to ensure that the project affected persons have secured and able to maintain at least their livelihood prior to the upgrading of the project road.

Hence, at the end of all expropriation/compensation operations a household survey will be carried out to evaluate the impacts of the resettlement and other implemented social mitigation measures. During the survey, Woreda, Municipalities and Kebele level administrations will be consulted to provide their assessments of the impacts of the mitigation measures applied.

After completion of the resettlement/rehabilitation operations, it is expected that PAPs should be better off than prior to resettlement. Therefore, resettlement/rehabilitation operations need to be monitored as regard performance and compliance with the set goals.

The evaluation report will be used as a planning instrument to correct pending issues and suggest a post-project monitoring period in the aim to ensure that PAPs have not been subject to impoverishment induced by the ERA’s RSDP operations.

To assess the achievements and progress of the implementation of the RAP, ERA will organize project completion workshops with other Government agencies, NGOs and representatives of PAPs. The findings of the survey and the workshops will be presented in the Project Completion report.

The monitoring and evaluation of RAP will show the contribution and role that road infrastructure may play in the effort of poverty reduction in Ethiopia.

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19. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF RAP

Public disclosure of the RAP has to be made to PAPs and other stakeholders for review and comments on entitlement measures and other issues in the implementation of the RAP. The purpose of the disclosure is to receive comments and suggestions from PAPs and incorporate appropriate suggestions.

The Public disclosure of RAP needs to be made in Amharic, language. This could be done; by publishing it on local newspapers, depositing /posting it in a range of publicly accessible places; such as, ERA’s Web site, Woreda offices, municipalities and kebele offices. Once it is disclosed, the public have to be notified through administrative and clan structures about the availability of the RAP documents and be requested to make their suggestions and comments.

Disclosed in Ethiopia and make copies available at ERA and distribute copies to the Woredas located in the project road corridor. The Public disclosure of RAP needs to be made in local languages (Amharic). The World Bank will also disclose the RAP through its Info shop upon the authorization of the Government of Ethiopia.

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20. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The construction of the project road will create better and improved market opportunities for the sale of agricultural products and consumer goods. When constructed it will create better market access for the local farmers, and their produces will fetch higher market prices in comparison to the current low prices. Further, due to the introduction and availability of improved agricultural inputs, production per hectare would also increase. Hence, with the increment of agricultural prices and increased production, household income level would also be improved.

The local economy would also show growth with the development of small business, investment projects; growth of urban centers, improved and efficient communication system, exposure to the advancement of technology and science through improved means of production. In general, employment opportunities will be created in the project area with the growth of the economy and improvement in the social services. The affected households who will lose strip of their land(less than 20% of total land) could continue their livelihood in the remaining plot of land; however they need to be compensated as per the law for losing their crops, trees, and some other perennial crops. Special arrangements and livelihood support should be provided to 18 HHs who will be losing more than 20% of their land without replaceable land and 53 HHs with land for land substitution based on proposed options or further study of options. The population residing in the project area and in particular those along the project road would like the construction of the road to start immediately. In all the public consultations held with different groups of the local community, and government officials as well as professional experts working in the project area, it was clear that the local population, PAPs and other stakeholders have expressed positively about the construction of the project during public consultations and meetings held in all major towns and woredas located along the project road.

On the down side, the construction of the project road would create some negative impacts on the local population. The negative impacts are mainly related to the spread of communicable diseases, the spread of HIV/AIDS, traffic accidents and injuries. The negative impacts could be managed if proper mitigation measures are carried out, as suggested in this report.

The construction of the project road could be successfully implemented if it properly addresses both the positive and negative social impacts that would be created during the implementation of the project.

ERA in the preparation of its tender document for the construction of the road needs to ensure that clauses both for the environmental and social issues are included as suggested in this study and from other relevant documents including the ESIA . The contractor should also be obliged to implement environmental and social clauses included in the contract document.

The monitoring of the project implementation has to be done on a regular basis by ESMT of ERA, ROW and Sociologist assigned by the supervision consultant. The

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Sociologist assigned by the supervision consultant has to copy its monitoring report to ESMT and ROW.

Other stakeholders, such as EPA, local authorities and the public also need to be invited and consulted by ERA from time to time and give their opinion and suggestion regarding the implementation of the project. The contractor also has to work in close cooperation with local authorities and strictly adhere to local regulations and ensure to avoid conflict and misunderstanding with local population and government.

In general, there are no socio economic conditions or grounds that will affect the project from not proceeding to its implementation provided that recommended reinforcement and mitigation measures are strictly adhered by all concerned bodies.

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21. REFERENCES

1. FDRE, CSA, Annual Abstract, January 2010. 2. ERA, Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework, December 2006 3. FDRE, Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1995. 4. FDRE, National Policy on Women, March1993. 5. Ministry Of Women’s Affairs, National Plan of Action for Gender Equality, 2006. 6. FDRE, Proclamation for the establishment of ERA, 1997. 7. FDRE, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, 1997. 8. FDRE, A Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002). 9. FDRE, Proclamation on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005). 10. The EIA Guideline Document of EPA (2000). 11. The Procedural EIA Guideline of EPA (2003). 12. World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.12) on Involuntary Resettlement, December 2002. 13. World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.11) on Physical Cultural Resources, January 2006. 14. Ankober Woreda Socio-Economic Profile, 2009. 15. Basona Werena Woreda, Socio- Economic Profile, 2009. 16. North Shewa Zone Socio- Economic Profile, Debre Berhan, 2009.

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX 1 - INVENTORY OF PROJECT AFFECTED PROPERTIES

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ANNEX 1 -1 Affected Houses

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ANNEX 1 - 2 Affected Fences and Gates

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ANNEX 1 - 3 Affected Farm Land

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ANNEX 1 - 4 Affected Tress

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ANNEX 1 – 5 LIST OF PUBLIC UTILITIES

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ANNNEX 2 - MINUTES OF MEETING OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

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ANNNEX 3 - CONFIRMATION LETTER

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ANNEX 4- LOCAL UNIT COST

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ANNEX 5 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF AFFECTED PROPERTIES

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Affected House at project start Milk Distribution shop at Deble Kebele

Existing Quarry site near the realigned Road Sample of affected farm land at the section at km 5+800t realined section, in Debele Section

Houses to be affected at Debele keble town, km 20+060 & 20+340 respectively

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A protestant Prayer House at km 39, Ankober Affected Fence at km 40, realigned section Town

A house to be affected at km 40, Ankober Town A water Point at km 41, Ankober Adjecent to St Michael Church

Relocation site at Ankober Town Sample of HH census

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ANNEX 6 - PROJECT MAP

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ANNEX 7 - RESPONSE AND CLARIFICATIONS TO COMMENTS ON THE RAP REPORT

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Response/ Clarification for Comments

Reference No /Page Comments Response lt1 Project location • The project description is scattered and incomplete. The Comment accepted and additional project description road length and ROW is given; the text states that the is added under section 1.1 & 1.2 as per the comment. gravel road will be widened and improved (P.9). But there However, there are no towns and villages isolated/ is no presentation of how and how these improvements bypassed due to realigned sections except Ankober will be made (e.g., new alignment, cuts or fills that might town due to reasons clarified in public consultation leave houses isolated). There is no discussion of drainage section. All the villages and towns crossed are also works associated with the improved road. Borrow pits, shown in the project map annexed to the RAP quarries and detours (the entire 42Km length of the road) are discussed, but oddly, in the section on Socio-economic Regarding drainage works, it was clearly detailed in survey. the ESIA report.

The purpose of discussing land required outside of the ROW in socio-economic survey section is to show the impacts resulted from survey.

• Everyone would likely agree with the probable benefits of • Comment accepted and additional description of the the improved road. There is, however, no demonstration project including project location and justification for that a 50m ROW in rural areas and a 30 m ROW in urban ROW width is provided in section 1.2. It is also to be areas is required to achieve these benefits (p.8). noted that 50m width is taken in exceptional cases as there is high cuts and fills. Otherwise, the ROW width is mainly 30 m and the report is amended accordingly.

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Reference No /Page Comments Response • Similarly, important information about minimization of resettlement is presented in section 6, Consultation, because there is no dedicated section to project Description 2 Economic • National legislation outlines appropriate indemnification The consultant appreciates the comment very much Rehabilitation for rural farming populations—the replacement of land and it was very constructive. The amendments Program(a.) over cash compensation (sections4.3.2,[p.25] and 4.3.3 regarding this are done in detail under sections 7.7 to and elsewhere.),if land is available. Otherwise generous 7.10. cash compensation is paid ( ten time the value of the crop lost; p.25). According to the amendment made, it is only 18 HHs • who will lose more than 20% of land and for whom The concern that arises is that where land is not available, land for land replenishment is not possible. For the cash compensation is helpful in the short-term, but it is remaining 53 HHs availability of land for land is not sustainable. At some point, the farmers who have lost ensured through the Woreda Administration with their land to the project will run out of money. Therefore, written confirmation which is attached to this report. livelihoods programs have to be put in place in order to at least restore, and hopefully improve livelihoods, income and standards of living. This is a legally agricultural region: 80 percent of the land to be taken is farmed (p.46). However, no alternative livelihoods program (apart from vague ‘PAP mitigation measures (p.32) lacks specificity. The RAP can not merely state that “special arrangements and livelihood support should be provided to 71 hhs [households] who will be losing more than 20% of their land based on proposed options or further study of

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Reference No /Page Comments Response options: (p.91). the RAP will detail what actions will be taken to assist these families-what land will be replaced, whether that land requires work before it can be farmed, what the timetable for land acquisition/replacement / preparation is in terms of the agricultural cycle and all other concerns relevant to replacing farmland. The RAP will also specify what agencies will collaborate with the ERA in these endeavors since ERA has no special expertise in the matters such as agricultural development or small-enterprise development. b. The fact that the vast majority of PAP’s prefer cash The fact that was indicated in p.22 is just the information indemnification (p.22) is no justification for this resulted forms the household survey of PAPS when they approach. Poor people have a constant need for cash, were asked to choose compensation options from and will almost always opt for cash payment; they provided lists. However, this does not mean that it is may also distrust the project authority to fulfill its taken as an approach for compensation. Furthermore, the promises. For these reasons, in kind compensation is compensation approaches depend on the ownership of strongly recommended in rural areas. Where cash the assets affected (e.g. Government owner, renters, payment is justified and made, the project must private owners etc.) as shown in table of Entitlement institute serious measures to ensure that the Matrix (Table 40). compensation monies are used for the purpose intended. The present draft RAP includes no Regarding the complimentary measures to assist the discussion of what complementary measures will be PAPs, it was discussed under section 13( Organizational put in place to assist PAPs, how the project will ensure Procedures for delivery of entitlements ) and in the that the funds are used for the purposes intended, what Public consultation as well, where all the relevant the consequences will be for inappropriate use of the stakeholders were aware of the RAP implementation funds, and the like. These points are fundamental process and pledged their commitment to assist the

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CONSULTANCY SERVICE FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN, TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARATION AND CONSTRUCTION ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY SUPERVISION FOR THE DEBRE BIRHAN – ANKOBER ROAD PROJECT

Reference No /Page Comments Response because the international policy to restore livelihoods PAPS. and standards of living, which is more stringent that mere cash compensation.

c. These measure will be detailed in section 12, Resettlement Measures

3 Rights to land • The fact that all land is legally owned by the state does • Comment accepted and additional paragraph not mean that there are no rights to land. The RAP regarding the difference in indemnification is specifically mentions: lease, certificate of holding, private included under section 4.3.3. The constitution of donation, and family inheritance (p.25), as well as renters Ethiopia gives people the use right which enables the (p.62). The nature of these rights needs to be clarified in user the right to use land and benefit from the fruits the RAP, and any differences in rights to indemnification of his/her which may be crops, trees, etc. found on made clear. the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc.

• Furthermore, a table showing difference in polices of Ethiopia and World Bank is added under section 4.4.4. (Table 23 ). 4 Institutional • The need to define a complementary income restoration • Comment accepted and included under section 7.8. It capacity, program raises the question of the institutional capacity of is the zonal and Woreda level agricultural experts training and ERA to carry out these activities. The institutional who will be responsible to provide relevant supports complementary analysis of ERA is limited to the ROW brunch and the and trainings to the PAPs with the budget included in assistance ESMT (Environment and Social Management Team). the compensation cost for training. Neither of these units is discussed in any detail, so there is no indication of how many stuff, with what qualifications

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CONSULTANCY SERVICE FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN, TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARATION AND CONSTRUCTION ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY SUPERVISION FOR THE DEBRE BIRHAN – ANKOBER ROAD PROJECT

Reference No /Page Comments Response and experience are available for the income restoration program. If the implementing agency lacks the staff to carry out these required activities, the RAP will have to detail the measures that will be out in place to complement ERA and budget appropriately for that assistance. 5 Grievance • The grievance system is evidently improved over the • In the Ethiopian context, there are no NGOs involved Redress original presentation, but still provides scant detail. For in Resettlement and this was stated in section 13, example, will an NGO or other independent external paragraph 5. agency play any role? What is the timeframe for receiving Regarding the time frame and how complaints are and reviewing complaints? How will they be registered if entertained by the grievance tribunal, additional the complaints are illiterate? What are the investigatory detail is provided under section 11( Grievance powers of the tribunal? All such matters need to be redress Mechanism ). spelled out in explicit detail.

6 Project • The project timetable is incomplete and schematic. For • The rehabilitation period was considered in the timetable example, the ‘re-establishment/re-housing transition Grievance redress period. Because GR process is not period… (4to6 months)’ is not indicated in table 42. There independent process but it goes while the reinstitution is no indication of when reconstitutions of detours along of PAPs agreed takes place in 6 months time as per the entire 42 km of roadway will be undertaken (p.53). the law (Please see table 23 also). However, additional amendment is made on the schedule. • Regarding the period of reconstitutions of detours, it cannot be predicted now. It is to be included in the contractors work contract.

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Reference No /Page Comments Response 7 Monitoring • The monitoring program needs to emphasize successful Comment accepted and incorporated accordingly in relocation of families income restoration the 2 nd bullet of Internal Monitoring.

8 Disclosure • The RAP will be distributed not only nationally (as is Comment accepted and incorporated accordingly in detailed,p.6 and p.90) but also, with government the disclosure section. authorization, in the banks info shop • General Editorial comments Comment appreciated and all editorial comments are addressed and relevant documents as Amharic Version minutes of meetings are annexed.

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