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BEGINNINGS of AUTOMATIC TELEPHONY Part II Only a Very Few 60 BEGINNINGS OF AUTOMATIC TELEPHONY Part II Only a very few engineers who are fascinated flattened out, drowned in the anonymous not only by the future development of tele­ mass of fellow~engineers. There is no longer phony, but also by its past history, still find any question of anyone leaving a personal it worth while to contemplate and try to under­ stamp on a product or system, which will be stand the vestiges of the early days of electro­ known only by a trade name or even by a mere mechanics. symbol followed by a serial number. No museum has so far engaged in the syste­ matic collection ofthese souvenirs of the past, 1.5.2. Things were different in the 1890s. In except for a few parts or models which have an area which was as yet unexplored and had . been saved from destruction and are scattered no precedents, an inventor could give free rein among various national telecommunication to his imagination and could dream of suc­ museums. Nor is there any detailed mono­ cess. Relatively small resources were required, graph on the subject which would show the but a great deal of ingenuity and very often diversity of designs. Such a work would re­ cooperation which began within the family quire long and patient research and, if it were itself: ever undertaken, it would certainly have to "Brothers and other relatives working to­ 4 mention three fundamental references ): gether were not unusual. The brothers Con­ -the article by P.C. Smith which appeared in nolly are only one example. There were the 1929 [11], early switching brothers: the Erickson broth­ -the article by R.B. Hill, already mention­ ers, the Lorimer brothers. Almon B. Strowger ed [5], which appeared in 1953, was the uncle of Walter Strowger, an impor­ -the detailed bibliography annexed to the tant early contributor to the development of chapter on automatic telephony of refer­ the step-by-step system" [12]. ence [1]. 1.5. For anyone who wishes to philosophize, 2. A.B. Strowger's invention: at last, a break· what a vast difference there is between this through to success in automatic telephony era of the late nineteenth century and the times in which this book has been written! 2.1. None of the inventions mentioned m Section 1 above were followed up. 1.5.1. In our days, the process of designing It was not until Almon B. Strowger (1839­ and developing a switching system is measured 1902) produced his invention or, more ac­ m: curately, the inventions developed by him and -hundreds of engineer/years, his collaborators, that the step-by-step system -and, in monetary values, tens, if not hun- which bears his name saw the light of day and dreds, of millions of dollars. the first automatic switching system was in­ Whatever the merits of this approach may stalled on an industrial basis. be, all individuality has now been completely A long time, from 1889 to 1907, had to elapse before the STROWGER automatic equipment could compete with manual tele­ 4) I hope I am not being indiscreet if I also men­ tion the very extensive documentation collected over phony which, in the United States at least, had long years of patient personal research by Amos E. reached a high degree of perfection. Joel, the author of the preface to this book. This pre­ This result was largely due to the energy face, ·moreover, refers ( ... "everything from moving and tenacity of A.B. Strowger and of the col­ balls in slots and miniature roller coasters to robot laborators around him. The commercial dyna­ operators" ... ) to the very wide variety of solutions proposed, some of which will remind us of children's mism of his nephew Walter S. Strowger, the games and others of such games for adults as the first to believe in his uncle's ideas, certainly Japanese 'pachinko.' also played an important part in solving the Ch.2 THE STROWGER SYSTEM 61 innumerable material problems with which the skilled technicians that A.B. Strowgerdrew his very modest A.B. Strowger Company was con­ collaborators who, with experience far greater fronted in its early days. than his own, were to ensure the success of Strowger's achievements are undeniable and the company he had founded. his name is and will continue to be known by every telecommunication engineer. Section 9 annexed to this chapter contains a brief bio­ 3. The first switching equipments of the graphy of A.B. Strowger, with a description of Strowger Company [1, 13] the circumstances - as picturesque as they are legendary - which led him to invent an auto­ 3.1. Almon B. Strowger's original patent 5 matic system in order to avoid the inoppor­ dates back to 1889. ) Among other features, tune intervention of operators. the patent comprises his now well-known se­ lector, with two movements, horizontal and 2.2. Without in any way wishing to minimize vertical, and banks of contacts arranged semi­ the inventor's own achievements, in a histori­ cylindrically. cal analysis of the emergence of switching, stress must nevertheless be laid on the remark­ 3.2. The first operational automatic tele­ able conjunction of timing and social factors phone exchange was installed atLa Porte, IN, which favoured the penetration and success near Chicago, by the firm that A.B. Strowger of Strowger's ideas. established in this latter town in 1890, the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange 2.2.1. Timing Company.6) This exchange, which was put in­ The installation of the first STROWGER to service on 3 November 1892, had 80 se­ prototype at the exchange in La Porte, IL, co­ lectors with 100 positions; these were, how­ incided almost exactly with the establishment ever, not yet selectors of the 2-motion hori­ in the United States of 'independent' tele­ zontal a,'ld vertical type, since this solution phone companies not affiliated to the BELL had been only one amongseveral in the original System (see Chapter III-3). patent applied for by Strowger. A model of the La Porte selector was pre­ 2.2.2. Social and technical environment sented at the International Exhibition of The Middle West was where Strowger lived (in Kansas City, MO), his first exchanges were 5) A.B. Strowger, U.S. Patent 447918, applied to be installed in Indiana and his company and for on 12 March 1889, granted on 10 May 1891. Pa­ its workshops were to beestablishedinChicago, tents also applied for in the United Kingdom (6 May The Middle West was a land of pioneers, un­ 1891) and in Germany (27 June 1892). dergoing a period of full economic expansion 6) The La Porte exchange was installed bv the Cushman Telephone Company [1, pp.411-412]. This in the late nineteenth century, a land in which Independent Company replaced an afltliate of Bell, initiative flourished and which, in particular, which had previously installed an exchange in· the the 'independent' telephone companies had same town. In 1890, there was a lawsuit between the chosen as the centre of their activities. two companies, and the judge ruled that the tele­ In this region, the great city of Chicago, phone equipments of the Cushman Company in­ fringed the Bell patents (then still valid) and should with its renowned machine shops and as the be incinerated. They had to be hastily removed to headquarters of Western Electric (belonging avoid this fate. In July 1892, the municipal authori­ to AT & T), was then the unrivalled world ties of La Porte, which had been deprived of tele­ capital of the telephone equipment industry phones by this judicial ruling, allowed the Cushman and contained the largest existing concentra­ Telephone Company to install another exchange, this time provided by the Strowger Automatic Tele­ tion of qualified personnel in that industrial phone Exchange Company, being the first automatic sector. It was from this pool of engineers and exchange in public service in the world. 62 BEGINNINGS OF AUTOMATIC TELEPHONY Part II Chicago In 1893 and, like the La Porte ex­ change, aroused great interest, particularly among foreign visitors. In this selector, a search in a horizontal plane was conducted in a sys­ tem of polar coordinates, with two move­ ments: (1) orientation following a certain angle of rotation ofa selecting arm in the horizontal plane; (2) thereafter, a shift in amplitude - with a sliding movement along the selecting arm ­ correctly oriented during the first movement. This selection device, duly mentioned in Fig. 2 Strowger's original patent, may to a certain was to be one of the fundamental features (de­ extent be regarded as a forerunner of the LME veloped by Hultman) of the LME SOO-point 500-point selector which appeared around system of 1920 (see Chapter IV-5). 1920. Owing to crosstalkbetween the parallel con­ tact wires and the large number of relays re­ 3.3. A second, 90-line, experimental exchange quired which limited its capacity to a very was installed in 1894, again at La Porte. It was small number of lines, this design was aban­ quite different in type from the first and was doned. the result of research carried out by Frank A. Lundquist and two brothers, John and Charles 3.4. In the above system, only one contact J. Erickson,7) of Scandinavian origin, who, could be established by the rotation of one after an attempt to set up in business on their of the selecting arms, and it was clearly greatly own, joined the Strowger Company. Their preferable for this rotation to be able to ex­ system, known as the 'piano wire board' and plore a whole series of contacts placed side by sometimes as the 'zither,' comprised a hori­ side in a semi-circular arrangement.
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