Perdomuit Feroces Vascones” Vascones”

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Perdomuit Feroces Vascones” Vascones” “PERDOMUIT FEROCES “PERDOMUIT FEROCES VASCONES” VASCONES” urrengo agertu zirenei, visigodoei beste era bateko uy distinto sería el recibimiento que las vascos harrerea egin eutsen euskaldunek, "vasconek ez dispensaron a la siguiente "visita", que fue la de H ebezan ontzat hartu german herriak –Gregorio M los visigodos. "Los pueblos germánicos no fue- Monreal Iza doktorearen liburutik ataraten dogu, "Bizkaiko ron aceptados por los vascones –citamos al doctor Gregorio jaurerriko herri Erakundeak" bere izena–, aurki euskaldu- Monreal Iza en su obra Las Instituciones Públicas del Señorío nek eurentzakotzat eben erromar ordena ezagunaren arerio de Vizcaya–. Quizá éstos vieron en visigodos y francos a los antzeko jo ebezan visigodo ta frankoak. Herri horrekaz izaniko enemigos del orden romano precedente, que habían llega- hartu-emon zazkarrak nabarmen dira visigodo epe horretan do a considerar suyo. Las pésimas relaciones sostenidas con eta Erdi Aro Goitiaren hasieran". estos pueblos caracterizan la etapa visigoda y el comienzo de la Alta Edad Media". Hispanian 418 garren urtean sartuta gero, errege visi- godoen kondairetan kasik 300 urtean esan eta esaten dana, Tras su entrada en Hispania el año 418, las crónicas setatsu hatan be, eta izanak esana guzurtatuten eban txitean de los reyes visigodos fueron repitiendo durante casi 300 pitean, lelo hauxe zan: "perdomuit feroces vascones" (eus- años, con una obstinación que la realidad se encargaba de kaldun uzarkak menperatu ebazan). Eta horra, historiako desmentir a cada paso, el estribillo "perdomuit feroces vasco- guzurtapenik entzutetsuena, irrimirri mingotsez mukurru, nes" ("dominó a los feroces vascos"). Pero el más sonado de errege visigodoetarik azkena, harako Don Rodrigo hain zuzen todos los mentís de la historia lo tenemos, cargado de amar- be, bere aurretikoen antzean euskaldun uzardak menperatzeko ga ironía, en el hecho de que el último de los reyes visigo- arazopeturik egoanean, orduantxe lehorreratu ziran Oztugarte dos, don Rodrigo, se hallase, precisamente, "entretenido" Iberikora arabe endakoak, lurmutur hegoaldekoenean, errege- como sus predecesores en "dominar", a los "feroces vasco- ren bizkar, egoeraz. nes", cuando a sus regias espaldas desembarcaron los árabes en la punta más meridional de la Península Ibérica. Etorkizuneko Bizkaiari egokionez arabeen etorrereak ozta aldatu eben egoerea. Dirudianez, 714 garren urtean La llegada de los árabes apenas modificó la situación, –lehorreratzetik hiru urtera– vascon ziralakoakaz burrukan al menos en lo que a la futura Bizkaia se refiere. Parece ser egin eben, eta Arabako ta Nafarroako hegoe lautadetan bizi que, ya en el 714 –tres años después de su desembarco–, se 32 izan ziran, visigodoak ainean. Baina ifarreko gizelien jarki- enfrentaron con los vascones y llegaron a ocupar, al igual pen eutsiak –antxinako vardul, caristi ta autrigon jenteak– que los visigodos, las llanuras meridionales de Araba y estieragin eutsen eta, mugantzeko lerroa lehen baino hegoal- Nafarroa. Pero la tenaz resistencia ofrecida por las tribus derago lotu zan. septentrionales –antiguos várdulos, caristios y autrigones– les obligó a retroceder, de modo que la línea del frente quedara Bir-jabetze gerratea hasi zanean, asturiar monarkia estabilizada más al sur incluso que antes. Toledoko visigodo izpirituaren jarraitzaile, dakigunez, zan eta, bere nahikundeari ekin eutsan barriro, –Elias Tejadak Iniciada ya la Reconquista, la monarquía astur, conti- bere liburu "Bizkaiko Jaurerria"-n azaldu dauanez, harako nuadora, como es sabido, del espíritu visigótico de Toledo, Leovigildo ta Wamba visigodoen toledoar uzi zaharrari–, hain reanudó su pretensión –"la vieja pretensión toledana de los zuzen "euskaldunak menperatzeari". "Bizkaia" berbea lehe- Leovigildos o los Wambas visigodos" , como apostilla Elías de nengoz idatzita geratu zan agiria, "Alfonso III-ren Tejada en su libro El Señorío de Vizcaya– de "someter a los vas- Kondairea", 900 urtealdi ingurukoa da, orduantxe emon cones". Y es ahora cuando la historia va a poner en nuestras euskun eskura historiak. manos el documento donde por primera vez aparece escrito el nombre de "Bizkaia": la Crónica de Alfonso III, compuesta Esangurakoa da Haundia eritxoen errege asturiar en torno al año 900. honek –izan be, aginterriaren buru-egoitza Asturiastik Leon- era aldatuerazo eban– Alfonso I bere aurretikoaren gudatea No deja de ser significativo el hecho de que este azalduteko Kronikan idatziriko lerro murritzetan, doi-doi monarca astur llamado el Magno –fue él quien trasladó la aitatzea, honako Bizkaia, Araba Alaon, –Ayala ibarra?– capitalidad del reino de Asturias a León–, en las escasas líne- Orduña, Deyoko lurrak eta Berrueza ibarra –Lizarra ingu- as que en la Crónica dedica a describir las campañas de su ruetako alderdiak– lagunez hornidu beharrean ez egozala antecesor Alfonso I (739-757), afirme taxativamente que "euretan ziran biziliarrek jabetasuna betiro zaindu ebelako" Bizkaia, lo mismo que Alava, Alaón –¿valle de Ayala?–, ("a suis reperitur semper esse possessas"). Orduña, las tierras de Deyo y el valle de Berrueza –comarcas colindantes y próximas a Estella– no tuvieron que ser repobla- Testu horrek –bizkai historiografian zehar jasan behar das, "puesto que fueron poseídas siempre por sus habitan- izango ebazan politika adierazte alderen bestekoak gorabehera– tes", "a suis reperitur semper esse possessas"). argi ta garbi azaltzen dau errege asturiarrak harrituta geratu zirala, lagunez bete gura ebezan bazterretan burujabe zan La redacción del texto –por encima de todas las con- herria idoro ebenean, bere lurretan ugazaba ta jaun zana, tradictorias interpretaciones políticas que habría de padecer beste jaun edo errege arrotzik aintzat hartzeko inondik inora a lo largo de la historiografía vizcaina– viene a expresar, sen- gertu ez egoan herria. Monreal irakasleak dirausku: "Beraz, cillamente , la sorpresa que produjo a los monarcas astures, lurraldeko bizileak euren bazterren jabetzea izateko en su afán repoblador, el encontrarse frente a un pueblo bidea, jatorriko eukitetik etorkioen, eta ez erregek edo libre, dueño absoluto y señor de su propia tierra, en modo inongo haundikik emon izatetik". alguno dispuesto a admitir ningún otro señor o rey extraño. "Es decir, que el título por el que detentaban las tierras los habi- tantes del territorio –nos lo recuerda el profesor Monreal– derivaba de esta posesión originaria, y no de la concesión del rey o de magnates". 33 Lope Garcia de Salazar-en Bienandanzas y Fortunas. Bienandanzas y Fortunas, de Lope García de Salazar. 34.
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