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Macallè: Ruolo Degli Anziani E Mediazione Nei Conflitti

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Macallè: Ruolo Degli Anziani E Mediazione Nei Conflitti Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Corso di laurea magistrale in Discipline Etno-antropologiche Tesi di laurea magistrale in Antropologia Culturale Macallè: ruolo degli anziani e mediazione nei conflitti Candidata: Silvia Cirillo Matricola 1166291 Relatore: Correlatrice: Prof. Giuseppe Domenico Schirripa Prof.ssa Anna Iuso Anno Accademico 2014/ 2015 1 Indice INTRODUZIONE .......................................................................................................................... 6 Questioni di metodo ................................................................................................................... 14 Una fase esplorativa ............................................................................................................... 14 Introspezione e riflessione ..................................................................................................... 17 Colloqui ‘informali’ e interviste .............................................................................................. 18 Un’analisi delle fonti: note di terreno e trascrizioni .............................................................. 23 Il fondamentale contributo degli interpreti ........................................................................... 24 Interviste e trascrizioni ........................................................................................................... 26 Il Tigray ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Macallè ................................................................................................................................... 31 Cap. 1. ETIOPIA: TERRITORIO E STORIA .................................................................................... 34 1.1. TERRITORIO ................................................................................................................... 34 1.2. RIPERCORRENDO LA STORIA ......................................................................................... 36 1.2.1. Dalla preistoria al regno Aksumita ....................................................................... 36 1.2.2. L’eredità aksumita e il periodo medioevale “salomonico” ................................... 39 1.2.3. L’espansione ottomana e il regno di Gondar........................................................ 44 1.2.4. XIX secolo: da Teodoro II alla vittoria di Menelik sull’Italia .................................. 48 1.2.5. L’era Haile Selassie ............................................................................................... 56 1.2.6. I turbolenti anni recenti: dall’esperienza socialista alla “democrazia etnicista” .. 67 Cap. 2. ANZIANI E GIOVANI: SCONTRI GENERAZIONALI ............................................................ 74 2.1. Relazioni genealogiche di parentela .................................................................................... 76 2.2. Un principio di strutturazione sociale .................................................................................. 78 2.3. Generazioni storiche e generazioni come coorti .................................................................. 81 2.4. Gerontocrazia ...................................................................................................................... 82 2.5. Reciprocità e conflitti ........................................................................................................... 84 2.6. Passato e presente ............................................................................................................... 87 2.7. Morale e virtù ...................................................................................................................... 90 Cap. 3. SHMAGILE: CONCETTO DI “ANZIANO” .......................................................................... 93 3.1. Premessa ............................................................................................................................. 93 3.2. Shmagile o Areghìt?............................................................................................................. 97 3.3. Anziani e giovani: uno scontro generazionale ................................................................... 101 3.3.1. Solitudine e gratitudine .............................................................................................. 101 3.3.2. Possedere, dare, ricevere birr .................................................................................... 108 2 Cap. 4. EVOLUZIONE DEL DIRITTO ETIOPE E ‘CUSTOMARY LAW’ ............................................ 122 4.1. Appunti per una storia del diritto ...................................................................................... 122 4.1.1. Il Fetha Nagast ............................................................................................................ 127 4.1.2. L’organizzazione giurisdizionale ................................................................................. 131 4.1.3. Diritto ‘moderno’ e sistema giudiziario ...................................................................... 134 4.1.4. Istituzioni e testi giuridici ‘tradizionali’ ...................................................................... 137 4.2. Customary law ed istituzioni centrali................................................................................. 142 4.2.1. Tre diverse fasi della ‘Customary Law’ ....................................................................... 145 Cap. 5. SHMAGILE: ANZIANO O MEDIATORE? ......................................................................... 153 5.1. Premessa ........................................................................................................................... 153 5.2. Local governance ............................................................................................................... 155 5.3. Termini a confronto ........................................................................................................... 159 5.3.1. Bayto, Social Court, Shmagile..................................................................................... 159 5.4. Social court a Macallè........................................................................................................ 161 Cap. 6. CONFLITTI E MEDIAZIONE ........................................................................................... 173 6.1. Conflict avoidance ............................................................................................................. 176 6.2. Hawennet .......................................................................................................................... 180 6.3. Erqi Enderta ....................................................................................................................... 181 6.4. Chi ha il diavolo alle sue spalle .......................................................................................... 187 6.5. Shmagile e Shmagilina....................................................................................................... 190 6.6. Chi media? ......................................................................................................................... 195 6.7. Nel mio villaggio si mediava così… .................................................................................... 200 6.8. Bugie .................................................................................................................................. 205 6.9. Un caso specifico: mediatori all’opera ............................................................................... 207 6.10. Dallo shmagilina alla social court .................................................................................... 215 CONCLUSIONI COMMENTANDO UN MANUALE: TRAINING PER UNA GIUSTA MEDIAZIONE ... 219 Un testo guida per il mediatore ................................................................................................ 219 Riflessioni sul concetto di “mediation” ................................................................................ 220 Una base teorica: ‘customary law’ o ADR occidentale? ....................................................... 222 Definizione di concetti occidentali ....................................................................................... 226 Meccanismi ‘alternativi’? ..................................................................................................... 227 Potenziali mediatori a confronto: come risolvere il caso X? ................................................ 230 Nuove fonti online ................................................................................................................ 232 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..................................................................................................................... 235 3 Ringraziamenti Sento il dovere di ringraziare tutti coloro che hanno contribuito a rendere possibile la stesura della tesi, incoraggiandomi e dandomi preziosi suggerimenti durante il percorso di ricerca, prima e dopo il campo. Innanzitutto il mio relatore Giuseppe Domenico Schirripa per i suoi insegnamenti sul metodo etnografico e per i suoi suggerimenti bibliografici; la mia gratitudine va anche alla professoressa Anna Iuso per la sua cortese disponibilità. Un pensiero va inoltre a tutti i docenti universitari che nel corso di questi anni hanno contribuito nell’accendere in me la passione per l’antropologia. Devo la mia riconoscenza
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