DOCSLIB.ORG

The Taxonomy and Functional Anatomy of Southern African Echiurans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Taxonomy and Functional Anatomy of Southern African Echiurans THE TAXONOMY AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN ECHIURANS by Ramlall Biseswar Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements r for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Zoology in the University of Cape Town. University of Cape Town Supervisor: Dr Jennifer A. Day Date submitted June, 1986 The University of Cape Town has been given tht right to reprnclt,ce this thesis in whole . f or in pMt. Co::-vn:.;hr is Lc:d by the author. :-... ----.-, ..... ~·-·*'"' ... ,, ..... -~·-· .... The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town PREFACE For the sake of convenience, this thesis is presented in two parts : the first part dealing with taxonomy and distribution and the second with functional anatomy. The thesis consists of published papers, manuscript papers and papers that have already been submitted for publi= cation. In addition, interlinking sections have also been included, especially in the taxonomic part of the thesis,in order to bring together all the information into a single comprehensive account. The following three papers have already been published: 1. Some aspects of the anatomy of Ochetostoma caudex (Echiura) from the east coast of southern Africa with remarks on its taxonomic status. S. Afr. J. Zool. 1983, 18: 47-55. 2 , A key to the species of Anelassorhynchus (Echiura) with a description of a new species from the east coast of southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool. 1984, 19: 16-21. 3. The geographic distribution of Echiura from southern Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 3: 11-21. The manuscript entitled: "Ochetostoma (Echiura) from southern Africa with the description of a new species" has been submitted for publication in the Annals of the South African Museum. The following three manuscripts are in the process of being submitted for publication: 1. Thalassema (Echiura) from southern Africa with the description of a new species. South African Journal of Zoology. 2. Burrowing, locomotion and other movements of the echiuran Ochetostoma caudex. Journal of Zoology, London o 3, The reproductive system, gametogenesis and annual reproductive cycle of Ochetostoma caudex (Phylum Echiura). Acta &nbryologiae et Morphologiae Experimentalis. A glossary of anatomical terms which are important in the classification and descriptions of echiurans is included at the beginning of the section on taxonomy. Keys for the identification of families and subfamilies of the class Echiurida are provided, followed by a key to the genera of the Echiuridae and Thalassematidae. Although the family Echiuridae is represented in southern Africa by a single species (Echiurus antarcticus), it is also diagnosed and discussed in order to complete the taxonomic account. Species already well known as well as those not available in the present collection have been rediagnosed. The comprehensive reference list at the end of the thesis includes the references given at the end of each manuscript as well as those appearing elsewhere in the thesis. It was felt that a single and complete reference list would be more convenient for future researchers interested in this group of animalso THE TAXONOMY AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN ECHIURANS CONTENTS Abstract 1 PART 1 TAXONOMY AND DIS'IRIBUTION Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 TAXONOMY Explanation of terms as used for echiurans 6 Diagnosis of phylum, classification and keys 9 Keys to the families and subfamilies of the class Echiurida 13 Key to the genera of Echiuridae and Thalassematidae 14 Family Thalassematidae Genus Ochetostoma Ochetostoma (Echiura) from southern Africa with the description of a new species 17 Key to the species of the genus Ochetostoma 21 Ochetostoma natalense sp. nov. 26 Ochetostoma baronii 41 Ochetostoma fonnosulurn 53 Ochetostoma decameron 64 Ochetostoma kempi 74 Ochetostoma palense 85 Ochetostoma sp. indet. 95 Ochetostorna arkc1ti 106 Ochetostoma ~nse 108 References 111 Publication: Some aspects of the anatomy of Ochetostoma caudex (Echiura) from the east coast of southern Africa with remarks on its taxonomic status. 116 Family Thalassernatidae Genus Thalasserna Thalasserna (Echiura) from southern Africa with the description of a new species. 125 Keys to the species of the genus Thalassema 128 Thalassema jenniferae sp. nov. 133 Thalasserna diaphanes 144 Thalassema philostracum 154 Thalassema sp. A. 162 Thalasserna sp. B. 171 Thalassema thalassemum 176 References 178 Family Thalassematidae Genus Anelassorhynchus Publication: A key to the species of Anelassorhynchus (Echiura) with a description of a new species from the east coast of southern Africa. 182 Anelassorhynchus indivisus 188 Anelassorhynchus moebii 190 Family Echiuridae 192 Genus Echiurus 192 Key to the species of Echiurus 193 Echiurus antarcticus 194 DISTRIBUTION Publication: The geographic distribution of Echiura from southern Africa 197 Discussion 208 CONTENTS PART II FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Introduction 218 Burrowing, locomotion and other movements of the echiuran Ochetostoma caudex 220 The reproductive system, gametogenesis and annual reproductive cycle of Ochetostoma caudex (Phylum Echiura) 262 Discussion 301 Summary 305 Acknowledgements 307 References 308 ABSTRACT The southern African echiuran fauna currently comprises two families, four genera and eighteen species. The taxonomic positions of three other species, one of Ochetostoma and two of Thalassema, remain to be resolved. Of the recorded species, three are new to science and a further five are new records for the southern African region. This survey re= veals that there are ten species of Ochetostoma, four of Thalassema and three of Anelassorhynchus. The family Echiuridae contains a single genus, Echiurus and in southern Africa,~- antarcticus is the only species re= corded to date. Full descriptions of the new species and those formerly inadequately described are given. The diagnoses of some others are modi= fied and, where necessary, additional notes added. Keys for the identifi= cation of families, genera and species are provided and the taxonomic characters are evaluated and discussed. The zoogeographic distribution of the southern African species is mapped and an attempt has been made to analyse the recorded species on the basis of faunistic provinces. The phylogenetic position of the Echiura in the system of the animal kingdom is discussed. The lack of any form of segmentation of the meso­ dermal bands during embryonic developnent seems to justify their status as a separate phylum. The biomechanics of burrowing, locomotion and trunk irrigatory movements of Ochetostoma caudex are described and compared with the activities of some other animals with unsegmented coelomic cavities. Pressure changes within the coelom have been measured with the use of electronic recording techniques and the results interpreted in relation to direct visual observation. The anatomy of the reproductive system and the process of gametogenesis in O. caudex have been investigated with light and electron microscopes. Some observations on aspects of breeding behaviour and spawning are also included. PART 1 TAXONOMY and DISTRIBUTION 2 INTRODUCTION Echiurans are soft-bodied, burrowing animals with a spatulate proboscis at the anterior end as a result of which they are coumonly referred to as spoon or tongue worms. They are conmon inhabitants of the rocky s hores of the intertidal zone, although some deep water forms have been reported. A few species h~ve also extended into estuaries. They are widely distributed and have been reported from ~11 seas and all latitudes. At present, very little is J<nown about the echiuran fauna of southern Africa. No scientist from southern Africa has taken any interest in this group of animals. There is no single comprehensive report on the recorded species or on their range of distribution. The whole of the existing information on the phylum is confined to a very small number of publications. The only notable works on this group in southern Africa are those of Wesenberg-Lund (1959, 1963) and Stephen and Cutler (1969), A few publications, however, have referred to new species and new records (Jones & Stephen 1955, Biseswar 1983, 1984, 1985), The descriptions of a number of species are extremely brief and lack critical information which can be used to distinguish them. It is thus apparent that many species need re-examination and redescription. In addition, ·some of the species are based on ~ingle individuals which means that nothing is known about the variations that occur within the species. 3 Only ten species have previously been recorded from the southern African region. A further three new species are described here and several new records added bringing the total number of named species for southern Africa to eighteen. The discovery of additional localities of some of the species previously recorded in the region sheds further light on their range of distribution. There are three further specimens in the present collection, one belonging to the genus Ochetostoma and two to Thalassema, that are probably new to science. Unfortunately two of them, belonging to the genus Thalassema, are too badly damaged to allow adequate descriptions. Any further decisions regarding their taxonomic positions will
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SCAMIT Newsletter Vol. 22 No. 6 2003 October
    October, 2003 SCAMIT Newsletter Vol. 22, No. 6 SUBJECT: B’03 Polychaetes continued - Polycirrus spp, Magelonidae, Lumbrineridae, and Glycera americana/ G. pacifica/G. nana. GUEST SPEAKER: none DATE: 12 Jaunuary 2004 TIME: 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p. m. LOCATION: LACMNH - Worm Lab SWITCHED AT BIRTH The reader may notice that although this is only the October newsletter, the minutes from the November meeting are included. This is not proof positive that time travel is possible, but reflects the mysterious translocation of minutes from the September meeting to a foster home in Detroit. Since the November minutes were typed and ready to go, rather than delay yet another newsletter during this time of frantic “catching up”, your secretary made the decision to go with what was available. Let me assure everyone that the September minutes will be included in next month’s newsletter. Megan Lilly (CSD) NOVEMBER MINUTES The October SCAMIT meeting on Piromis sp A fide Harris 1985 miscellaneous polychaete issues was cancelled Anterior dorsal view. Image by R. Rowe due to the wildfire situation in Southern City of San Diego California. It has been rescheduled for January ITP Regional 2701 rep. 1, 24July00, depth 264 ft. The SCAMIT Newsletter is not deemed to be a valid publication for formal taxonomic purposes. October, 2003 SCAMIT Newsletter Vol. 22, No. 6 12th. The scheduled topics remain: 1) made to accommodate all expected Polycirrus spp, 2) Magelonidae, 3) participants. If you don’t have his contact Lumbrineridae, and 4) Glycera americana/G. information, RSVP to Secretary Megan Lilly at pacifica/G.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism
    Molecular Phylogeny of Echiuran Worms (Phylum: Annelida) Reveals Evolutionary Pattern of Feeding Mode and Sexual Dimorphism Ryutaro Goto1,2*, Tomoko Okamoto2, Hiroshi Ishikawa3, Yoichi Hamamura4, Makoto Kato2 1 Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan, 2 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 3 Uwajima, Ehime, Japan, 4 Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Abstract The Echiura, or spoon worms, are a group of marine worms, most of which live in burrows in soft sediments. This annelid- like animal group was once considered as a separate phylum because of the absence of segmentation, although recent molecular analyses have placed it within the annelids. In this study, we elucidate the interfamily relationships of echiuran worms and their evolutionary pattern of feeding mode and sexual dimorphism, by performing molecular phylogenetic analyses using four genes (18S, 28S, H3, and COI) of representatives of all extant echiuran families. Our results suggest that Echiura is monophyletic and comprises two unexpected groups: [Echiuridae+Urechidae+Thalassematidae] and [Bone- lliidae+Ikedidae]. This grouping agrees with the presence/absence of marked sexual dimorphism involving dwarf males and the paired/non-paired configuration of the gonoducts (genital sacs). Furthermore, the data supports the sister group relationship of Echiuridae and Urechidae. These two families share the character of having anal chaetae rings around the posterior trunk as a synapomorphy. The analyses also suggest that deposit feeding is a basal feeding mode in echiurans and that filter feeding originated once in the common ancestor of Urechidae. Overall, our results contradict the currently accepted order-level classification, especially in that Echiuroinea is polyphyletic, and provide novel insights into the evolution of echiuran worms.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil-Dwelling Polychaetes: Enigmatic As Ever? Some Hints on Their
    Contributions to Zoology, 70 (3) 127-138 (2001) SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague Soil-dwelling polychaetes: enigmatic as ever? Some hints on their phylogenetic relationships as suggested by a maximum parsimony analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences ³ Emilia Rota Patrick Martin² & Christer Erséus ¹, 1 di Dipartimento Biologia Evolutivei. Universitd di Siena, via P. A. Mattioli 4. IT-53100 Siena, Italy, e-mail: 2 Institut des Sciences naturelles de des [email protected]; royal Belgique, Biologic Eaux donees, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 e-mail: 3 Bruxelles, Belgium, [email protected]; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Terrestrial Polychaeta, Parergodrilus heideri, Stygocapitella subterranea, Hrabeiella I8S rRNA periglandulata, gene, molecular phylogeny, rapid radiation Abstract Collectionof new specimens 130 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing 130 Alignment To re-evaluate 130 the various hypotheses on the systematic position of Phylogenetic analyses 130 Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 and Hrabeiella Results 132 periglandulata Pizl & Chalupský, 1984,the sole truly terrestrial Discussion 132 non-clitellateannelidsknown to date, their phylogenetic relation- ships Acknowledgements 136 were investigated using a data set of new 18S rDNA References 136 of sequences these and other five relevant annelid taxa, including an unknown of species Ctenodrilidae, as well as homologous sequences available for 18 already polychaetes, one aphano- neuran, 11 clitellates, two pogonophorans, one echiuran, one Introduction sipunculan, three molluscs and two arthropods. Two different alignments were constructed, according to analgorithmic method terrestrial forms constitute (Clustal Truly a tiny minority W) and on the basis of a secondary structure model non-clitellate annelids, (DCSE), A maximum parsimony analysis was performed with among only represented by arthropods asan unambiguous outgroup.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Abundance, and Diversity of Epifaunal Benthic Organisms in Alitak and Ugak Bays, Kodiak Island, Alaska
    DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND DIVERSITY OF EPIFAUNAL BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN ALITAK AND UGAK BAYS, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA by Howard M. Feder and Stephen C. Jewett Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 517 October 1977 279 We thank the following for assistance during this study: the crew of the MV Big Valley; Pete Jackson and James Blackburn of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, for their assistance in a cooperative benthic trawl study; and University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science personnel Rosemary Hobson for assistance in data processing, Max Hoberg for shipboard assistance, and Nora Foster for taxonomic assistance. This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environment Assessment Program (OCSEAP). SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO OCS OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Little is known about the biology of the invertebrate components of the shallow, nearshore benthos of the bays of Kodiak Island, and yet these components may be the ones most significantly affected by the impact of oil derived from offshore petroleum operations. Baseline information on species composition is essential before industrial activities take place in waters adjacent to Kodiak Island. It was the intent of this investigation to collect information on the composition, distribution, and biology of the epifaunal invertebrate components of two bays of Kodiak Island. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) A qualitative inventory of dominant benthic invertebrate epifaunal species within two study sites (Alitak and Ugak bays).
    [Show full text]
  • Polychaete Worms Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera
    THE POLYCHAETE WORMS DEFINITIONS AND KEYS TO THE ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA THE POLYCHAETE WORMS Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera By Kristian Fauchald NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY In Conjunction With THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Science Series 28 February 3, 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHARACTERS USED TO DEFINE HIGHER TAXA 2 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYCHAETES 7 ORDERS OF POLYCHAETES 9 KEY TO FAMILIES 9 ORDER ORBINIIDA 14 ORDER CTENODRILIDA 19 ORDER PSAMMODRILIDA 20 ORDER COSSURIDA 21 ORDER SPIONIDA 21 ORDER CAPITELLIDA 31 ORDER OPHELIIDA 41 ORDER PHYLLODOCIDA 45 ORDER AMPHINOMIDA 100 ORDER SPINTHERIDA 103 ORDER EUNICIDA 104 ORDER STERNASPIDA 114 ORDER OWENIIDA 114 ORDER FLABELLIGERIDA 115 ORDER FAUVELIOPSIDA 117 ORDER TEREBELLIDA 118 ORDER SABELLIDA 135 FIVE "ARCHIANNELIDAN" FAMILIES 152 GLOSSARY 156 LITERATURE CITED 161 INDEX 180 Preface THE STUDY of polychaetes used to be a leisurely I apologize to my fellow polychaete workers for occupation, practised calmly and slowly, and introducing a complex superstructure in a group which the presence of these worms hardly ever pene- so far has been remarkably innocent of such frills. A trated the consciousness of any but the small group great number of very sound partial schemes have been of invertebrate zoologists and phylogenetlcists inter- suggested from time to time. These have been only ested in annulated creatures. This is hardly the case partially considered. The discussion is complex enough any longer. without the inclusion of speculations as to how each Studies of marine benthos have demonstrated that author would have completed his or her scheme, pro- these animals may be wholly dominant both in num- vided that he or she had had the evidence and inclina- bers of species and in numbers of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of the Genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from Sandy Flats of Japan, Previously Referred to As Thalassema Owstoni Ikeda, 1904
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 312:A new13–21 species (2013) of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan... 13 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.312.5456 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan, previously referred to as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904 Masaatsu Tanaka1,†, Teruaki Nishikawa1,‡ 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E31DD0A5-9C0C-4A2A-A963-81965578B726 ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:4E07D37B-5EA5-48CE-BC0C-B62DBB844DB7 Corresponding author: Masaatsu Tanaka ([email protected]) Academic editor: Chris Glasby | Received 3 May 2013 | Accepted 20 June 2013 | Published 24 June 2013 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90C48CD4-C195-4C65-A04F-7F0DE0F18614 Citation: Tanaka M, Nishikawa T (2013) A new species of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida, Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan, previously referred to as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904. ZooKeys 312: 13–21. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.312.5456 Abstract A new echiuran, Arhynchite hayaoi sp. n., is described from newly collected specimens from sandy flats of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, together with many museum specimens, including those once identified as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904 or A. arhynchite (Ikeda, 1924). The new species is clearly distinguishable from its congeners by the smooth margin of gonostomal lips and lack of rectal caecum. Brief references are also made to the morphological distinction between the new species and T. owstoni, originally described from the deep bottom on the Japanese Pacific coast.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]
  • <Echiura:Echiuridae)
    JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society ofSystematicZoologyof Systematic Zoology Species Diversity, 2004, 9, 109-123 Synonymy of the West-Pacific Echiuran Listriolobus sorbillans <Echiura: Echiuridae), with Taxonomic Notes Towards a Generic Revision Teruaki Nishikawa The A]dgqya Uitiversity Museum, Chikusa-ku, IVtlgQya, 464-860I Jtipan E-mail: nishikawa@'num.nagaya-u.ac,.tp (Received 10 June 2oo3; Accepted 4 December 2003) Examination of the syntypes of Listriolobus sorbillans (Lampert, 1883) from the Philippines and new specimens from Moreton Bay, eastern Aus- tralia, and the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, together with a literature survey, re- veals that it is a senior synonym of L. billitonensis Fischer, 1926 recorded flrom thc Java Sea and L. riuiciuensts Sato, 1939 from southwestern Japan. Observations on individual variation in the ratio of proboscis to trunk length, the number of longitudina] musele bands, and the number and arrangement of gonoducts are presented. A tabular comparison of all the known species of the genus Listriotobus is given, together with some new taxonomic information about the congeners and allies. Key Words: Listriolobus, Echiura, taxonomy, synonymy, revision, Introduction The echiuran genus Listriotobus Spengel, 1912, belonging to the family Echi- uridae (for family-group nomenclature see Nishikawa 1998), is distinguished from the closely related Ochetostonea Leuckart and RUppel, 1828 by the inner-most oblique muscle layer of the trunk wall, which is continuous where it is visible be- tween the longitudinal muscle bands in the former genus but separated into fasci- cles in the latter (see, e.g., Spenge] 1912; Fisher 1946, 1949; Stephen and Edmonds 1972; Edmonds 1987; Biseswar and Moodley 1989; Nishikawa 1992; fbr historic ob- jections to the separate status of these genera see Bock 1942).
    [Show full text]
  • F)L ~ 37 Plp-Al
    Ecosystems naturally labeled with carbon-13: applications to the study of consumer food-webs Item Type Thesis Authors McConnaughey, Ted Alan Download date 26/09/2021 06:28:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5032 ECOSYSTEMS NATURALLY LABELED WITH CARBON-13: APPLICATIONS TO THE STUDY OF CONSUMER FOOD-WEBS RECOMMENDED: 1 r. I j y : J r Chairman, ltdvisory Committee Program Head APPROVED: J . / & U I f . Divi^JSn Director/ 2 7 O f h ^ / / f i x ' Date f/~- f) L ~ Dean of the College of Environmental Sciences 37 Plp-Al {*i??__________________ Date ni Vice Chancellor for Research and Advanced Study y / 9 7 € Date ECOSYSTEMS NATURAL,I,Y l.AftKLKI) VJTTI! CAUliOM-1 H: APPLICATIONS TO THi- STUDY OF COiJSU’llil' FOOD-UT.BS UFO” r r I y / " I T ' / V ~ f "A -.. Chairv.ja'i, ' Ac .\i:or.y t Ik . -- pr-r.gr;:r:i I!e< ASProvf/r;: / ,• , - V /> / *■ •' "/S sy'Y T~’ - .._ Div:.</'or! Ofrector / Dnnn rr r.hc Co.l.ie;.;^ ol 15pvirom.iO»»Utl Seicni'eM or /%.-;/ (<}?? Di. V i? C V1 T ■v' -It v-r, ViC'.' AA.'MVp II oj. I'c’r aiu! A d v .'i> • <.• Si'iiA / > ' ■„ .. / w- . .. L_>_. l\:u I I ECOSYSTEMS NATURALLY LABELED WITH CARBON-13: APPLICATIONS TO THE STUDY OF CONSUMER FOOD-WEBS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of' the University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by Ted McConnaughey, B.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1978 ABSTRACT 1 12 Natural abundance ±JC/ C ratios provide a tracer for the origin of organic carbon in complex coastal marine food-webs and also appear to be useful for examining trophic organization and food transfer effi­ ciencies in more strictly oceanic environments.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1940 Ricketts-Steinbeck Sea of Cortez Expedition: an 80-Year Retrospective Guest Edited by Richard C
    JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHWEST Volume 62, Number 2 Summer 2020 Edited by Jeffrey M. Banister THE SOUTHWEST CENTER UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON Associate Editors EMMA PÉREZ Production MANUSCRIPT EDITING: DEBRA MAKAY DESIGN & TYPOGRAPHY: ALENE RANDKLEV West Press, Tucson, AZ COVER DESIGN: CHRISTINE HUBBARD Editorial Advisors LARRY EVERS ERIC PERRAMOND University of Arizona Colorado College MICHAEL BRESCIA LUCERO RADONIC University of Arizona Michigan State University JACQUES GALINIER SYLVIA RODRIGUEZ CNRS, Université de Paris X University of New Mexico CURTIS M. HINSLEY THOMAS E. SHERIDAN Northern Arizona University University of Arizona MARIO MATERASSI CHARLES TATUM Università degli Studi di Firenze University of Arizona CAROLYN O’MEARA FRANCISCO MANZO TAYLOR Universidad Nacional Autónoma Hermosillo, Sonora de México RAYMOND H. THOMPSON MARTIN PADGET University of Arizona University of Wales, Aberystwyth Journal of the Southwest is published in association with the Consortium for Southwest Studies: Austin College, Colorado College, Fort Lewis College, Southern Methodist University, Texas State University, University of Arizona, University of New Mexico, and University of Texas at Arlington. Contents VOLUME 62, NUMBER 2, SUmmer 2020 THE 1940 RICKETTS-STEINBECK SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION: AN 80-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE GUesT EDITed BY RIchard C. BRUsca DedIcaTed TO The WesTerN FLYer FOUNdaTION Publishing the Southwest RIchard C. BRUsca 215 The 1940 Ricketts-Steinbeck Sea of Cortez Expedition, with Annotated Lists of Species and Collection Sites RIchard C. BRUsca 218 The Making of a Marine Biologist: Ed Ricketts RIchard C. BRUsca AND T. LINdseY HasKIN 335 Ed Ricketts: From Pacific Tides to the Sea of Cortez DONald G. Kohrs 373 The Tangled Journey of the Western Flyer: The Boat and Its Fisheries KEVIN M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ochetostoma Erythrogrammon (Leuckart &: Roppell 1828) (Echiurida) from Isipingo Beach, Natal, South Africa
    OCHETOSTOMA ERYTHROGRAMMON (LEUCKART &: ROPPELL 1828) (ECHIURIDA) FROM ISIPINGO BEACH, NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA MICHAEL WEBB Unb'ersity 0/ Durban- Wesll'ille Published February. 1973 ABSTRACT The first record of O. erylhrogrammon from Isipingo was found in a crevi<le at the high­ water mark. The specimen has a mucilaginous cap covering the posterior end of the trunk. The anatomy shows that the intestinal siphon terminates posteriorly at the opening of the rectal diverticulum into the rectum. There is a pair of anal vesicles beset with numerous stalked ciliated funnels. Replacement setae are found associated with each of the two func­ tional setae. Each nephridium is provided with a single outgrowth which divides into two coiled appendages. There are 12 muscle bundles of limited extent. INTRODUCTION Ten species belonging to three echiurid genera have been recorded from South African waters, but these species have been based on relatively few specimens. The first recorded species.is Thalassema moebii Greeff 1880 which was collected by von Weber" ... an der KUste von Durban . " (Sluiter 1898 p. 444). Other Thalassema species have also been recorded and . ) 0 described, namely, a single specimen of T. diaphanes Sluiter 1888 from the Cape Town area 1 0 (Wesenberg-Lund 1959a) in 28 m of water, one specimen of T. philostracumCFisher 1947 from 2 d Kosi Bay (Wesenberg-Lund 1963) and T. neptuni Gaertner ]774 from Port Elizabeth (Stephen e t a and Cutler ] 969). d ( r In ] 954 Jones and Stephen described, from numerous specimens, a new species­ e h s Ochetostoma capensis - which inhabits the burrows of Upogebia a/ricana Ortmann ] 894 i l b in the Zwartkops River estuary, north of Port Elizabeth.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Transisthmian Snapping Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) Associated with Innkeeper Worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
    Zootaxa 1626: 1-23 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ *7 f\f\'\^ \ \T A Copyright © 2007 • Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama ARTHUR ANKER15, CARLA HURT1 3 & NANCY KNOWLTON12 4 'Institute Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republica de Panama / Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute, Naos Unit 0948, APO AA 34002, USA 2 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation-0202, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La 7o«o, CA, P20PJ-0202, &#A ^Present address: University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-9118, USA 4Present address: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C, 20013-7012, USA Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The present study deals with three species of Alpheus, including two new species, living symbiotically in burrows of inn- keeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) on the tropical coasts of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. Alpheus christojferseni n. sp. is described on the basis of four specimens from Atol das Rocas, northwestern Brazil, and one specimen from Bocas del Toro, Caribbean coast of Panama. All specimens of this species were collected with suc- tion pumps from burrows on intertidal or shallow subtidal sandflats; the Panamanian specimen was collected together with its echiuran host, Ochetostoma cf. edax (Fisher, 1946). Alpheus naos n. sp. is described on the basis of a single spec- imen found together with its host, Listriolobus sp., under large intertidal mud-covered rocks of Punta Culebra, Isla Naos, Pacific coast of Panama.
    [Show full text]