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Archeology, National Natural Landmarks, and State Game Sanctuaries: Combining Efforts for Science and Management

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Archeology, National Natural Landmarks, and State Game Sanctuaries: Combining Efforts for Science and Management Archeology, National Natural Landmarks, and State Game Sanctuaries: Combining Efforts for Science and Management Jeanne Schaaf, Judy Alderson, Joe Meehan, and Joel Cusick The sanctuary and the National Natural Landmarks program THE WALRUS ISLANDS STATE GAME SANCTUARY AND NATIONAL NATURAL LANDMARK (NNL) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, comprises a group of seven small islands about 63 miles southwest of Dillingham. During the 1950s, declining population numbers of the Pacific walrus (Odo- benus rosmarus) caused a great deal of concern about the future of the species. As a result, the state game sanctuary was established in 1960 “to protect the walruses and other game on the Walrus Islands”; it is managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). Eight years later, the Walrus Islands National Natural Landmark was established to add nationwide recognition of the importance of this area for its concentration of Pacific walrus, with Round Island in particular serving as a summer haul-out for male walruses (see cover photo, this issue). It is one of the most southern of the walrus haul-outs and, at the time of establishment of the sanctuary and the NNL, it was one of the few remaining annual haul- outs in Alaska (and perhaps the only one consistently in use). The Walrus Islands are open to public access, but visitors to Round Island must obtain an access permit prior to arriving. The National Natural Landmarks Pro- lic’s appreciation of America’s natural her- gram recognizes and encourages the con- itage. The National Park Service adminis- servation of outstanding examples of our ters the NNL program, and, if requested, country’s natural history.It is the only natu- assists NNL owners and managers with the ral areas program of national scope that conservation of these important sites. identifies and recognizes the best examples of ecological and geological features in both Project description public and private ownership. The program A recreational trail grant application was established by the secretary of the inte- for trail and access improvements for the rior in 1962, under authority of the Historic ADF&G operations at Round Island Sites Act of 1935. NNLs are designated by prompted a National Historic Preservation the secretary of the interior, with the Act Section 106 review by the Alaska owner’s concurrence. To date, fewer than Department of Natural Resources’ Office of 600 sites have been designated. The pro- History and Archaeology (OHA). It was gram aims to encourage and support volun- determined that the proposed improve- tary preservation and to strengthen the pub- ments could have adverse impacts on the 54 The George Wright Forum Qayassiq (“Place to go in a kayak”) archeo- home to as many as 14,000 walrus (the logical site (no. XNB-043), adding to dam- highest number counted in a single day, in age that had already occurred during the 1977), hundreds of Steller sea lions, and past 35 years of operations. OHA recom- 250,000 nesting seabirds. Grey,humpback, mended that work should be done to deter- minke, and orca whales pass by in the mine the site boundary,assess existing dam- spring on their migration north, sometimes age to the site, conduct clearance investiga- feeding offshore. tion for any planned ground disturbance, Round Island is within one of Bristol and map the site as accurately as possible so Bay’s principal spawning areas of herring that future impacts would be minimized. and yellowfin sole; all five species of Pacific OHA concurred that the NPS would pro- salmon are found here (Sinnott 1992). Over vide archeological expertise through an 100 species of birds have been documented existing cooperative agreement between on Round Island. The vegetation is a mosa- ADF&G and the NPS NNL program. NPS ic of wet and dry tundra, meadow, and herb agreed to provide a complete report of communities. The site area is classified as a activities and results, including an assess- bluejoint grass meadow (Hasselbach and ment of site significance for National Neitlich 1996:11). Register purposes, and to catalogue any col- While the entire area that is now Bristol lections following the established proce- Bay was under glacial ice during the maxi- dures of the state repository at the Univer- mum extent of Pleistocene glaciations, ice sity of Alaska–Fairbanks. during the last (late Wisconsin) glacial max- imum 20,000 years ago was confined in this The physical and historical setting of area to the Ahklun Mountains north of the Round Island Walrus Islands and to the Alaska Peninsula. Round Island is located in northern The Walrus Islands were high ground, Bristol Bay, midway between Hagemeister overlooking part of the vast southern Bering Island and the Nushagak Peninsula (Figure 1). The Figure 1. Approaching Round Island from the east. Site XNB-043 is located to the right of the island shore center. southeastern-most island in the group, Round Island is shaped like a “D” with a 1.5-mile-long narrow spit extending northwest from its spine (see cover photo). Sheer-walled, granodiorite cliffs rising to an elevation of 1,400 feet encircle the island, except for a low bench along the northeast shore. Only 1.3 square miles (735 acres) in area, Round Island is seasonally Volume 24 • Number 3 (2007) 55 Land Bridge plain, exposed when sea level A. Schanz, traveling in 1890 by bidarka was 120 meters lower than it is today.As the along the coast from the Kuskokwim River plain flooded and the land rebounded from mouth to Nushagak, noted that the people the weight of the ice, areas of high ground of Togiak Bay were relatively primitive became increasingly smaller islands, reach- despite the commercial activities in the bay ing their present configuration by 2000 (Kowta 1963:17). The transition for Togiak years ago when sea level was within one residents from sea mammal hunting with meter of modern levels (Manley 2002). skin boats and hand-held harpoons to guns, Some terrestrial mammals important to wooden boats, and outboard motors early prehistoric hunters survived for a time occurred during the 1930s and 1940s (Fall on at least some of the islands after the land et al. 1991:8). Round Island was a primary bridge flooded. Mammoth remains from the walrus hunting site for them before and Pribilof Islands have been radiocarbon- after the transition until it was closed to dated to around 8000 years ago (Guthrie hunting in 1960. Walrus were shot from 2004) and to as late as 5700 years ago (D. motorized skiffs and butchered at rocky Veltre, personal communication). The Wal- haul-outs along the shore, with the meat rus Islands were still connected to Hage- returned to the village in one day, weather meister Island and the mainland 8000 years permitting (Fall et al. 1991: 9, 11–12). The ago when sea levels were about 14 meters other Walrus Islands and the coast from below modern levels. By 6000 years ago, Togiak Bay to Cape Newenham are also tra- the earliest known prehistoric occupation ditional hunting areas for walrus and other of Round Island, sea level was within 10 sea mammals, used until the bay freezes and meters of today’s level and Round Island resuming on the sea ice in early spring became separated from the other islands (Chythlook 2006). and the mainland (NOAA 1988). When established in 1960, the Walrus Round Island was named by Captain Islands were the first state game sanctuary James Cook when he sailed across Bristol to be designated and legislators were Bay,briefly stopping at Cape Newenham, in unaware of the importance of Round Island 1778 (Kowta 1963:11–12; Fall et al. to local subsistence hunters (Sinnott 1992). 1991:7). Nearby Togiak Bay was bypassed After closure of the island to hunting, by most early exploration, until 1818 when Togiak hunters began hunting from boats in Fort Alexandrovsk (Novo-Aleksandrovskii) open water, which resulted in the loss of was established at Nushagak (Fall et al. many of the struck animals and in a corre- 1991). The post was relocated to the west sponding loss of cultural tradition. The coast of Hagemeister Island for just a year in Togiak Traditional Council petitioned the 1821 and then moved back to Nushagak Alaska Board of Game in 1991 for the right (Bailey 1991:14). Petr Korsakovskiy visited to hunt a limited number of walrus on Summit Island in 1818 and reported that Round Island. The ADF&G Subsistence the people of the Togiak River traveled to Division prepared a comprehensive report the Walrus Islands to pick berries and had on the history of walrus hunting by the temporary shelters on them (VanStone Togiak community (Fall et al. 1991). In 1988:38, 48). 1995, the Board of Game approved limited 56 The George Wright Forum access to Round Island for hunting, and the widespread along the coast of western first hunt since 1960 was held. Alaska. Shaw proposed that this pattern resulted from “a major population increase Previous archeological research at associated with innovation in net fishing Qayassiq and vicinity technology (and perhaps means of food A village site at Round Island, now storage) that resulted in a florescence of the known as Qayassiq, was first reported to the Norton tradition (Shaw 1986:3).” The OHA by ADF&G because employees had Norton tradition in this region spans about encountered artifacts when constructing a 1500 years. Its traits, among many others, cabin, outhouse, and garden in 1976 and include thin, well-made ceramics, with fiber later (Alaska Heritage Resources Survey or sand temper and often decorated with file). The site was observed from an over- linear or check stamping; square or rectan- flight of the island (Klingler 1983) and was gular houses; notched stone net sinkers; visited briefly on the ground by the state stone lamps; small, bifacially flaked side and archeologist in 1986.
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