Program KYRIE 1

Program KYRIE 1. Kyrie GLORIA 2. Gloria 3. Laudamus te 4. Gratias 5. Domine 6. Qui tollis 7. Quoniam 8. Jesu Christe / Cum sancto spiritu h h Intermission CREDO 9. Credo 10. Et incarnatus est 11. Crucifixus 12. Et resurrexit 13. Et in Spiritum Sanctum 14. Et unam sanctam 15. Et vitam venturi h h Pause Program Notes SANCTUS Requiem While many people are familiar with the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s , K. 626, which was Mass left in C unfinished minor upon Mozart’s death, far fewer people are aware that Mozart left an even more Requiem BENEDICTUS16. Sanctus ambitious vocal work, the “Great” , K. 427 (K. 417a), incomplete as well. If the tale of the Mass in C is minor the basis of great drama—as demonstrated in the 1984 Academy Award-winning flm 17. Benedictus Amadeus—then the mystery of the is its musical AGNUS DEI equivalent. After two hundred years of sleuthing and speculation, it remains unclear why Mozart composed the mass, as well as why he never comple ted it. 18. Agnus Dei Although Mozart had written a number of masses while employed by 19. Dona nobis pacem the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg, Hieronymus von Colloredo, he was Mass in C minor hh gone from the prince’s court for over a year when he began to compose the in the summer of 1782. Mozart’s single piece of correspondence concerning the mass only adds to the mystery. In a letter dated January 14, 1783, to his father Leopold, Mozart wrote elliptically that “the score of half of a mass, which is still lying here waiting to be finished, is the best proof that I really made the promise.” While the promise Mozart alluded to in the letter has traditionally been interpreted as an olive branch to his father, who had not approved of Mozart’s recent marriage, or as an ode of thanksgiving to his wife Constanze, recent research hints that Mozart had promised his father that he would reconcile with Archbishop Colloredo. According to this theory, the mass was meant as a peace offering. However, this hypothesis raises more questions than provides answers. KyrieThe reforms Gloria of Joseph Sanctus II had severely curtailed the performances of largescale, concerted church music. Even Mozart’s incomplete mass (the Mass in C minor , and ) would have exceeded the length of a typical, 45-minute service. Furthermore, the was written in cantata style, which divided the text of the Mass into small individual movements split between soloists and chorus. Performances of such masses had become rare by the 1780s, with preference given to through-composed masses where the text is sung without interruption. Therefore, it is unlikely that the finished parts of the mass were premiered on October 26, 1783, as once believed. Indeed, Mass in C available sources mention the performance of a mass by Mozart, but not necessarily a new one. Although there is a possibility that the minor was written on a commission for a Viennese “musical congregation” that went defunct before Mozart completed the work, evidence for this has yet to come to light. Text and Translation KYRIE Given the current dearth of information, we are left with one possibility: 1. Kyrie Mozart wrote the mass to demonstrate to himself his mastery of Kyrie eleison. counterpoint, as practiced by George Frideric Handel and Johann Christe eleison. Sebastian Bach. Shortly after Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781, Messiah he Kyrie eleison. Lord, have mercy. became acquainted with Baron Gottfried van Swieten, who introduced Mass in B minor Christ, have mercy. the young composer to the scores of Handel and Bach, including Mass in C minor GLORIA Lord, have mercy. which Mozart would later reorchestrate and the , BWV 2. Gloria 232. Indeed, the demonstrates a new breadth and Gloria in excelsis Deo. subt lety in Mozart’s fugal writing. Et in terra pax Kyrie Gloria Davide penitente hominibus bonæ voluntatis. Glory be to God in the highest. But why did Mozart never complete the mass? While Mozart re-texted Credo And on earth peace the and for the sacred cantata , K. 469, he Agnus Dei Sanctus 3. Laudamus te to men of good will. left the Mass in C minor unfinished before the crucifixion text and left only a few Laudamus te; sketches for the . In addition, the is partially lost as benedicimuste;adoramus te; well. If the was written on commission, it would have glorifcamus te. We praise Thee; we bless Thee; made sense to abandon it after the commission was no longer we worship Thee; we glorify Thee. forthcoming. Perhaps Mozart felt that he had mastered what he could 4. Gratias from Bach and Handel and no longer was compelled finish the Gratias agimus tibi composition. Regardless, musicologists have tried to complete the work propter magnam gloriam tuam. over the past 200 years. The fragmentary mass was first printed in 1840 We give thanks to Thee by Johann Anton André, who had purchased Mozart’s estate in 1800; the 5. Domine for Thy great glory. Viennese conductor Joseph Drechsler performed a completion in 1847. Domine Deus, Rex coelestis, The mass languished in relative obscurity until Alois Schmitt, a Deus Pater omnipotens. conductor from Dresden, and musicologist Ernst Lewicki published Domine Fili unigenite Jesu Christe. O Lord God, Heavenly King God the Father Almighty. their completion of the mass in 1901. While Schmitt and Lewicki’s Domine Deus, Agnus Dei, Filius Patris. O Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son version became the standard edition for performances until the 1950s, Lord God, Lamb of God, it was criticized for bloating the orchestra to romantic proportions and 6. Qui tollis Son of the Father. clumsily adapting other Mozart works to fill in the missing sections. It Qui tollis peccata mundi, was not until American musicologist H.C. Robbins Landon created a new miserere nobis. edition of the surviving parts in 1956 for the publishing house Qui tollis peccata mundi, Thou that takes away the sins of the world, Eulenberg that the supremacy of the Schmitt-Lewicki edition was suscipe deprecationem nostram. have mercy upon us. challenged. Since then, a number of completions have come into Qui sedes ad dextram Patris, Thou that takes away the sins of the world, circulation, including ones by Helmut Eder, Richard Maunder (for O miserere nobis. receive our prayer. Father, Oxford University Press), Philip Wilby (for Novello), Robert Levin (for Thou that sits at the right hand of the Carus-Verlag which the Handel Society is performing this evening) and 7. Quoniam have mercy upon us. most recently Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs (for Musikproducktion Höﬂich). Quoniam tu solus Sanctus, While these completions differ greatly in musical material, all share a tu solus Dominus, greater fidelity to Mozart’s style, as well as greater understanding and tu solus Altissimus, For Thou only art holy, use of sketch and other source material.Derek Tam Thou only art the Lord, Thou only art the most high, ©2009, used with permission. 8. Jesu Christe/Cum Sancto 13. Et in Spiritum Sanctam Jesu Christe. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, Cum Sancto Spiritu Dominum, et vivificantem: in gloria Dei Patris. Jesus Christ. qui ex Patre Filioque procedit. And in the Holy Ghost, Amen. Together with the Holy Spirit Qui cum Patre et Filio simul the Lord and giver of life, Son in the glory of God the Father. adoratur et conglorificatur: Who proceeds from the Father and the , CREDO Amen. qui locutus est per Prophetas. Who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; 9. Credo as it was told by the Prophets. Et in unum Deum; 14. Et unam sanctam Patrem omnipotentem, Et unam sanctam factorem coeli et terrae, I believe in one God; catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam. And in one holy visibilium omnium et invisibilium. the Father almighty, Confiteor unum baptisma, catholic and apostolic Church. Credo in unum Dominum Jesum Christum maker of heaven and earth, in remissionem peccatorum. I acknowledge one baptism ,Filium Dei unigenitum, and of all things visible and invisible. Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum for the remission of sins. Et ex Patre natum ante omnia sæcula. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, And I await the resurrection of the dead Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, the only begotten Son of God, 15. Et vitam venturi et vitam venturi sæculi. Deum verum de Deo vero, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, light of light, Amen. Genitum non factum, and the life of the world to come. consubstantialem Patri: true God of true God, begotten not made; SANCTUS Amen. per quem omnia facta sunt. Qui propter nos homines, being of one substance with the Father, 16. Sanctus et propter nostram salute by Whom all things were made. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, descendit de coelis. Who for us men Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Holy, Holy, Holy, and for our salvation Pleni sunt coeli et terra Gloria tua. Lord God of Hosts. 10. Et incarnatus est descended from heaven. Osanna in excelsis. Heaven and earth are full of Thy glory. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto Hosanna in the highest. ex Maria Virgine: et homo factus est. BENEDICTUS And was incarnate by the Holy Ghost, 17. Benedictus 11. Crucifxus of the Virgin Mary, and was made man. Benedictus qui venit Crucifxus etiam pro nobis in nomine Domini. sub Pontio Pilato, Osanna in excelsis. Blessed is He that cometh passus et sepultus est. He was crucified also for us, in the name of the Lord. suffered under Pontius Pilate, AGNUS DEI Hosanna in the highest. 12. Et resurrexit and was buried.

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