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Renewable Energy How Can We Keep the Lights On?
Commonwealth Class Renewable Energy How can we keep the lights on? In collaboration with Commonwealth Class Introduction Commonwealth values: Sustainable development, protecting the environment, valuing the importance and contributions of young people Curriculum links: Science, English and drama, design and technology, geography, citizenship, ICT, personal social and health education Core skills: Communication and collaboration, critical thinking and problem solving, digital literacy, global citizenship and civic responsibility Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural Carbon capture and storage is gas) are non-renewable energy developing technology that resources, which means their separates carbon dioxide from supply is limited and they will the waste gases produced when eventually run out. Fossil fuels do burning fossil fuels. The carbon not renew themselves, while fuels dioxide is then transported and such as wood can be renewed if stored underground, for example new trees are planted. Coal and oil in old oil fields or gas fields such as release sulphur dioxide gas when those found under the North Sea. they burn, which causes breathing One of the UN’s Sustainable problems for living creatures and Development Goals is to ensure contributes to acid rain. access to affordable, reliable, Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide sustainable and modern energy when they burn, which adds to the for all. greenhouse effect and increases global warming. Of the three fossil fuels, for a given amount of energy released, coal produces the most carbon dioxide and natural gas produces the least. 2 Commonwealth Class Contents Overview: importance and scientific background 3 Activity 1: what keeps your lights on? 7 Activity 2: windmill energy challenge 8 Activity 3: solar heating 9 Cross-curricular activities 10 Appendix 12 3 Commonwealth Class OVERVIEW Why is it important? disturbed the balance of the Fossil fuels are also limited in Greenhouse gases such as carbon carbon cycle – the natural supply. -
Historical Perspectives of Development of Antique Analog Telephone Systems Vinayak L
Review Historical Perspectives of Development of Antique Analog Telephone Systems Vinayak L. Patil Trinity College of Engineering and Research, University of Pune, Pune, India Abstract—Long distance voice communication has been al- ways of great interest to human beings. His untiring efforts and intuition from many years together was responsible for making it to happen to a such advanced stage today. This pa- per describes the development time line of antique telephone systems, which starts from the year 1854 and begins with the very early effort of Antonio Meucci and Alexander Graham magnet core Bell and ends up to the telephone systems just before digiti- Wire 1Coil with permanent Wire 2 zation of entire telecommunication systems. The progress of development of entire antique telephone systems is highlighted in this paper. The coverage is limited to only analog voice communication in a narrow band related to human voice. Diaphragm Keywords—antique telephones, common battery systems, cross- bar switches, PSTN, voice band communication, voice commu- nication, strowger switches. Fig. 1. The details of Meucci’s telephone. 1. Initial Claims and Inventions Since centuries, telecommunications have been of great cally. Due to this idea, many of the scientific community interest to the human beings. One of the dignified per- consider him as one of the inventors of telephone [10]. sonality in the field of telecommunication was Antonio Boursuel used term “make and break” telephone in his Meucci [1]–[7] (born in 1808) who worked relentlessly for work. In 1850, Philip Reis [11]–[13] began work on tele- communication to distant person throughout his life and in- phone. -
Telephonyisdn • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC 8 ATM • ISDN101 • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA •
TelephonyISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC 8 ATM • ISDN101 • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA • A Basic Introduction to How Telephone Services Are Delivered in North America IntroductionISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC 8 ATM • ISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA • POTS • DLC • LEC • ATM • ISDN • LATA • The much touted “convergence” of a range of key communications industries— cable TV, computers, local and long distance telephone service providers, among others—has added myriad new players to the market for telephony services. And, of course, in the thriving telecommunications market, new individuals are joining both established and new telephony companies every day. While the stunning simplicity of the interface to the public switched network— the telephone—largely masks the complexity of the technology from the general public, the public network is, after all, the most massive and sophisticated net- working system ever created. New entrants to the telephony business have an obvious need for a thumbnail introduction to a set of technologies and services that at first can seem daunting in their reach and complexity. Telephony 101 is intended to begin filling this need by providing a basic under- standing of how telephone services are currently delivered in North America. First, it provides a concise overview of the impressive list of revenue-producing ser- Draw on Our Experience vices that make the market so inviting to This book provides your basic begin with. It then provides a basic look at introduction to telephony. But the access, switching, and transmission no beginning course has ever provided all the answers. -
Compact High Voltage Electric Power Transmission
Compact High Voltage Electric Power Transmission By Dennis Woodford, P.Eng. [email protected] January 3, 2014 Introduction There is a developing need to provide high voltage electric power transmission that minimizes impact on the environment, agriculture and communities. Overhead transmission lines have been the normal located on designated rights-of-way. Acquiring new right-of way for overhead ac transmission lines is usually challenging to permit and in some jurisdiction impossible to obtain. To minimize the adverse effects of high voltage electric power transmission lines, new technologies are forthcoming that when applied may be more acceptable. By judicious compacting of high voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission systems, existing rights-of-way can be utilized, such as along roads or rail lines. A concept for compacting transmission lines for this purpose is presented. Note: Portions or all of this paper may be copied, quoted or referred to so long as Electranix Corporation is acknowledged. Electranix Corporation, 12 – 75 Scurfield Blvd, Winnipeg, MB R3Y 1G4, Canada. www.electranix.com Compacting HVDC Transmission A new technology to convert HVAC power to HVDC power and vice versa is being successfully applied throughout the world enabling use of HVDC transmission. These converters apply large power transistors in what are designated voltage sourced converters (VSC) enabling VSC transmission. One popular configuration of voltage sourced converters is termed “symmetrical monopoles.” When a converter station has two symmetrical monopoles, it is not unlike the more conventional configuration of a “bipole” which also has two poles. When a bipole is rated at ±500 kV, it has two poles, each 500 kV and grounded at one end so that the generated HVDC line voltage has one polarity positive and the other polarity negative. -
1 Decentralised Rural Electrification
DECENTRALISED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: THE CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS [EXPERIENCE OF ITDG1] By Ray Holland, Lahiru Perera, Teodoro Sanchez, Dr Rona Wilkinson Summary Rural areas of poorer countries are often at a disadvantage in terms of access to all types of services – roads, health facilities, markets, information, clean water. The high cost of providing these services in remote areas has led to new approaches being tried, based on self-help and the private sector rather than traditional government-led solutions. Energy services for household, agriculture and production are no exception. In the case of electricity, which has the potential to improve productivity and provide considerable welfare benefits (lighting, entertainment, etc.) traditional grid extension is no longer seen as the only solution. Decentralised supplies, whether at an individual household level or at community level, are now an established, cost-effective alternative for the two billion rural people who are currently without access to mains electricity. In many cases renewables provide the most financially attractive means of providing that energy. Supplies may be of a similar standard to grid supplies (mini-grids supplied by diesel or micro hydro) or they may be low voltage household supplies (PV, battery charging). This review of recent practice draws on ITDG’s twenty years experience of supporting off-grid solutions in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Peru in particular, and on work by other organisations in other countries, such as Indonesia, Kenya, Vietnam, South -
QUESTION BANK with ANSWERS Unit I (ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS) PART a 1
BE 8253 - Basic Electrical, Electronics and instrumentation Engineering QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS Unit I (ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS) PART A 1. State Ohm’s law. (DEC 14) Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v) across a resistor is directly proportional to the current (i) flowing through the resistor, at constant temperature. ie, v α i ,v = iR, where R is the resistance (Ω). 2. State Kirchoff’s Current law. (MAY 13) KCL (Kirchoff’s Current Law) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero. (or)The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node. 3. State Kirchoff’s Voltage law. (MAY 13) KVL (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero. (or) Sum of voltage drop = Sum of voltage rise. 4. An Electric iron is rated 1000W, 240V. Find the current drawn & resistance of the heating element. P=V2/R ; R= 2402/1000 = 57.6Ω and I= V/R =240/57.6 = 4.166 A 5. Define i) charge ii) electric current iii) power iv) network & v) circuit. i) Charge: Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs(C ). ii) Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes(A). i = dq/dt A direct current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time. An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time iii) Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts(w). -
Lecture 5: Electrical Supply and Distribution
Lecture 5: Electrical Supply and Distribution 5.1 Single Phase Electric Power There is only one phase, i.e. the current flows through only one wire and there is one return path called neutral line to complete the circuit. Single-phase comes to the home with two wires: active and neutral. The neutral wire is connected to earth (water pipe, earth stake, etc.) at the switchboard. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. Single-phase power is: Able to supply ample power for smaller customers, including homes and small, non- industrial businesses. Adequate for running motors up to about 10kw; a single-phase motor draws significantly more current than the equivalent 3-phase motor, making 3-phase power a more efficient choice for industrial applications. 5.2 Three Phase Electric Power It is the Polyphase system where three phases are send together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference of 120°, i.e. 120° angle electrically. Therefore, from the total of 360°, three phases are equally divided into 120° each. The power in three-phase system is continuous as all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. Three-phase has four wires: three actives (called phases) and one neutral. The neutral wire is earthed at the switchboard. 3-phase power is: Common in large businesses, as well as industry and manufacturing. Large domestic installations sometimes have three-phase because it distributes the total load in a way that ensures that the current in each phase is lower. -
Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen. -
1 the Electricity and Gas Supply Chain
UNIT 1 The electricity and gas supply chain ‘There is always someone in the supply chain who wins and someone who loses.’ John Felmy, Chief Economist, American Petroleum Institute In the energy sector, which part is ‘winning’ at the moment and which is ‘losing’? Was it the same 10 years ago? 1.1 Label the photos of stages in the energy supply chain. Use these words. LNG terminal ■ wind turbines ■ central heating boiler ■ trading room ■ utility bill ■ gas fi eld large industrial customer ■ gas meter ■ electricity substation ■ high voltage lines 1 high voltage lines 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.2 Complete the gas and electricity supply chains. Use these words. Energy services ■ Transport and storage ■ Transmission ■ Generation ■ Supply and retail Exploration and production (EP) 3 Trading and wholesale Trading and wholesale 1 4 GAS Distribution Distribution Supply and retail 5 2 ELECTRICITY Energy services PRONUNCIATION 2.1 Listen and underline the stress in these words. What is the general rule for: CD TRACK 2 generation retail industrial transmission a words that end -ion? industry production storage customer b words of three or more syllables? turbine utility exploration meter c nouns with two syllables? distribution service energy terminal 2.2 Listen again and repeat. 10 1965_EnergyEnglish-010-033-TOP.indd 10 28/7/09 14:37:31 Topic Unit 1 GRAMMAR The passive is formed with the verb be + past participle. Further grammar practice The passive page 82 Gas is extracted from underground reservoirs. 3 Complete the sentences about the supply chain. Use the passive form of the verbs. -
1 Bus Bar, Split Bus Bar System, Special Purpose Cables. Electrical Diagram and Identification Scheme. Circuit Controlling Devic
Volume – II POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Bus Bar, split bus bar system, special purpose cables. Electrical diagram and identification scheme. Circuit controlling devices. Power utilization-typical application to avionics. Bus Bar - Introduction In most of aircrafts, the output from the generating sources is coupled to one or more low impedance conductors referred as bus bars. This are situated at central points within the aircraft and provides positive supplies to various consumer circuits. In a very simple system a bus bar can take the form of a strip of interlinked terminals while in complex system. Main bus bars are thick metal strips or rods to which input and output supply connections can be made. Bus Bar Systems Requirements: i) Power-consuming equipment must not be deprived of power in the event of power source failures. ii) Failure on the distribution system should have the minimum effect on system functioning. 1 Introduction to Avionics iii) Power consuming equipment faults must not endanger the supply of power to other equipment. Types of Consumer Services: i) Vital Services: These services are connected directly to the battery. For Example, during an emergency wheels up landing emergency lighting and crash switch operation of fire extinguishers are required. ii) Essential Services: Those are required to ensure safe flight in an in- flight emergency situation. They are connected to dc or ac bus bars. iii) Non-Essential Services: These are isolated in an in-flight emergency for load shedding purposes. Bus bar System: From the below diagram 1.1 the power supplies are 28 volts dc from engine driven generators, 115 volts 400 Hz ac from rotary inverters and 28 volts dc from batteries. -
US, Qatar Commit to Advance High-Level Strategic Co-Operation
COMMUNITY | Page 16 QATAR | Page 7 South African cancer survivor says she owes it to Qatar New system to improve for saving life training standards in driving schools published in QATAR since 1978 WEDNESDAY Vol. XXXX No. 11240 July 10, 2019 Dhul Qa’dah 7, 1440 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals US, Qatar commit to advance high-level strategic co-operation His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani with US President Donald His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani and US President Donald Trump attending the working lunch at the White House yesterday. Trump meeting at the White House yesterday. O Amir meets US President at the White House O Several agreements and MoUs signed in the fields of trade, investment and defence O Trump highlights role of Al Udeid Air Base QNA world, hailing Qatar’s large invest- the desire to multiply this fi gure for his planes and Gulfstream Aviation. Washington ments in the United States and the huge confi dence in the US economy. They also witnessed the signing of an agreements which will be signed later The Amir extended an invitation to agreement in the fi eld of air defence to in the day in the fi elds of trade, invest- the US president to visit Qatar and Al provide Qatar with multiple additional is Highness the Amir Sheikh ment and defence. Udeid Air Base. systems of air defence. Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani Trump highlighted the role of Al President Trump thanked the Amir The signing ceremony was attended Hand the President of the United Udeid Air Base and its strategic impor- for the invitation, and praised the by members of the offi cial delegation States of America Donald Trump dis- tance in the Middle East, terming it as achievements made by Qatar at Al accompanying the Amir. -
Answer the Purpose: 4
Page 26 1. CONDUCTORS Conductors are defined as materials that easily allow the flow of _________. Metals are _______ conductors while insulators are ______ . The 2 common metals used for conductors in the electrical trade are: ___________ and ______________. Aluminium has become more prevalent for larger C.S.A. conductors as it is cheaper and lighter but more brittle than copper. Current/ Copper/ Aluminium Thermoplastic-sheathed cable (TPS) consists of an outer toughened sheath of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (the thermoplastic element) covering one or more individual cables which are PVC insulated annealed copper conductors. It is a commonly used type of wiring for residential and light commercial construction in many countries. The flat version of the cable with two insulated conductors and an uninsulated earth conductor all within the outer sheath is referred to as twin and earth. In mainland Europe, a round equivalent is more common. Flat cables (or festoon cables) are made in PVC and Neoprene and are used as trailing cables for cranes, open filed conveyors and shelve service devices. Flat cables offer the advantages of extremely small bending radius’s, high flexibility and minimum wastage of space. Thermoplastic-sheathed cable (TPS) consists of an outer toughened sheath of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (the thermoplastic element) covering one or more individual cables which are PVC insulated annealed copper conductors. It is a commonly used type of wiring for residential and light commercial construction in many countries. The flat version of the cable with two insulated conductors and an uninsulated earth conductor all within the outer sheath is referred to as twin and earth.