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17 R.-..Ry 19 OCISt.., "'1~2 Ecologic.1 Allociue. SYII'tUsIS 0' ~c. (I( 1'B IPnCfS OP MOISE AlII) DIsmuA1K2 a, IIUc. IIADLOft m.::IIIDA1'IONS or lUIS SIA PI.-IPms fr •• LGL Muke ••••• rda Aaeoc:iat_, Inc •• 505 "-t IIortbera Lllbta .1••••,"Sait. 201 ABdaonp, AlMke 99503 for u.s. tIl_rala •••••••••• Seni.ce Al_1taa o.t.r CoIItlM11tal Shelf legion U.S. u.,c. of Iat.dor ••• 603, ,., EMt 36tla A.-... A8eb0ra•• , Aluke 99501 Coatraet _. 14-12-00CU-30361 LGL •••••• 'U 821 17 r.-..ry 19" OCS Study MMS 88-0092 StAllUIS OWIUOlMUc. 011'DB &IIBCfI ,. 11010 AlII) DIS'ftJU8CB 011llAJoa IWJLOU'r COIICIII'DArIa. OW101. SB&PIDU&DI by S.R. Johnson J.J. Burnsl C.I. Malme2 R.A. Davis LGL Alaska Research Associatel, Inc. 505 West Northern Lights Blv~., Suite 201 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 for u.S. Minerals Management Service Alaskan Outer Continental Shelf Region U.S. Dept. of Interior Room 603, 949 East 36th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99508 Contract no. 14-12-0001-30361 LGL Rep. No. TA 828 17 February 1989 The opinionl, findings, conclusions, or recolmBendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. 1 Living Resources Inc., Fairbanks, AK 2 BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation, Cambridge, MA Table of Contents ii 'UIU or cc»mll UBLBor cowmll ii AIS'lIAC'f • · . vi Inter-site Population Sensitivity Index (IPSI) vi Norton Basin Planning Area • • vii St. Matthew-Ball Planning Area • · . vii North Aleutian Basin Planning Area · . vii St. George Basin Planning Area • • • · -, . .viii M:1~~'lS • · . LX I1lmlOll • · . 1 Background • .. 1 Objectives • . 2 Study Area • 3 · . 5 Te1'1llinology 5 Review and SUllllUry0 f Info1'1ll8tion on pinni ped Populat ions and Disturbance 6 Inter-site Population Sensitivity Index (IPS1) • 7 Analysis of the Acoustic Environment • · . 10 DSULD 12 Northern Fur Seal (Callorbinus ursinus L.) 12 Background • 12 Patterna of Occupancy at Baulout Sites • 14 Location and Status of Northern Fur Seal Baulout Sites • 17 Pribilof Islands • 17 It. Pal lal•••• 17 li.,.teIa . 19 se, Geor..tal•••• 19 Bogoslof Island 19 Northe~n Sea Lion (Eumatopias jubatus Schreber) .. 19 -Background • 19 Patterns of Occupancy at Haulout Sites • 23 Location and Status of Northern Sea Lion Haulout Sites • 24 Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina L.) 27 Backgroun~ 27 Patterns of Occupancy at Haulout Sites • 32 Location and Status of Harbor Seal Haulout Sites • 33 Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus (L.» 3S Background • 35 Patterns of Occupancy at Haulout Si~es • 40 Location and Status of Pacific Walrus Haulout Sites :.2 Reactions of Pinnipeds to Disturbance ,,5 Table of Contents iii Nortbern Fur Seal 46 Airborne Boi.e and Disturbance • • 46 "iq 8oerce•• . 46 8tatiOllU'Y8oarc••• · 47 Underwater Noise and Disturbance • 48 ~ 8oarc••• 48 8tati0ur7 8oerc.. • • • 48 Human Pre.ence and Disturbance • • ...- . 48 Nortbern Sea Lion • 49 Airborne Boise and Disturbance • 49 IIoriaa8oerce. • 49 Itati0ur7 8ou'c.. • • •• 50 Underwater Boi.e and Di.turbance • • • 50 1IDri. ao.rc.. • • 50 Buman Presence and Disturbance • 51 Harbor Seal 52 Airborne Bois. and Disturbance • 52 "iq 8oerc••• 52 8tatioaar, 8oerc.. • 54 Underwater Noise and Disturbance •• 54 IIoriaaIoarc.. • '. 54 ltatioaar, 8oerc.. • 56 Human Presence and Disturbance • • • 57 Walrus • 59 Airborne Boise and Disturbance • 59 IIoriaa8oarc.. • 59 Buman Pre.ence and Disturbance • 63 DI8CU88IOII • 64 Nortbern Fur Seal 64 Nortbern Sea Lion 65 Harbor Seal 69 Pacific Walru. • 72 75 Norton Ba.in Planninl Area • 75 St. Mattbew-Ball 'Planninl Area • 75 Nortb Aleutian Ba.in Planning Area • 77 St. George Ba.in Planning Area • 77 I.IDIAmU CI'DD • 79 APPDDICl8 • 89 APPDDU 1. ADL'f818 0., ACOUSTICDVllO'"'fi 0., SILICTD PDmPID IWJLOU!' SI'DS 111DE AL&SUII BII.IBG SU 90 IftIODOC'rIOII • 90 Table of Contents iv DSULD AID DlSCU88IOII. ... 91 Ambient Noise Characteristics •• • • • • • 91 Industrial Noise Source Characteristics • • 94 Aircraft Noise Spectra • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95 Small Craft and Commercial Vessel Noise Spectra • • • • • • • • • 100 Transmission Loss • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 103 Sound Transmission in the Atmosphere • • • • • • • • • • • • • 103 Underwater Sound Transmission • • • • • • • • • 104 Sound Propagation Modeling • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 107 Air-To-Water Transmission •• • • • • • • • • • • ••• 127 Comparison of Airborne and Underwater Aircraft Noise Spectra • 133 COIICLDIIoa . 136 LnDAmD CIDD . 138 APPIIIDU 2. DUCl.IPrIOIII AID IIAPI 01' MalDU 1ft Sur. JWJLOUrSIDS D 'rD BASDIJI IlQIW SEA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 147 APPIIIDU 3. DUCl.IPrIOU AID IIAPI 01' IORlDU SEA. LU. IWJLOU'rSITU m TIl IAS-rBIIIIlQIW SEA. • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • 152 APPIIIDU4. DUC'IPrIOU AID IIAPI 01' lIMIOa SUI. IWILOft SIDS D TIIB BASDIJI IQTJIG SEA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 178 APnIIDU 5. DISQIFfIOIIS AID IIAPI 01' ,.cUIC VAUDI IWILOft SITU D 'rD BASDIJI IpTJIG SEA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 207 APnIIDU 6. DIDD m COUftS 01' iOtiiiILU SEA. LIOU Ar 'l'DIISD.UL IWILOft srru D TIIB USDB lUI. SEA. • • • • • • • • . 234 APPIIIDU 7. DftAD,p COUftS01' uuoa SULS Ar 'l'DIISD.UL IWILOft srru D 'rD IASTBU IQIW SEA. • • • • • • • • •• 245 APnIIDU 8. DmDD COOiiS 01' • .cUIC tW.IDSD Ar 'l'DIISD.UL 1WILOft·srru D 'rD US'DU BlI. SEA • • • • • • • • • • 257 APPIIIDU 9. GLOSSA" ~ SCIDrIl'IC n.- . 265 1. Pinniped Terminology . 265 2. ACOQltic Terminology 266 List of Figures v LIS1' or rIGUUS FiguIe 1 Hap of Bering Sea, Alaaka study area sbowinl OCS planning area. • • • • . • • 4 2 General distribution of.tbe northern fur a.al in tb. Berinl Sea, Alaska • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 3 Locationa of northern fur aeal haulout .ites in tb. Berinl Sea, Ala.ka • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 4 General di.tribution of the nortbern sea lion in tbe Berinl Sea, Alaska • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .• · . 21 5 Locationa of iaportant baulout sitea uaed by northern sea lions in tbe Berinl Sea, Ala.ka • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 6 General distribution of the barbor seal in the Bering Sea, Alasu . .. • . • . 29 7 Variability in count. of barbor .eals at two baulout sites in tbe ~erin. Sea, Alaaka • • • • •••••• 34 8 Locations of iaportant haulout aite. used by barbor aeal. in tbe Berinl Sea, Alaska •• • • • • • • • • • • • 37 9 General di.tribution of the Pacific Walrus in the Bering Sea, Alaska • • • • • • • • • • • • •.• • • • • • • • • • 39 10 Locationa ofiaportant haulout sites used by Pacific walruses in the Bering Sea, Alaska • • • • • • • • 41 11 Variability in counts of Pacific walruses at Cape Seniavin, Ala'ska • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43 12 Sumaary of baulout site. in various OCS Planning Area. in tbe ••rinl Sea, Alaska • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 LIST or APPDDU rIGUUS Figure 1 Airborne ambient noise near beach areas 92 2 Shallow water ambient noise . 93 3 Small and medium aircraft noise spectra . ... 96 4 Helicopter radiated noise spectra -. 98 5 A. Small craft source level spectra. B. Medium vessel source level spectra • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 101 List of Figures vi Figure 6 Beach geometry for IFD Model calculation of underwater sound transmission from an offshore source to a receiver near the shoreline . 108 7 Offshore transmission loss • . · . 112 8 Offshore transmission loss • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117 9 Offshore transmission loss • . 120 10 Transmission 10•• near Unimak Island. depth. 70 m • 125 11 Geometry for air to water sound trans.ission • • • 128 12 Factors for air - shallow water sound trans.is.ion • 131 13 Cessna 185 underwater noise spectra · . 134 14 Aircraft noise spectra, underwater d~ta . 135 15 Maps of northern fur seal haulout sites on BOloalof Island, and on St. George and St. Paul i.lands and Sivutch in the Pribilof Ialands • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 149 16 Map. of important northern sea lion haulout site. in the eastern Bering Sea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 160 17 Map. of important harbor seal haulout sites in the Bering Sea, Alaska . · . 185 18 Maps of important Pacific walrus haulout site. in the Berinl Sea, Alaska . · . • . 213 List of Tables vii LIST or DI'JlS Table 1 Summary of the timing of arrival of hauling grounds and rookeries by northern fur seals of different ages and sexes. St. Paul Island. Bering Sea. Alaska ••••••• . 16 2 A summary of the occupancy of haulout sites on the Pribilof Illands. Bering Sea. Alaska. by different age and sex classes of northern fur .eals ••••••••• . 17 3 Peak numbers of northern fur seals at major haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska • • • • • • • • • • • •..•~ • 18 4 A suaaary of the occupancy of haulout sites on the Eastern Aleutian Islands and 5E Bering Sea. Alaska. by different age and sex classes of northern sea lions . 23 5 Peak counts of northern sea lions at major haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska • • • • • • • • • · . 25 6 Peak counts of harbor seals at major haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska • • • • • • • · . 36 7 Peak counts of Pacific walruses at major terrestrial 'haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska • • • • • • • • 44 Inter-site Population Sensitivity Index (IPSI) for northern fur sea haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska 66 Inter-site Population Sensitivity Index (IPSI) for northern sea lions haulout sites in the Bering Sea. Alaska 68 10 Inter-site Population Sensitivity Index (IPSI) for harbor ~eal haulout sites in the
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