The Requirements Degree of by April 24, 1941

so�m ASPECTS OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES IN RUPERT'S LAND AND IN THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES TO 1905 ." A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Education University of Saskatchewan by Morley Preston Toombs Saskatoon, Saskatchewan April 24, 1941 II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the course of this investigation the writer has found it necessary to seek the assistance of many people and wishes to express his appreciation for their generous expenditure of time and effort. He is especially indebted to Dean F. M. Quance, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, who first suggested the investigation and who has given invalvuable guidance during the period of research, and to the Provincial Archivist, Arthur S. Morton, former Head of the History Department, and now Professor Emeritus, who assisted him in many of his difficulties, and who placed at his disposal the splendid research facilities of the Archives. He is also indebted to Dr. S. R. Laycock and Dr. J. W. Pajari for their many constructive criticisms and suggestions, and to Dr. G. F. McNally, Deputy Minister of Education for Alberta, Dr. M. E. Lazerte, Principal of the College of Education, University of Alberta, and Reverend J. P. Berry, whose united interest made research, in the Edmonton area, possible and profitable. The writer wishes to thank the University Librarian and assistants for their generous help in locating documents. University of Saskatchewan April �4, 1941. M. P. T. III TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLES 1 •••••••�......................................... 98 2.. • • . • • . • . • . • . • • 113 CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Statement and Delimitation of the Problem.. 2 Survey of Related Literature............... 3 Background of the Problem.................. 6 Method and Sources......................... 8 Problems Related to the Present Study...... 9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Summa.ry. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • II. THE EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COp.fi).AN'Y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Summary........................ .•.......•• 35 III. EARLY MISSIONARY EFFORTS, 1818-1870 ••••••••••• 36 Summary.................................... 56 IV. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION, 1870-1885 ••••••••••• 58 General B�ckground......................... 58 The Formation of Federal Educational Policy. • . • . 63 Temporary Arrangements..................... 69 Summary.................................... 80 v. EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES: THEIR FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 1884-1905 •••••••• 81 General Background......................... 81 Educational Policy under the Board of Education, 1885-1892..................... 87 IV CHAPTER Page V. (Continued) The Council of Public Instruction, 1892-1901. 99 The Department of Education 1901-1905........ 105 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 107 Summary. • • VI. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS....................... 108 Summary...................................... 115 VII. RETROSPECT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 116 BIBLIOGRAPlIY". • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 118 A Grants-in-Aid Paid by the Hudson's Bay Company to Religious and Educational Organizations During the Period, 1830-1843 ••••••••••••••••• 123 B Statistics of the Church Missionary Society's North-West American Mission, 1857 •••••••••••• 127 C Lieutenant-Governors of the North-West Territories, 1870-1905....................... 129 D The British North America Act, 1867 Exclusive Powers of Provincial Legislatures •• 131 Education ••..••••••.••••••.•.•..•..••••.••••• 132 E Dominion Government Expenditures for Educational Services in the North-West Territories, January 1, 1881 to June 30, 1885 134 F Sections of the School Ordinances Enacted by the Legislative Council, 1884-1887, and by the Legislative Assembly, 1888-1905 Governing (1) The Board of Education, (2) The Council of Public Instruction, and (3) The Department of Education.................................... 137 G Sections of School Ordinances Enacted by the Legislative Council, 1884-1887, and by the Legislative Assembly, 1888-1904, of the North West Territories, Regulating Public Aid to Schools ••••••••••••• 16.3 ________I'!!!I!'l!!!!__-------- v CHAPTER Page APPENDICES (Continued) H Members of the Board of Education in the North-West Territories, December 1885 to December 1892 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 181 I Educational Opinions of the Eighties •••••••••• 184 J Inspectors of Schools and Other Educational Officials Appointed by the Board of Education December, 1885 to September,,1891J and by the �ieutenant-Governor in Council ••• 188 K Protestant Public School Districts, Erected December 5, 1884 to December 8, 1885 •••••••• 192 Roman Catholic Public School Districts, Erected December 5, 1884 to December 8, 1885 193 Roman.Catholic Separate School Districts...... 193 L Summary of School StatistiCS, 1886-1904 ••••••• 194 • CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Present day problems have little significance. unless they are con sidered in the light of the hi�torica1 factors which have influenced their growth. In Saskatchewan, the system of school administration and finance is proving inadequate to meet:)present needs. In order to develop solutions which will assist in overcoming these inadequacies and which will redound to the public good, it is necessary to envis age the problems in their true historical perspective. Historical research in the field of school administration enables one to secure a truer picture of the circumstances in which the present administrative procedures came into existence. Educational practices have a tendency to lag far behind material progress. In the pioneer period, the socio-economic conditions in the country necessitated a type of school administration which would meet the needs of frontier settlements. Then, too, the cultural, social, and economic backgruund of the men who 'influenced the early educational policies helped to shape the administrative pattern. Today, the whole framework of society has undergone significant changes; people in Saskatchewan are living in a very different kind of world from that which existed in the last half of the nineteenth century. These changes have presented new educational problems which cannot be solved by applying the remedies in use a half-century ago. 4 Unfortunately the work is not documented. Alexander Begg6 and Norman 7 Fergus Black, in their histories, have certain sections devoted to the story of early educational progress. Useful information is con tained therein, gleaned chiefly from the school Ordinances and Reports of the Territorial Board of Education, with some allusions to early missionary work. D. J. Goggin, in an article entitled "The Educational System of the Territories,Q8 makes an analysis of the School Ordinance of 1896, and describes the school organization, courses of study, teacher training, and system of inspection of that period. Some research students have written theses dealing with the growth of educational institutions in Western Canada. Among these are "The History of Elementary and Secondary Education in Saskatchewan," by W. H. Waite;9 "The Organization of Public Education in Saskatchewan," by 10 J. D. Denny; and "The Development of Education in the North West Territories with Particular Reference to the Pr�inee of Alberta," 11 by I. Goresky. All of these theses follow the same general pattern inasmuch as their content is based upon an analysis of Domin- ion Statutes, Territorial Ordinances, Annual Reports of the Depart- ments of Education, and upon sundry secondary source material, with 6 . History g! � �-� in Three Volumes. 7History 2! Saskatchewan !!!9. � ill �-�. 811The Educational System of the Territories," Canada, !!! Encyclopedia 2! !h! Country, Volume III, pp. 246-9. 9M• Ed. Thesis, University of Manitoba, 1936, 184 pp. MS. 10 D. Paed. Thesis, University of Toronto, 1930, 87 pp. MS. 11M• Ed. Thesis, bow 'in co�se of preparation, to be presented for the approval of the Committee on Graduate Studies, University of Alberta. 5 some references to the newspapers of the period. Both Waite and Goresky briefly discuss early missionary efforts. Many books are available concerning the work of the early missionaries. Some of these were written by the missionaries them selves; others, by people closely associated with them; still others, by their admirers and critics of later years. It is, however, very difficult to secure an authentic story of· the work of the early church organizations in the Canadian West. Many of the stories are highly colored by the ecclesiastical prejudices, the aggrieved feel ings (often imaginary), and the wishful thinking of the writers. In spite of these limitations of history, one senses the enthusiasm, the determination, the vision which made the missionary endeavors in Western Canada the prelude to the stirring developments of later years. The Reverend James Evans with his Cree Syllabic} the Reverend Dr. Robert Rundle, the first resident missionary in what is now Alberta; Bishops J. A. Provencher and A. A. Tache; Father Lacombe; Bishop David Anderson; the Reverend John Black; the Reverends George and John McDougall; the Reverend Dr. D. G. McQueen; the native mission aries, the Reverends Henry Budd, H. B. Steinhauer,· and Dr. R. B. Steinhauer--these names suggest the powerful

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