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Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism
Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism Ryutaro Goto1,2*, Tomoko Okamoto2, Hiroshi Ishikawa3, Yoichi Hamamura4, Makoto Kato2 1 Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan, 2 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 3 Uwajima, Ehime, Japan, 4 Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Abstract The Echiura, or spoon worms, are a group of marine worms, most of which live in burrows in soft sediments. This annelid- like animal group was once considered as a separate phylum because of the absence of segmentation, although recent molecular analyses have placed it within the annelids. In this study, we elucidate the interfamily relationships of echiuran worms and their evolutionary pattern of feeding mode and sexual dimorphism, by performing molecular phylogenetic analyses using four genes (18S, 28S, H3, and COI) of representatives of all extant echiuran families. Our results suggest that Echiura is monophyletic and comprises two unexpected groups: [Echiuridae+Urechidae+Thalassematidae] and [Bone- lliidae+Ikedidae]. This grouping agrees with the presence/absence of marked sexual dimorphism involving dwarf males and the paired/non-paired configuration of the gonoducts (genital sacs). Furthermore, the data supports the sister group relationship of Echiuridae and Urechidae. These two families share the character of having anal chaetae rings around the posterior trunk as a synapomorphy. The analyses also suggest that deposit feeding is a basal feeding mode in echiurans and that filter feeding originated once in the common ancestor of Urechidae. Overall, our results contradict the currently accepted order-level classification, especially in that Echiuroinea is polyphyletic, and provide novel insights into the evolution of echiuran worms. -
Anti-BACE1 and Antimicrobial Activities of Steroidal Compounds Isolated from Marine Urechis Unicinctus
marine drugs Article Anti-BACE1 and Antimicrobial Activities of Steroidal Compounds Isolated from Marine Urechis unicinctus Yong-Zhe Zhu 1, Jing-Wen Liu 1, Xue Wang 2, In-Hong Jeong 3, Young-Joon Ahn 4 and Chuan-Jie Zhang 5,* ID 1 College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang district, Qingdao 266109, China; [email protected] (Y.-Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.-W.L.) 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; [email protected] 3 Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151742, Korea; [email protected] 5 Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, U-4163, Storrs, CT 06269, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-860-486-2924 Received: 27 December 2017; Accepted: 12 March 2018; Published: 14 March 2018 Abstract: The human β-site amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE1) has been considered as an effective drug target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, Urechis unicinctus (U. unicinctus), which is a Far East specialty food known as innkeeper worm, ethanol extract was studied by bioassay-directed fractionation and isolation to examine its potential β-site amyloid cleaving enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activity. The following compounds were characterized: hecogenin, cholest-4-en-3-one, cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, and hurgadacin. These compounds were identified by their mass spectrometry, 1H, and 13C NMR spectral data, comparing those data with NIST/EPA/NIH Mass spectral database (NIST11) and published values. -
Soil-Dwelling Polychaetes: Enigmatic As Ever? Some Hints on Their
Contributions to Zoology, 70 (3) 127-138 (2001) SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague Soil-dwelling polychaetes: enigmatic as ever? Some hints on their phylogenetic relationships as suggested by a maximum parsimony analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences ³ Emilia Rota Patrick Martin² & Christer Erséus ¹, 1 di Dipartimento Biologia Evolutivei. Universitd di Siena, via P. A. Mattioli 4. IT-53100 Siena, Italy, e-mail: 2 Institut des Sciences naturelles de des [email protected]; royal Belgique, Biologic Eaux donees, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 e-mail: 3 Bruxelles, Belgium, [email protected]; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Terrestrial Polychaeta, Parergodrilus heideri, Stygocapitella subterranea, Hrabeiella I8S rRNA periglandulata, gene, molecular phylogeny, rapid radiation Abstract Collectionof new specimens 130 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing 130 Alignment To re-evaluate 130 the various hypotheses on the systematic position of Phylogenetic analyses 130 Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 and Hrabeiella Results 132 periglandulata Pizl & Chalupský, 1984,the sole truly terrestrial Discussion 132 non-clitellateannelidsknown to date, their phylogenetic relation- ships Acknowledgements 136 were investigated using a data set of new 18S rDNA References 136 of sequences these and other five relevant annelid taxa, including an unknown of species Ctenodrilidae, as well as homologous sequences available for 18 already polychaetes, one aphano- neuran, 11 clitellates, two pogonophorans, one echiuran, one Introduction sipunculan, three molluscs and two arthropods. Two different alignments were constructed, according to analgorithmic method terrestrial forms constitute (Clustal Truly a tiny minority W) and on the basis of a secondary structure model non-clitellate annelids, (DCSE), A maximum parsimony analysis was performed with among only represented by arthropods asan unambiguous outgroup. -
Distribution, Abundance, and Diversity of Epifaunal Benthic Organisms in Alitak and Ugak Bays, Kodiak Island, Alaska
DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND DIVERSITY OF EPIFAUNAL BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN ALITAK AND UGAK BAYS, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA by Howard M. Feder and Stephen C. Jewett Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 517 October 1977 279 We thank the following for assistance during this study: the crew of the MV Big Valley; Pete Jackson and James Blackburn of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, for their assistance in a cooperative benthic trawl study; and University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science personnel Rosemary Hobson for assistance in data processing, Max Hoberg for shipboard assistance, and Nora Foster for taxonomic assistance. This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environment Assessment Program (OCSEAP). SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Little is known about the biology of the invertebrate components of the shallow, nearshore benthos of the bays of Kodiak Island, and yet these components may be the ones most significantly affected by the impact of oil derived from offshore petroleum operations. Baseline information on species composition is essential before industrial activities take place in waters adjacent to Kodiak Island. It was the intent of this investigation to collect information on the composition, distribution, and biology of the epifaunal invertebrate components of two bays of Kodiak Island. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) A qualitative inventory of dominant benthic invertebrate epifaunal species within two study sites (Alitak and Ugak bays). -
Polychaete Worms Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera
THE POLYCHAETE WORMS DEFINITIONS AND KEYS TO THE ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA THE POLYCHAETE WORMS Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera By Kristian Fauchald NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY In Conjunction With THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Science Series 28 February 3, 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHARACTERS USED TO DEFINE HIGHER TAXA 2 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYCHAETES 7 ORDERS OF POLYCHAETES 9 KEY TO FAMILIES 9 ORDER ORBINIIDA 14 ORDER CTENODRILIDA 19 ORDER PSAMMODRILIDA 20 ORDER COSSURIDA 21 ORDER SPIONIDA 21 ORDER CAPITELLIDA 31 ORDER OPHELIIDA 41 ORDER PHYLLODOCIDA 45 ORDER AMPHINOMIDA 100 ORDER SPINTHERIDA 103 ORDER EUNICIDA 104 ORDER STERNASPIDA 114 ORDER OWENIIDA 114 ORDER FLABELLIGERIDA 115 ORDER FAUVELIOPSIDA 117 ORDER TEREBELLIDA 118 ORDER SABELLIDA 135 FIVE "ARCHIANNELIDAN" FAMILIES 152 GLOSSARY 156 LITERATURE CITED 161 INDEX 180 Preface THE STUDY of polychaetes used to be a leisurely I apologize to my fellow polychaete workers for occupation, practised calmly and slowly, and introducing a complex superstructure in a group which the presence of these worms hardly ever pene- so far has been remarkably innocent of such frills. A trated the consciousness of any but the small group great number of very sound partial schemes have been of invertebrate zoologists and phylogenetlcists inter- suggested from time to time. These have been only ested in annulated creatures. This is hardly the case partially considered. The discussion is complex enough any longer. without the inclusion of speculations as to how each Studies of marine benthos have demonstrated that author would have completed his or her scheme, pro- these animals may be wholly dominant both in num- vided that he or she had had the evidence and inclina- bers of species and in numbers of specimens. -
A New Species of the Genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from Sandy Flats of Japan, Previously Referred to As Thalassema Owstoni Ikeda, 1904
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 312:A new13–21 species (2013) of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan... 13 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.312.5456 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan, previously referred to as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904 Masaatsu Tanaka1,†, Teruaki Nishikawa1,‡ 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E31DD0A5-9C0C-4A2A-A963-81965578B726 ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:4E07D37B-5EA5-48CE-BC0C-B62DBB844DB7 Corresponding author: Masaatsu Tanaka ([email protected]) Academic editor: Chris Glasby | Received 3 May 2013 | Accepted 20 June 2013 | Published 24 June 2013 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90C48CD4-C195-4C65-A04F-7F0DE0F18614 Citation: Tanaka M, Nishikawa T (2013) A new species of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan, previously referred to as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904. ZooKeys 312: 13–21. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.312.5456 Abstract A new echiuran, Arhynchite hayaoi sp. n., is described from newly collected specimens from sandy flats of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, together with many museum specimens, including those once identified as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904 or A. arhynchite (Ikeda, 1924). The new species is clearly distinguishable from its congeners by the smooth margin of gonostomal lips and lack of rectal caecum. Brief references are also made to the morphological distinction between the new species and T. owstoni, originally described from the deep bottom on the Japanese Pacific coast. -
Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of REPUBLIC of NAURU
RAPID BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF REPUBLIC OF NAURU JUNE 2013 NAOERO GO T D'S W I LL FIRS SPREP Library/IRC Cataloguing-in-Publication Data McKenna, Sheila A, Butler, David J and Wheatley, Amanda. Rapid biodiversity assessment of Republic of Nauru / Sheila A. McKeena … [et al.] – Apia, Samoa : SPREP, 2015. 240 p. cm. ISBN: 978-982-04-0516-5 (print) 978-982-04-0515-8 (ecopy) 1. Biodiversity conservation – Nauru. 2. Biodiversity – Assessment – Nauru. 3. Natural resources conservation areas - Nauru. I. McKeena, Sheila A. II. Butler, David J. III. Wheatley, Amanda. IV. Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) V. Title. 333.959685 © SPREP 2015 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPREP authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPREP and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and / or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme P.O. Box 240, Apia, Samoa. Telephone: + 685 21929, Fax: + 685 20231 www.sprep.org The Pacific environment, sustaining our livelihoods and natural heritage in harmony with our cultures. RAPID BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF REPUBLIC OF NAURU SHEILA A. MCKENNA, DAVID J. BUTLER, AND AmANDA WHEATLEY (EDITORS) NAOERO GO T D'S W I LL FIRS CONTENTS Organisational Profiles 4 Authors and Participants 6 Acknowledgements -
The Taxonomy and Functional Anatomy of Southern African Echiurans
THE TAXONOMY AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN ECHIURANS by Ramlall Biseswar Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements r for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Zoology in the University of Cape Town. University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr Jennifer A. Day Date submitted June, 1986 The University of Cape Town has been given tht right to reprnclt,ce this thesis in whole . f or in pMt. Co::-vn:.;hr is Lc:d by the author. :-... ----.-, ..... ~·-·*'"' ... ,, ..... -~·-· .... The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town PREFACE For the sake of convenience, this thesis is presented in two parts : the first part dealing with taxonomy and distribution and the second with functional anatomy. The thesis consists of published papers, manuscript papers and papers that have already been submitted for publi= cation. In addition, interlinking sections have also been included, especially in the taxonomic part of the thesis,in order to bring together all the information into a single comprehensive account. The following three papers have already been published: 1. Some aspects of the anatomy of Ochetostoma caudex (Echiura) from the east coast of southern Africa with remarks on its taxonomic status. S. Afr. J. Zool. 1983, 18: 47-55. -
Ochetostoma Erythrogrammon (Leuckart &: Roppell 1828) (Echiurida) from Isipingo Beach, Natal, South Africa
OCHETOSTOMA ERYTHROGRAMMON (LEUCKART &: ROPPELL 1828) (ECHIURIDA) FROM ISIPINGO BEACH, NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA MICHAEL WEBB Unb'ersity 0/ Durban- Wesll'ille Published February. 1973 ABSTRACT The first record of O. erylhrogrammon from Isipingo was found in a crevi<le at the high water mark. The specimen has a mucilaginous cap covering the posterior end of the trunk. The anatomy shows that the intestinal siphon terminates posteriorly at the opening of the rectal diverticulum into the rectum. There is a pair of anal vesicles beset with numerous stalked ciliated funnels. Replacement setae are found associated with each of the two func tional setae. Each nephridium is provided with a single outgrowth which divides into two coiled appendages. There are 12 muscle bundles of limited extent. INTRODUCTION Ten species belonging to three echiurid genera have been recorded from South African waters, but these species have been based on relatively few specimens. The first recorded species.is Thalassema moebii Greeff 1880 which was collected by von Weber" ... an der KUste von Durban . " (Sluiter 1898 p. 444). Other Thalassema species have also been recorded and . ) 0 described, namely, a single specimen of T. diaphanes Sluiter 1888 from the Cape Town area 1 0 (Wesenberg-Lund 1959a) in 28 m of water, one specimen of T. philostracumCFisher 1947 from 2 d Kosi Bay (Wesenberg-Lund 1963) and T. neptuni Gaertner ]774 from Port Elizabeth (Stephen e t a and Cutler ] 969). d ( r In ] 954 Jones and Stephen described, from numerous specimens, a new species e h s Ochetostoma capensis - which inhabits the burrows of Upogebia a/ricana Ortmann ] 894 i l b in the Zwartkops River estuary, north of Port Elizabeth. -
View of the Discovery Progress of Polychaete Worms (Annelida) Has Never Been Done
Pamungkas et al. Helgol Mar Res (2019) 73:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-019-0524-z Helgoland Marine Research ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Progress and perspectives in the discovery of polychaete worms (Annelida) of the world Joko Pamungkas1,2*, Christopher J. Glasby3, Geofrey B. Read4 , Simon P. Wilson5 and Mark J. Costello1 Abstract Despite the availability of well-documented data, a comprehensive review of the discovery progress of polychaete worms (Annelida) has never been done. In the present study, we reviewed available data in the World Register of Marine Species, and found that 11,456 valid species of Recent polychaetes (1417 genera, 85 families) have been named by 835 frst authors since 1758. Over this period, three discovery phases of the fauna were identifed. That is, the initial phase (from 1758 to mid-nineteenth century) where nearly 500 species were described by few taxonomists, the second phase (from the 1850’s to mid-twentieth century) where almost 5000 species were largely described by some very productive taxonomists, and the third phase (from the 1950’s to modern times) in which about 6000 species were described by the most taxonomists ever. Six polychaete families with the most species were Syllidae (993 species), Polynoidae (876 species), Nereididae (687 species), Spionidae (612 species), Terebellidae (607 species) and Serpulidae (576 species). The increase in the number of frst authors through time indicated greater taxonomic efort. By contrast, there was a decline in the number of polychaete species described in proportion to the number of frst authors since around mid-nineteenth century. This suggested that it has been getting more difcult to fnd new polychaete species. -
Sea Pens and Burrowing Megafauna
SEA PENS AND BURROWING MEGAFAUNA An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs David J. Hughes Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban AUGUST 1998 Prepared for Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) UK Marine SACs Project, Task Manager A.M.W. Wilson, SAMS Acknowledgements I would like to thank the various reviewers of this report for their constructive suggestions and for access to unpublished information. Special thanks are due to Jim Atkinson, Mike Kaiser and Colin Chapman. I am also grateful to all others who provided information on particular sites, and to Jane Dodd and Elvira Poloczanska for their help with underwater photography. Citation: Hughes, D.J. 1998. Sea pens & burrowing megafauna (volume III). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 105 Pages. CONTENTS PREFACE 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 I. INTRODUCTION 13 A. NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE BIOTOPE COMPLEX 13 B. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER I 23 II. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION 25 A. STATUS WITHIN THE MNCR BIOTOPE CLASSIFICATION 25 B. OCCURRENCE WITHIN CANDIDATE SACs 26 C. DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE THE BRITISH ISLES 35 D. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER II 36 III. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL 37 ATTRIBUTES A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 37 B. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER III 41 IV. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING 43 A. BIOLOGY OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERIZING SPECIES 43 B. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES 46 C. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER IV 51 V. SENSITIVITY TO NATURAL EVENTS 53 A. CASE STUDIES OF POPULATION STABILITY AND CHANGE 53 B. -
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Vol. 13: 211–224, 2021 AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Published May 27 https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00395 Aquacult Environ Interact OPEN ACCESS Intestinal microbial diversity and functional analysis of Urechis unicinctus from two different habitats: pond polycultured with Penaeus japonicus and coastal zone Yongzheng Tang1, Shuai Ma1, Yihao Liu2, Yongrui Pi1,*,Ying Liu1, Ye Zhao1 1School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China 2Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Shandong Marine Source and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China ABSTRACT: Urechis unicinctus is an important commercial and ecological invertebrate that has potential applications in the study of marine invertebrate evolution and marine pharmaceutical development. Here we analyzed the intestinal microbial diversity of U. unicinctus from 2 different habitats using 16S rDNA 454 high-throughput sequencing. The dominant phyla were Proteo - bacteria, Bacterioidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in gut samples of U. unicinctus, which significantly differed from those in its 2 habitats (i.e. intertidal mudflat and pond polyculture). Exceptions were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, which were the dominant phyla in the sediment and water samples. The top 15 genera in the gut samples did not show any signifi- cant differences between the 2 habitats. Functional analysis of the intestinal microbial community showed that metabolism, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, was the most important function. Methane metabolism was one of the main components of energy metabolism. The gut microbes also played an important role in environmental and genetic information pro- cessing, cellular processes, etc. These findings provide an understanding of gut microbiome com- position and diversity in U.