Headache Series Editor: Paolo Martelletti Vincenzo Guidetti Marco A. Arruda Aynur Ozge Editors Headache and Comorbidities in Childhood and Adolescence Headache Series Editor Paolo Martelletti Roma, Italy [email protected] The purpose of this Series, endorsed by the European Headache Federation (EHF), is to describe in detail all aspects of headache disorders that are of importance in primary care and the hospital setting, including pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, comorbidities, and issues in particular patient groups. A key feature of the Series is its multidisciplinary approach, and it will have wide appeal to internists, rheumatologists, neurologists, pain doctors, general practitioners, primary care givers, and pediatricians. Readers will find that the Series assists not only in understanding, recognizing, and treating the primary headache disorders, but also in identifying the potentially dangerous underlying causes of secondary headache disorders and avoiding mismanagement and overuse of medications for acute headache, which are major risk factors for disease aggravation. Each volume is designed to meet the needs of both more experienced professionals and medical students, residents, and trainees. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11801 [email protected] Vincenzo Guidetti • Marco A. Arruda Aynur Ozge Editors Headache and Comorbidities in Childhood and Adolescence [email protected] Editors Vincenzo Guidetti Marco A. Arruda Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry University of São Paulo Sapienza University Neuropsychiatry, Glia Institute Rome Ribeirão Preto Italy Brazil Aynur Ozge Neurology, Algology and Clinical Neurophysiology Mersin University School of Medicine Mersin, Adana Turkey ISSN 2197-652X ISSN 2197-6538 (electronic) Headache ISBN 978-3-319-54725-1 ISBN 978-3-319-54726-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54726-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947346 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Foreword Headache in the child and the adolescent has not received adequate scientific atten- tion throughout the years. The prevailing tendency has been to frame this pathology as the direct consequence of personal or familiar psychological suffering. The inad- equate availability of pharmacological tools assessed for primary headaches in the developmental age has eased this approach. Moreover, every decade the biological vision of primary headache changes its mechanism of action highlighting how a clear marker of illness, detectable and reliable on large populations, is still missing. Therefore, new drugs face the hard task of finding a direct application on adoles- cents, both for strictly regulatory reasons and for preferential rules of clinical activ- ity in these patients. This fifth product of the European Headache Federation Headache Book Series rigorously faces these problems and highlights the clinical and mechanistic features conjugating all the aspects related to headache in the childhood, even the ones shared with other pathologies. The common denominator, ‘comorbidity’, offers a comprehensive interpretation of this headache area and the renowned authors of these contributions guarantee a high, independent and trustworthy profile. I am honoured to introduce this valuable volume edited by Vincenzo Guidetti, Marco A. Arruda and Aynur Ozge, and acknowledge the umpteenth support by the European Headache Federation to the systematization and the dissemination of the headache culture. Rome, Italy Paolo Martelletti v [email protected] Preface “The cure for the headache was a kind of a leaf, which required to be accompanied by a charm, and if a person would repeat the charm at the same time that he used the cure, he would be made whole; but that without the charm the leaf would be of no avail.” Socrates, according to Plato [1] The expressive development of childhood headache knowledge can be easily visual- ized through a mere PubMed search. Using the keywords headache, child and ado- lescent, and solely the age filter, the reader can check the volume growth of publications year by year, decade by decade. The same advance can be observed by limiting the search to only clinical trials. From the first paper on childhood head- ache registered in this digital archive in 1948 to the early 1990s, we have a total of 1121 papers, number that doubles throughout the “Decade of the Brain” reaching 1253 at the beginning of 2010, up to now 1748. The same occurs with migraine as shown in the following PubMed publications’ timeline. vii [email protected] viii Preface A milestone in this trajectory is the pioneering and seminal work of Professor Bo Bille of Uppsala University in Sweden who in 1962 published his thesis Migraine in Schoolchildren [2]. The evolution of knowledge occurred in several areas, however, in an expressive way in the classification, diagnosis, and epidemiology of childhood headache. Particularly noteworthy are the emergence of prevalence studies around the world, studies on the impact of headache in children and adolescents, and the identification of comorbidities of migraine in this age group. The impact of this breakthrough was notable in clinical practice. From the 196 possible headache diagnoses that appear in the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) [3], 113 have been described in pediatric population [4]. The studies have provided evidence that not only migraine but also other primary and even secondary headaches have a peculiar clinical pre- sentation in childhood and adolescence. The study of migraine comorbidities in childhood and adolescence, the reason for this book, is extremely important in clinical practice, both for diagnostic issues and for the management and treatment efficacy of these patients [5, 6]. It is critical to recognize the presence of comorbid conditions in the clinical assessment of headache patients, especially in children and adolescents, as early identification of these symptoms may lead to improved headache management [7, 8]. Moreover, the identification of comorbid disorders in headache could provide modern treatment options and improve the knowledge about causes and conse- quences of headache [9]. A striking and distinctive aspect of this book is the editorial norm of the author- ship of chapters being entrusted to authors from different countries, often different continents, which resulted in a cooperative work that contemplates different medi- cal realities. This experience is certainly reflected in these pages that we hope to please the reader. Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Marco A. Arruda Mersin, Turkey Aynur Ozge Rome, Italy Vincenzo Guidetti References 1. Faria V, et al. Harnessing the placebo effect in pediatric migraine clinic. J Pediatr. 2014; 165(4):659–65. 2. Bille BS. Migraine in school children. A study of the incidence and short-term prognosis, and a clinical, psychological and electroencephalographic comparison between children with migraine and matched controls. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1962;136:1–151. 3. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:9–160. 4. Arruda MA, Albuquerque RC, Bigal ME. Uncommon headache syndromes in the pediatric population. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011; 15(4):280–8. [email protected] Preface ix 5. Guidetti V, Galli F, Fabrizi P, et al. Headache and psychiatric comorbidity: clinical aspects and outcome in an 8-year follow-up study. Cephalalgia. 1998;18(7):455–62. 6. Bellini B, Arruda M, Cescut A, et al. Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2013;14:79. 7. Blaauw BA, Dyb G, Hagen K, et al. The relationship of anxiety, depression and behavioral problems with recurrent headache in late adolescence—a Young-HUNT follow-up study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:10. 8. Faedda N, Cerutti R, Verdecchia P, et al. Behavioral management of headache in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):80. 9. Sacco S, Olivieri L, Bastianello S, Carolei A. Comorbid