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PRAIRIE FORUM Vol. 1, No. 2 November 1976 Contents The Birth of Agrarianism in the Prairie West Brian R. McCutcheon Precipitation Deficiency Patterns in the Canadian Prairies, 1921 to 1970 A. K. Chakravarti Land Agent, Promoter, Politician and Farmer: Thomas Greenway in Manitoba, 1878-1908 Joseph A. Hilts 111 The 1971 Election and the Fall of Social Credit in Alberta Howard Palmer and Tamara Palmer 123 The Nitty-Gritty of Winnipeg Air Steve LaDochy, Tim Ball and Barry Woronchak 135 French-Language Instruction: A Closer Look at Schools in Southwestern Manitoba A. A. Ariano and Yee-Lay Jack Lam 151 An Urban Economy: Patterns of Economic Change in Winnipeg, 1878-1971 Alan F. J. Artibise 163 Conference Report The "Ethnic Studies and Research" Conference Martin L. Kovacs Book Reviews 192 PRAIRIE FORUM is published twice yearly, in May and November, at an annual subscription of $1 0.00. All subscriptions, correspondence and contributions should be sent to The Editor, Prairie Forum, Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, S4S OA2. Subscribers will also receive the Canadian Plains Bulletin, the newsletter of the Canadian Plains Research Center. PRAIRIE FORUM is not responsible for statements, either of fact or of opinion, made by contributors. QCOPYRIGHT 1976 CANADIAN PLAINS RESEARCH CENTER EDITORIAL PAGE This second issue of PRAIRlE FORUM appears at a time when the whole subject of regionalism in Canada is in the public eye due to the recent election of a Parti Quebecois government in the province of Quebec. As the journal of the Canadian Plains Research Center, PRAIRIE FORUM aims to promote investigation of the various dimensions of the prairie region. This aim appears particularly topical at the present time, as Canada grapples once again with the problem of balancing regional aspirations and the national interest. We are very pleased to hear of the establishment of a Center for Great Plains Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Professor Brian Blouet (Department of Geography, 309 Avery Hall, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68588) informs us that "the center will promote research, teaching, and service activities designed to explore the physical and biological environ- ment of the Great Plains and its interaction with the people and their institutions, economy and culture." We wish the new center well and look forward to a valuable interaction with it. If it is true that Winnipeg very much dominated the process of agricul- tural occupation of the prairies, then that domination seems to be reflected in the composition of this issue! We have two articles on Winnipeg, and three others that pay particular attention to southern Manitoba. This geographical concentration is offset by the variety of disciplines rep- resented, and we are of course hearing from researchers in all parts of the region, our first issue having been fairly "balanced" geographically. But let's hear more from those working on Alberta and Saskatchewan, and especially those concerned with prairie-wide themes! Since the first issue of PRAIRIE FORUM, we have been expanding the Editorial Board in an effort to achieve a broad representation, an objective which has now largely been achieved. The expertise and en- thusiasm added to the Board will be a great asset. Although the new Board is listed on the inside of the front cover, the preparation of this issue took place during the transition period, and therefore with only partial involve- ment of the new Board. Among the additions, particular mention must be made of Elizabeth Hilts, who has taken on the role of Book Review Editor. On behalf of the Editorial Board, I should like to conclude by respond- ing to all the messages of goodwill and encouragement to PRAIRIE FORUM that we have received. Many thanks. ALEC H. PAUL Chief Editor URBAN HISTORY REVIEW Now in its fifth year of publication, the URBAN HISTORY REVIEW continues to report on the state of urban studies in Canada. Published by the National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, in co-operation with the Urban History Group of the Canadian Historical Association, the REVIEW is devoted to the dissemination of information concerning trends in research on the urban community in Canada. It is edited by Alan F. J. Artibise, Department of History, University of Victoria; John H. Taylor, Department of History, Carleton University; and D. A. Muise, History Division, National Museum of Man. The REVIEW contains information on a variety of subjects regarding the development of research on urbancanada. It includes short articles, book reviews, archival notes, conference informa- tion, notes on photographic collections, and so on. Recent issues have included the following articles: "Images of the Foreigner in Toronto, 1900- 1930"; "Current Research in Canadian Urban His- tory"; "Sources for the History of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890- 1939"; "Social Troubles in Calgary" ; "QuCbec sous le rCgime franqais: Cvolution physique et politique urbaine"; and reports on city archives in Ottawa, Edmonton, Montreal and Toronto. Occasionally, the REVIEW also publishes theme is- sues. The two produced to date have dealt with "The Canadian City in the Nineteenth Century" and "Urban Reform in Canada". The REVIEW is issued three times a year in June, October and February. It sells for $1 per copy. Three issues in one fiscal year may be purchased on a subscription arrangement for $3. Single issues, back issues or subscriptions may be obtained by forward- ing a cheque or money order in the appropriate amount, and made payable to the Receiver General of Canada. Subscriptions should be sent to: Marketing Services Division, National Museums of Canada, 360 Fisgar Street, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OM8. CANADIAN ETHNIC STUDIES An interdisciplinary journal devoted to the study of ethnicity, immigration, inter-group relations and the cultural life of ethnic groups in Canada. Special Issues now in preparation: ETHNIC FOLKLORE ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE CITY ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION ETHNIC GROUPS IN WESTERN CANADA Recent Special Issues 1974 Ethnic Groups and Inter-Ethnic Relat~onsIn Alberta 1375 The Green Paper on lmmigration Recent Articles Include: Marlene Mackie Ethnic Stereotypes and Prejudice: Alberta Indians, Hutterites and Ukrainians Stewart Grow The Blacks of Amber Valley: Negro Pioneering in Northern Alberta Simon Evan.; Spatial Bias in the Incidence of Nativism: Opposition to Hutterite Expansions in Alberta Anthony Richmond The Green Paper: Reflections on the Canadian lmmigration and Popu- lation Study Lorna Marsden Population Issues in.the Immigration Debate Jean Burnet Multiculturalism, Immigration and Racism: A Comment on the Cana- dian lmmigration and Population Study Subscription rates: Individuals $15.00 Students $10.00 Co-Editors A. MALYCKY H. PALMER Institutions $20.00 Order from: Canadian Ethnic Studies These rates include a quarterly newsletter and The University of Calgary membership to Canadian Ethnic Studies As- 2920 - 24th Avenue N.W. sociation. Calgary, Alberta, Canada Individual issues $5.00 T2N IN4 unique to the Canadian sociological scene . CANADIAN SOCIETY: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS by H. H. Hiller, Department of Sociology, University of Calgary, Alberta the book Canadian society is examined in terms ofregionalism, ethnicgroups, a quest foranational identity. Stratification patterns, internal and external power factors, with comparisons to other societies. The author summarizes or outlines the contributions of authorities in these areas. Source materials for further study are itemized through extensive footnoting and in the bibliography. Features: SOCIETAL Provides a view of our society as a whole from a sociological vantage ANALYSIS: point. INTEGRATED a wide variety of sources has been utilized to produce a more com- MATERIAL: prehensive, less-fragmented document of society. Summarizes impor- tant studies that prior to now had been scattered throughout profes- sional journals and were inaccessible as a complete unit. CONTEMPORARY issues such as nationalism, multi-national corporations, minority group ISSUES: conflicts, regionalismOnt, and national elites are presented in a sociological framework. 212 pp. ISBN No. 113324-1 ppr paper $4.95 Available: No. 113332-2 case cloth $7.95 March 1976 Prentice-Hall of Canada Ltd., 1870 Birchmount Road, Scarborougti, which was subject to highly competitive and fluctuating international mar- ket condition^.^ The farmers, however, took out their frustrations on the federal government, blaming its railway, land, fiscal and tariff policies. Federal railways policies were particularly vexatious. Designed to bind Confederation together, they did not provide adequate assistance for the construction of branch lines to transport crops to market. Provincial attempts to charter railways to build branch lines failed, either because the companies could not secure sufficient financial backing or because Ottawa disallowed their charters since they violated the monopoly clause in the Canadian Pacific Railway contract. Farmers blamed the Canadian Pacific for the high freight rates imposed in the few areas of the province lucky enough to enjoy rail communication. Given Ottawa's refusal to counte- nance American railway penetration of the Prairies, the only alternative for the farmers who desired railway competition was a Hudson's Bay Rail- way. Unfortunately, the brief shipping season of the northern ports, and the technical difficulties in building a railway across permafrost discour- aged investors from risking their