POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA i Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) is an independent, non-partisan, international non-governmental organisation, mandated to ensure the practical realisation of human rights in the countries of the Commonwealth. In 1987, several Commonwealth professional associations founded CHRI. They believed that while the Commonwealth provided member countries a shared set of values and legal principles from which to work and provided a forum within which to promote human rights, there was little focus on the issues of human rights within the Commonwealth. CHRI’s objectives are to promote awareness of and adherence to the Commonwealth Harare Principles, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other internationally recognised human rights instruments, as well as domestic instruments supporting human rights in Commonwealth Member States. Through its reports and periodic investigations, CHRI continually draws attention to progress and setbacks to human rights in Commonwealth countries. In advocating for approaches and measures to prevent human rights abuses, CHRI addresses the Commonwealth Secretariat, Member Governments and civil society associations. Through its public education programmes, policy dialogues, comparative research, advocacy and networking, CHRI’s approach throughout is to act as a catalyst around its priority issues. CHRI is based in New Delhi, India, and has offices in London, UK and Accra, Ghana. International Advisory Commission: Yashpal Ghai - Chairperson. Members: Clare Doube, Alison Duxbury, Wajahat Habibullah, Vivek Maru, Edward Mortimer, Sam Okudzeto and Maja Daruwala. Executive Committee (India): Wajahat Habibullah – Chairperson. Members: B. K. Chandrashekar, Nitin Desai, Sanjoy Hazarika, Kamal Kumar, Poonam Muttreja, Ruma Pal, Jacob Punnoose, A P Shah and Maja Daruwala - Director. Executive Committee (Ghana): Sam Okudzeto – Chairperson. Members: Akoto Ampaw, Yashpal Ghai, Wajahat Habibullah, Neville Linton, Kofi Quashigah, Juliette Tuakli and Maja Daruwala - Director. Executive Committee (UK): Clare Doube – Chairperson. Members: Richard Bourne, Katherine O’Byrne, Meenakshi Dhar, Joanna Ewart-James, Frances Harrison, Sadakat Kadri, Neville Linton, Sashy Nathan, Rita Payne, Michael Stone. ISBN: 978-93-81241-22-6 © Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2015. Material from this report may be used, duly acknowledging the source. CHRI Headquarters, New Delhi CHRI London CHRI Africa, Accra 55A, Third Floor Room No. 219 House No.9, Samora Machel Street Siddharth Chambers School of Advanced Study Asylum Down, Opposite Beverly Kalu Sarai, New Delhi 110 017 South Block, Senate House Hills Hotel Near Trust Towers, India Malet Street, London WC1E Accra, Tel: +91 11 4318 0200 7HU, United Kingdom Ghana Fax: +91 11 2686 4688 Tel: +44(0) 207 664 4860 Tel/Fax: +233 302 971170 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +44(0) 207 862 8820 Email: chriafrica@ E-mail: [email protected] humanrightsinitiative.org ii www.humanrightsinitiative.org POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA Police Organisation in India Researched & Written by GP Joshi CHRI would like to thank Kamal Kumar for his valuable inputs POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA iii This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. iv POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA Contents FOREWORD viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Political Profile 1 1.2 Legislative Powers 1 1.3 The Criminal Justice System 2 1.3.1 Citizens’ Rights under the Constitution 2 1.3.2 Criminal Law 3 1.3.3 The Process of Criminal Justice 4 1.3.4 The Courts 5 II. STATE POLICE FORCES 6 2.1. Unity in Diversity 6 2.2 Superintendence over the Police 6 2.3 The Police Hierarchy 7 2.3.1 Rank Structure 7 2.3.2 Rank-Wise Strength in State Police Forces 7 2.3.3 Badges of Rank 9 2.3.4 Police Medals 10 2.4. Police Strength 11 2.4.1 Police Strength in states/UTs 11 2.4.2 Police-Population and Area Ratio 13 2.4.3 Increase in Police Manpower 13 2.4.4 Representation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Muslims in State 14 Police Forces 2.4.5 Women Police in the states and union territories 15 2.4.5.1 Strength of Women Police in the states and union territories 15 2.4.5.2 Increase in Women Police 16 2.4.5.3 Rank-wise Increase in the Strength of Women Police in the Force 17 2.5 Organisational Structure 18 2.5.1 Field Establishment 18 2.5.1.1 Units 18 2.5.1.2 The District Police 19 2.5.1.2.1 Branches in the Office of the District Superintendent of Police 19 2.5.1.2.2. Police Lines 19 2.5.1.2.3 District Police Officers 19 2.5.1.2.4 Duties of the District Superintendent of Police 20 2. 5.1.2.5 System of Dual Control at the District Level 20 2.5.1.2.6 The Police Commissioner System 21 POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA v 2.5.1.2.7 The District Armed Reserve 23 2.5.1.2.8 The Police Station 23 2.5.1.2.8.1 The Number of Police Stations 24 2.5.1.2.8.2 Women Police Stations in the states/ union territories 24 2.5.1.2.8.3 Police Station Roles and Functions 25 2.5.1.2.8.4 Police Station Functionaries: Their Strength and Duties 25 2.5.1.2.8.5 Police Station Records 28 2.5.2 Police Headquarters 29 2.5.2.1 Role and Responsibilities of the Police Headquarters 30 2.5.2.2 Selection and Tenure of the Head of the Police Force 30 2.5.2.3 Departments/ Branches at Police Headquarters 31 2.5.2.3.1 The Criminal Investigation Department 31 2.5.2.3.2 The Intelligence Department 32 2.5.2.3.3 The Armed Police 32 2.5.2.3.4 The Railway Police 33 2.5.2.3.5 The State Crime Records Bureau 33 2.5.2.3.6 The Training Directorate 34 2.5.2.3.7 The Anti- Terrorism Squad/ Cell 34 2.5.2.3.8 The Police Establishment Board 34 2.6. Duties and Responsibilities of the Police 35 2.6.1 As Laid Down in the Police Act, 1861 35 2.6.2 The National Police Commission 36 2.6.3 The Sorabjee Committee’s Recommendations 36 2.6.4 Code of Conduct for the Police 37 2.6.5 Code of Behaviour for Police Officers 38 2.6. Recruitment 40 2.6.1 Recruitment of Constables 41 2.6.2 Recruitment of Sub-Inspectors of Police 44 2.6.3 Recruitment of Deputy Superintendent of Police 46 2.6.4 Recruitment to the Indian Police Service (IPS) 47 2.7 Police Training 48 2.7.1 Training of Constables 48 2.7.2 Training of Sub-Inspectors 49 2.7.3 Training of IPS Officers 50 2.7.4 Pre-Promotion Courses 51 2.7.5 Refresher/Specialised Courses 51 2.7.6 Some Central Police Training Institutions 52 2.7.7 Expenditure on Police Training 53 2.8 Police Expenditure in the states and union territories 54 2.8.1 State Budgets and Expenditure on Police 54 2.8.2 Annual Increase in Police Expenditure 55 vi POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA III. FORENSIC SCIENCE IN INDIA 57 3.1 Important Historical Landmarks 57 3.2 Forensic Science Laboratories in the States 57 3.3 Forensic Science Laboratories under the Centre 58 IV. THE CENTRE’S ROLE IN POLICING 59 4.1 Constitutional Provisions 59 4.2 The Role of the Ministry of Home Affairs 59 4.3 The Indian Police Service 60 4.4 Central Police Organisations (CPOs) 61 4.4.1 Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) 61 4.4.1.1 The Assam Rifles 62 4.4.1.2 The Border Security Force 63 4.4.1.3 The Central Industrial Security Force 65 4.4.1.4 The Central Reserve Police Force 66 4.4.1.5 The Indo-Tibetan Border Police 68 4.4.1.6 The National Security Guards 69 4.4.1.7 The Sashatra Seema Bal 69 4.4.1.8 The Growth of CAPFs 70 4.4.1.9 Women in CAPFs 71 4.4.1.10. Expenditure on CAPFs 71 4.4.1.11. Establishment of the India Reserve Battalions 72 4.4.2 Other Central Police Organisations 72 4.4.2.1 The Bureau of Police Research and Development 72 4.4.2.2 The Central Bureau of Investigation 73 4.4.2.3 The Directorate of Coordination, Police Wireless 75 4.4.2.4 The Intelligence Bureau 76 4.4.2.5 The National Crime Records Bureau 77 4.4.2.6 The Lok Nayak Jayapraksh Narayan National Institute of 78 Criminology and Forensic Science 4.4.2.7 The National Investigation Agency 79 4.4.2.8 The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy 80 V. SCHEME TO MODERNISE THE STATE POLICE FORCES 82 5.1 The Objectives of the Scheme 82 5.2 Brief History 82 5.3 Deficiencies/ Shortcomings 84 5.4 Summing Up 85 VI. Annexure First Information Report of a Cognizable Crime Reported Under Section 154 Code of Criminal Procedure POLICE ORGANISATION IN INDIA vii FOREWORD While the police is the most visible arm of the state, the public has little knowledge about the internal structure and organisation of the various police forces – state and central – in India.