Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas 1 º The first group of German settlers to German settlers of group first The 1

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“Das Deutsche Lied” in Celebrating Braunfels. On March 21, 1845, the Adelsverein established its first community first its established Adelsverein the 1845, 21, March On Braunfels. estate Prince’s the of honor in Braunfels” “New it named and Texas central in settlements in what is now central Texas. central now is what in settlements Solms- of Carl Prince by led was Adelsverein the of auspices the under arrive formed in 1842 by German noblemen who wanted to create prosperous new new prosperous Immigrants in create Texas, the to The Adelsverein. wanted Adelsverein was who an organization noblemen German by 1842 in formed German settlers began a for arriving them to made at promises of German the because of Ports largely Texas to of Protection coming were the They Galveston for and Society Indianola. the by life economic and political better Courtesy of Beethoven Maennerchor Archives Maennerchor Courtesy of Beethoven Towards the end of the Republic of Texas and in the early days of statehood, Ad from the 49th Annual Singing Festival of the Texas Hill Country Singers’ League commemorating the Texas Centennial 1836-1936. Texas the League commemorating Country Hill Singers’ Texas of the Festival the 49th Annual Singing from Ad Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 2 , 5 A Chronological History of the Singers of German Songs in Texas in Songs German of Singers the of History Chronological A In settlements German earliest the of one was Braunfels New Since in the new state, ownit singing was also the itsfirst to organize singing “Germania” The festival. first very the hold to and society and 1850, 2, March on Braunfels New in established was society its members soon held the very state’s first singing festival, or Sängerfest, place at known Herman as Seele’s “Elisenruhe,” on wagon a and dancing for cleared was “Land River. Guadalupe the an in placed were benches and Tables roof. a for used was canvas wine, coffee, and available.” Singers pastries were French arbor. Following participate. to came also Antonio San and Austin from Braunfels New the built Seele Sängerfest, first this of success the with a reliable food supply and new homes, the settlers had time had settlers the homes, new and supply food reliable a with pastimes. esteemed these developing into energies their family channel to to central was song,” German “the or Lied,” Deutsche “Das began quickly societies singing and celebrations, community and to appear in nearly every settlement. German Oscar Haas describes the founding of the various community singing societies and details the the highlights documenting of for resource their invaluable an individual is book His festivals. shows Haas organizations. these of development and formation that the early years of these singing societies, especially before 1900, were the most critical in terms of shaping the that the and group, identity, individual each of procedures and structure, in earlier set precedents the followed mainly 1900 after festivals the nineteenth century.

4 Due to the 3 Journal of Texas Music History, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 2, Art. 4 2, Art. Iss. 3 [2003], Vol. History, Music of Texas Journal for the settlers provisions and welfare Adelsverein The Germans who came to Texas were, for the most part, well well part, most the for were, Texas to came who Germans The The first year in the new homeland was tenuous. Original plans plans Original tenuous. was homeland new the in year first The athletics, and shooting clubs had been a mainstay of their social their of mainstay a been had clubs shooting and athletics, Texas in established getting of order first the After Europe. in life educated. They traveled to Texas in cohesive family groups and Texas They traveled to educated. brought their German culture largely intact with them. Music, S. Neighbors, Indian Agent for the State of traveled Texas, to Comanches, local with treaty peace a signed and Fredericksburg attacks. the safety of the settlers from which helped ensure Twin Sisters, and Boerne were established. Despite the success of of success the Despite established. were Boerne and Sisters, Twin these fledgling settlements, some, such asFredericksburg, were May In groups. Indian nearby with clashes on-going by plagued Robert Major including men, of group a and Meusebach 1847, soon prospered. As they flourished,springing new up settlementsfurther out beganinto the countryside. Communities such as Comfort, Fredericksburg, Kerrville, Sisterdale, Bettina, and help make the settlements safe and under secure. and settlers early these of steadfastness and determination communities German the Meusebach, of leadership capable the Solms-Braunfels eventually returned von to Freiherr Hans Europe Ottfried leavingBaron themselves. for these fend to settlers leadership provide to in stepped Meusebach) O. (John Meusebach had not worked out as hoped. Money was short, provisions were were provisions short, was Money hoped. as out worked not had Prince scarce and housing was rather primitive, because toll. of the limited its took Disease materials. building good of availability made by the

Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas http://ecommons.txstate.edu/jtmh/vol3/iss2/4 Painting of Germania Gesangverein Neu Braunfels,Texas, courtesy of RABA Studio and Beethoven Maennerchor Archives Maennerchor Beethoven and courtesy Studio of RABA Braunfels,Texas, Neu Gesangverein of Germania Painting Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas 3 , served as as served , San Antonio Zeitung Antonio San 9 San Antonio’s San early Antonio’s German culture was steeped in the arts A. Tampke. A. notable two had fortunatehave also to was city The music. and of One century. nineteenth late the by societies singing German the very first singing societies to form inSan Antonio was the Männergesang-Verein, founded by Johann Nicholaus Simon Menger in July 1847. This group held San Antonio its Casino rehearsalsClub. Beginning in at 1853, theAdolf Douai, German-language the of publisher Prepared for any hour Prepared her power. The engine shows I am a fireman! drilled When I am proper fulfilled mission have My then be respected I’ll uniform going by In showing and distress joy In I am a fireman! cleaving to the banner I’m in upright manner Marching I began. Wherever ensign, inscription The flag’s plain description me the Gives I am a fireman! rejoice home, I dare Now as my choice Hall, New At music Chief and men. With This day might be a Blessing all I am addressing. To I am a fireman! 22, 1871 Antonio, February San “Fireman’s Song” “Fireman’s depth and the height In in sight often there I’m man The aid of ev’ry with engine there fire At welfare saving man’s Oft’ I am a fireman. kind of weather ev’ry In ladder I haste with hook and as high as I can roofs On ware and The buildings, lives I only care save To I am a fireman! an engine trial there Is not wait awhile I dare I must be punctual then Bardic Bardic 7 8 Heide: Celebrating "Das Deutsche Lied" in Texas Lied" Deutsche "Das Celebrating Heide: 6

as a solemn tribute to their fallen comrades.

In the early 1850s, German immigrants from New Braunfels, Braunfels, New from immigrants German 1850s, early the In Travel Travel to and from local and state song festivals was often As singing societies grew in number, certain clubs banded The earliest Sängerfests, however, not only reflected the Song” in 1871. Following is the English translation of his original original his of translation English the is Following 1871. in Song” song: for the Because city. music played such an integral part in the Tampke that natural only was it immigrants, early these of lives “Fireman’s his writing by firemen fellow his to tribute pay would Braunschweig, in Braunschweig, 1853 and settled for a time in the downtown San Antonio area. Tampke was a circuit fireman volunteer a Methodistas served also and Alamo preacherthe near lived who and Galveston, began moving increasingly into San Antonio– eventually becoming a major segment of population. the city’s One such early Wolfenbüttel, immigrant from Texas to to came who the Tampke, Alamo August Ludwig City was Wilhelm Chorus as well as those arriving directly from Europe at Indianola on the ground at which this battle had been fought. Among their their Among fought. been had battle this which at ground the on fallen.” the of “brothers and battle” the of “survivors were group Silcher’s sang they battle, the remember to paused they As form a scout company, which patrolled form the a area once scout a company, month. Nueces the of Battle the of anniversary the 1875, 10, August On camped were riders these Independence, for War Texas the from difficult. Roads coulddifficult. be in poor condition or impassable, even especially attacks, Indian of danger ever-present the was there and confrontation of threat constant the 1875, In years. earlier the in to with Comfort” Indians West from prompted “the singers to own individual singing festivals and then joined together to hold hold to together joined then and festivals singing individual own an annual state song festival. Comal Singers League. Eventually, these leagues joined together together joined leagues these Eventually, League. Singers Comal to form a state league–the Deutsch-Texanischer Sängerbund The Singers smaller League.) leagues held their (German-Texas together to form leagues, including the West-Texas Hill Singers Singers Hill West-Texas the including leagues, form to together the later, years and League, Singers Valley Guadalupe the League, slavery to be a “monstrous social wrong that should be abolished be abolished should that wrong social to be a “monstrous slavery which of States the United with the Constitution in conformity born free.’” declared in emphatic terms that ‘all men are convention was held at “Vauxhall Garden” on Alamo Street in San in Street Alamo on Garden” “Vauxhall at held was convention Sisterdale from idealists and economists political Certain Antonio. proposed that attendees declare and vote values, on land in a resolution speculation that forbid would abolishpunishment, capital meeting took place at a singing festival in May 1854 in San Antonio. San in 1854 May in festival singing a at place took meeting San and Sisterdale, Braunfels, New Grange, La Austin, from German a Societies Sängerfest, this of day last the On participated. Antonio some of the festivals indicate that politics played an important part part important an played politics that indicate festivals the of some discussions political incorporated often they and lives, settlers’ the in One held the during such meetings into festivals. their business early settlers who lived in the more remote countryside to come as served in an a together important festivals These group. large from minutes The interaction. political and community for forum Sängerhalle on his propertySängerhalle in 1855. the immigrants’ abiding allowed love they of German since music, they also were (fellowship), an Gemütlichkeit for opportunity Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 4 Infantry Band and and Band Infantry rd 16 Pfefferkorn was also an artist and 15 17 The third director of the Liederkranz was Professor Bernhard Bernhard Professor was Liederkranz the of director third The Colonel Wayne D. Marty began serving as director of the The second singing society to form in San Antonio before Following Pfefferkorn’s tenure as choir director for the Kalthoff, who served from 1934 to 1975. Kalthoff, who arrived arrived who Kalthoff, 1975. to 1934 from served who Kalthoff, in the United States in 1925, hadProfessor studied Fritz in Volbach, Europe23 a withwell-known Houston’s Sam Fort with German played Kalthoff conductor. Liederkranz Salatrillo the Liederkranz, Antonio San the directed the and Chorus, Mixed Sons Hermann the Texas, Converse, of Bulverde. Fortschritt Liederkranz in 1975 following Kalthoff. Under Marty’s direction members 20 from grew Liederkranz the 1992, and 1975 between 1900 was the San Antonio Liederkranz, founded in 1892 by Reverend Henry Pfefferkorn, pastor of St. Joseph’s on Commerce Churchin Street downtown San Antonio. He served as director for the firstthe five monthschoir’s of its St. existence. Catholics German the for specifically built was Church Joseph’s native their in conducted be could masses that so Antonio San in parish the at held were choir the for rehearsals first The tongue. to moved were rehearsals the later, months few A home. priest’s Society St. Halle. Joseph’s his paintings of the Stations of the Cross, the Ascension, and today. the Assumption still hang in the church Liederkranz, Otto Hilgers took over on December 19, 1892. Hilgers served as director from 1892 to 1934, and he brought the Liederkranz to regional prominence by having the choir perform “oratios, services theater Protestant and performances, Catholic of variety minstrel a at shows operetta” and‘Komik’ the state. throughout and events The 10 [song] [song] lied In 1895, members 1895, In 14 11 In 1920, the Beethoven 12 Journal of Texas Music History, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 2, Art. 4 2, Art. Iss. 3 [2003], Vol. History, Music of Texas Journal 13 Last Last night at 8 a o’clock came Mr. Schiedemantel, seated at the singing table. Great pipes were all afire. The afire. all were pipes Great table. singing the at seated beard white a with man old an Thielepape, Herr leader, and mustache, formerly mayor of the city, rapped his of arpeggios by chords the gave vigorously, fork tuning his voice (a wonderful high tenor … ) and off they all full-voice old noble noble, a such into swung that imperious tears rushed to my eyes. genuine lover of music and a fine pianist, to take me to the Maennerchor, were which Germans meets seventeen every WednesdayPresently … practice for night Sidney Lanier, proclaimed poet and musician of the late-nineteenth late-nineteenth the of musician and poet proclaimed Lanier, Sidney well have been a typical rehearsal in those early days: been a typical rehearsal have well Männerchor rehearsal by his friend, Andreas Schiedemantel (then on President), 30. January Beethoven In a letter regarding his experience with the Lanier Männerchor, describes what might Historic District of San Antonio. of San District Historic a attend to invited was Lanier 1873. in Antonio San visited century, Beethoven Beethoven Hall still stands in Hemisfair Plaza and is presently owned by the City of San Antonio. to location William its in present the King moved Männerchor of the Männerchor built their first concert hall, the 1913, Beethoven In Villita. La from across Antonio San of heart the in Hall, The 1914. in rebuilt was it but hall, concert the destroyed fire a (who eventually served as San Antonio’s to mayor1872) took from over as 1867 president on October 16, 1854. reorganized Männergesang-Verein on February 24, 1867, and Männerchor.” “Beethoven the renamed was director of the Männergesang-Verein until W. C. A. Thielepape A. C. W. until Männergesang-Verein the of director

Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas http://ecommons.txstate.edu/jtmh/vol3/iss2/4 Photo of Active Mitglieder Des Beethoven Maennerchors, December 25, 1893. Courtesy of RABA Studio and Beethoven Maennerchor Archives Maennerchor and Beethoven 25, 1893. Courtesy December of RABA Studio Maennerchors, Beethoven Des Mitglieder of Active Photo Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas 5 24 Jubilee Celebration of of Celebration Jubilee th Anniversary of the Deutsch Deutsch the of Anniversary th This grand 25 grand This 25 28 27 26 Eventually, members of the Sängerrunde formed an orchestra, orchestra, an formed Sängerrunde the of members Eventually, The singers from Dallas, Brenham, and Galveston traveled by by traveled Galveston and Brenham, Dallas, from singers The this of festivals other held community German ethnic Austin’s Following Following the the Civil War, younger men from the Austin (consisting organization new this of founding the celebrate To concerts at Gregory Gymnasium on the University (Kommers) banquet the attended people 1,000 Nearly ofcampus. Texas at Camp Mabry. which became “the start of Orchestra.” the Musical presentdirectors throughout Austinthe years Symphonyincluded William Besserer, Jermann Pfaefflin,Walter Tips, Christian Klaerner, and Hermann conducting Bohn M. M. Bohn. Hermann One with of 1963, in the place more took notable concerts Podbertsky’s of performance a in orchestra and chorus men’s the Rothbart.” “Friedrich 16, 1879. As visitors entered the city, booming cannons heralded heralded cannons booming city, the entered visitors As 1879. 16, the start of the three-day festivities. The singing societies that took part in the festival included the Beethoven Männerchor from San Antonio, the Männerchor from New Braunfels, the Salamander from Galveston, the Sängerrunde and the Mixed Chorus from Austin, two delegates from Houston, Comfort, and La Grange, the Singing Society Frohsinn from Dallas, and clubs two latter the time first (the Brenham from Germania the had appeared). arrived Braunfels New and Antonio San from those while gala train, their in out rode committee festival entire The wagons. 16 on wagons the meet to order in city the of south miles three coaches arches immense Two Austin. into back guests the accompany and Avenue, Congress of foot the at erected—one been had honor of the other at the Opera House where the official concert from the Colorado River to the Capitol held. Avenue Congress was Colorado the At bunting. and flags with decorated ornately was River, festival participants unfurled banners representing the various societies and then marched up Congress to Avenue the House. Opera widespread of because Partly 1911. and 1900, 1889, in magnitude anti-German sentiment following I, War World Austin held a participants 1938, in However, 1922. in festival “subdued” more with Austin in Mabry Camp at festival “spectacular” a organized Männerchor formed the Austin Sängerrunde and chose William William chose and Sängerrunde Austin the formed Männerchor Austin. in Besserer held as be director. With to great energy Sängerfest and 1879 enthusiasm, the these for plans began members Sängerfests celebrated most and biggest the of one be to was This 1879, 8, February On Texas. in music German of history the in in a bookstore on Congress Avenue belonging to Rumpel, C. thethe Secretary, F. Austin Sängerrunde choir’s was officially from came circle,” “singing or “Sängerrunde,” name The formed. at that time. group the the songbook used by of both chorus a and men’s chorus), a members women’s held a banquet on February 10, 1879. Miss A. Buaas delivered the keynote address describing the “historical began also development”organization new The Sängerrunde. the and of “purpose” 25 the in participate to preparations Sängerbund. Texanischer April on beginning Austin in held was League Singers’ State the In 20 19 Year Remembrance Year 21 th Heide: Celebrating "Das Deutsche Lied" in Texas Lied" Deutsche "Das Celebrating Heide: Annual State Song Festival, held in th Dr. Paul Gottschalk succeeded Marty as Marty succeeded Gottschalk Paul Dr. 18 22

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Another prominent singing society founded before 1900 was 1900 before founded society singing prominent Another Before Before 1900, the city of Galveston also had its own singing Some of the more notable early performances of the San possession until 1957, when it was donated to a museum Austin. in embroidered a commemorative banner that was presented to the the to presented was that banner commemorative a embroidered newly organized Deutsch Texanischer Sängerbund (German- organization’s that in stayed banner The League). Singers Texan from the New Braunfels Germania Choir, the Austin Männerchor Männerchor Austin the Choir, Germania Braunfels New the from traveled to New Braunfels in 1853 for the firstsingers Männerchor the of wives the gesture, special a As SängerfestTexas. in concert at the Garden Club, and, concerton Grand the Club, finalat night,the theGarden banquet. Kommers invitation By 1852. in Austin in formed Männerchor, Austin the and military companies, an afternoon concert picnicin Schmidt’s Garden, andan excursion orchestra over the waters of the bay and Gulf of Mexico, with a reception and promenade an oyster roast, and a fish chowder dinner. Additional activities an roast, oyster and a fishdinner. chowder procession a with dance a by concertfollowed grand a included of all the singing societies, participation by the fire department first year involved an official reception at the Union Depot with Depot Union the at reception official an involved year first a torchlight procession to rehearsals, the Artillery parades, Hall and by a days welcome by few next the over followed Mayor, the Galveston Galveston from May 18-22, 1881, was just such an auspicious occasion. Extensive preparations included building a pavilion festival The beach. the on goers concert 5,800 seating of capable that for program The three. usual the of instead days, five lasted society and celebrated with one of the most grandiose concerts of of concerts grandiose most the of one with celebrated and society annual the of celebrations elaborate the describes Haas time. that state Sängerfests. The 13 June 1, 2003, the choir performed a “Sacred Concert” at Laurel Laurel at Concert” “Sacred a performed choir the 2003, 1, June Antonio. in San Church Methodist Heights Joseph’s Church during its “Fourth Sunday Services” each month. month. each Services” Sunday “Fourth its during Church Joseph’s Concert “Patriotic successful very a held Liederkranz the 2002, In in conjunction with the Hermann Sons German Band.” On Sulz am Neckar, Dresden/Altenberg, Koblenz, and Wiesbaden. Koblenz, Dresden/Altenberg, am Sulz Neckar, Antonio’s San of part active and vital a remains Liederkranz The St. at congregation the for performs regularly It culture. musical and, fiftyyears later, the largest group’s concert of all, which involved performing songs for 100,000 people attending the mass celebrated by Pope John Paul II in San Antonio. 1995, the San Antonio Liederkranz performed in Germany at attended by Cardinal Hayes in 1931; the 100 the 1931; in Hayes Cardinal by attended of the of Fall Independence the Day Alamo in 1936; Texas the Field Mass at Washington-on-the-Brazos State Park in 1938; Antonio Liederkranz include: 1920; in America of the Verein Central Catholic the openingof Convention of the National the Bicentennial Celebration of the Founding of San Antonio years, was an accomplished pianist and accordionist whose talents talents whose accordionist and pianist accomplished an was years, performances. of the choir’s added to the success director and served until 1999. In January 2000, Thomas E. Ewing Ewing E. Thomas 100. approximately to 2000, January In 1999. until served and director Gittinger Janine Liederkranz. the directing still is and over took many for served who Liederkranz the to accompanist as Parker, Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 6

th th 36 anniversary th

34 Staatssängerfest th Members continue Members 37 for interested persons persons interested for 33 32 Sängerfest of the Deutsch- th 35 Texas Volksblatt Texas During During the Great Depression, the 36 The Dallas Frohsinn was established soon after the Dallas firstThe concertFrohsinn’s was held in conjunction with a To date, To the Austin Sängerrunde Männerchor, Damenchor, On On March 27, 1927, the Dallas Frohsinn celebrated its 50 anniversary with 35 singers participating. scheduled for 1933 in Dallas was postponed until October 4- 6, 1936. When the festival finally did takePaul place, van Dr. Alex Mrs. with Orchestra Symphony Dallas the directed Katwijk “officiated Keese as Renard, vocal Frank soloist and Professor Alice Holcomb Director, performing Frohsinn on The the violin. as the ‘Fest Dirigent’.” The Sacred Heart Choir of Muenster, also performed. Leo Hensheid, by directed with the assistance of Hans J. Mueller, the club’s Secretary since Secretary club’s the Mueller, J. Hans of assistance the with thriving. is Sängerrunde Austin the 1985, Sängerfests yearly the in part take and rehearsals weekly hold to inception in 1879. since the club’s as they have the in advertised Turnverein its in to attend a meeting of the German Singing Society on Sunday, participated Frohsinn organized newly The 1877. 25, March Turnverein Dallas the by sponsored festival, May or Maifest, first up made actually was Frohsinn original The 1877. 6-7, May on old, an of members as well as Austrians, and Germans ethnic of first servedthe as Bauer Professor society. singing Swiss inactive Director of the Frohsinn, with Henry Boll acting as President as Secretary. E. Hess and John Frohsinn The 1877. 1, December on ball and performance theater also attended the third Maifest held by the Dallas Turnverein in 1878. The choir performed for the first time at theAustin Sängerfest held April 15-17, 1879. According to manyattended, this was one whoof the most spectacular Sängerfests ever held, and it coincided with the 12 participating continued Frohsinn years, The Sängerbund. war the Texanischer During I. War World until up Sängerfests various in the under concerts and meetings hold to continued Frohsinn the direction of Curt Beck “in spite of a reduced membership.” the and singers 1968 from in Glückstadt Germany came to to visit Texas for the the returned first members time. Sängerrunde Austin to trip another made members Glückstadt 1975. in again in 1971 and then returned in 1979 to help celebrate the 100 125 the as anniversarySängerrunde,well the as of Sängerbund. Texanischer of the Deutsch and newly Scholz old formed The scene. Kinderchor cultural and (children’s social choir) continueAustin’s of asparts integral are Austin downtown in Sängerrundehalle adjoining and Garten leadership capable the Under organization. this of home the still and 1984, since President as served has who Zoch, Theodore of streets. streets. th 29 30 anniversary of the men’s th Journal of Texas Music History, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 2, Art. 4 2, Art. Iss. 3 [2003], Vol. History, Music of Texas Journal

31 The Austin Sängerrunde also has been active in promoting In In February 1959, Hermann M. Bohn organized a women’s In 1895, six years before it officially relocated to Scholz Garten, Garten, Scholz to relocated officially it before years six 1895, In Other German-Texan singing societies also Other existed German-Texan in Austin years, the members decided that these two organizations should organizations two these that decided members the years, 1966, of fall the In Austin. in visit official an for together come Sängerrunde assisted the city of Glückstadt by sending warm clothes from the University of Athletic Texas Department for German war refugees. Through visits back and forth over the Lied Hoch,” of which he became an honorary member. This early relationship helped lead to future cooperation in ways,other as well. For example, after World War II, the Austin cultural 1905, exchange in Germany between Glückstadt, of the hometown his United to visit States a During and Germany. Bohn, for laid the Wilhelm groundwork Sängerrunde member, “Quartett group musical German the from Texas to visits future over over 44 years and consistently averages an annual membership 25 singers. of around Sängerrunde. Unlike the first women’s chorus into that evolved the first women’s Sängerrunde. Unlike remained has organization this club, the for auxiliary women’s a for performances musical Sängerrunde’s the of component vital a chorus known as the “Austin Sängerrunde Damenchor,” which Sängerrunde Damenchor,” chorus known as the “Austin gave its first performance at the 80 that level. The choir obtained a state charter on May 1, 1903. The The 1903. 1, May on charter state a obtained choir The level. that principal Sängerrunde’s activities were banquets, concerts with choral singing, solo artists, chamber music ensembles, comedy, speeches, and always “dancing at the end.” held at Scholz Garten, membership in the organization increased increased organization the in membership Garten, Scholz at held 1947, By singers. active 34 with members 167 to 1907 by quickly near remained consistently has and 235 to grown had membership the Sängerrunde entered into an agreement to sublease the bowling bowling the sublease to agreement an into entered Sängerrunde the members With garden. beer restaurant’s the to next located alleys concerts Sunday enjoy and alleys bowling the access to able now a German restaurant and beer hall established in 1866 on San it still meets to this day. where Street, Jacinto used. Then in to 1901, Scholz the Garten, Sängerrunde moved used. Partly because of widespread anti-German sentiment War following World “subdued” festival in 1922. I, Austin held a more club then moved to Jacoby’s Garden on Lavaca and 15 and Lavaca on Garden Jacoby’s to moved then club When conditions there became too Hall Turner was crowded, March 29, 1887. The Sängerrunde held some of its first singing first its of some held Sängerrunde The 1887. 29, March of intersection present-day the near pasture, Horst’s in practices Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard and Red River Street. The about 100 members and Another Tips. was directed by Walter group, the “Immerlustig Society” also was Austin part music of scene, the but earlyit merged with the Sängerrunde on during the 1800s. Aside from the Austin Männerchor and the Austin Sängerrunde, the largest singing society was chorus a known as Musical the Union,” which mixed “Austin included

Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas http://ecommons.txstate.edu/jtmh/vol3/iss2/4 Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas 7 History of West- History of

, published in 1938. Dietel died in New New in died Dietel 1938. in published , 41 The Beethoven Damenchor was fortunate to have had Gisela Gisela had have to fortunate was Damenchor Beethoven The Over the past 136 years of continuous operation, the San Antonio Beethoven Männerchor has had several notable musical musical notable has had several Männerchor Beethoven Antonio Carl 1800s), the of director (popular Beck Carl including directors, Alfred Orchestra), Symphony Antonio San the of (founder Hahn Wick Otto Dr. and II), War World and years (Depression Schaefer 1950s.) the of composer and conductor York New (renowned from director its as teacher, music and singer well-known Bauer, 1932 until 1982. Shirley Donohue took over as director when Gisela Bauer became ill and is still serving as the Damenchor’s director. Pianist Alice Murphy accompanied the Damenchor from 1947 to the mid-1980s. Several prominent artists of the latter 1800s performed Beethoven Hall at in the Männerchor’s the Sousa, Phillip John Bernhardt, Sarah including Antonio, San time a for served who Claassen, Arthur and Symphony, Chicago in popularity throughout the state. Concerts and state Sängerfests Sängerfests state and Concerts state. the throughout popularity in to Texans German for events important social been always have celebrate their history and cultural heritage. Texas There in are music several German to contributions whose directors notable should be acknowledged. Hermann E. Dietel, author, teacher, Texas to came and 1857 in Germany in born was musician, and West-Texas the of festival song first the in part took He 1878. in Hill Singers League in Boerne in 1881 as director of the Echo Singers Society of Smithson Valley in teacher a Comalwas He County. Braunfels. Dietel New in chorus mixed a directed also at the Schumannsville School for 40 years from 1886 to 1926 Dietel there. chorus men’s and chorus mixed the directing while chorus from 1896 Echo men’s also Braunfels’ the directed New to 1936. In 1926, he took over as director for New Braunfels’ chorusmixed Concordia and was the author of League Singers Hill Texas in 1941. Braunfels 40 38 Heide: Celebrating "Das Deutsche Lied" in Texas Lied" Deutsche "Das Celebrating Heide: anniversary in 1977 by th 39 Texas Sängerfest. The choir continues to sing to continues choir The Sängerfest. Texas st

Over its 150-year-history in Texas, German music has gained has music German Texas, in 150-year-history its Over Some of the members of the Frohsinn formed the Texanische Texanische the formed Frohsinn the of members the of Some The Frohsinn celebrated its 100 In In May 1939, the Frohsinn traveled to Houston for the last Frohsinn Frohsinn members still follow their motto club’s “Freie Bahn worker). path to the hard (an open Tuechtigen” Dem (formed in 1991) performs with thea “Gemischtermen’s organizationChor” (mixed in choir) and joined the Sängerbund Texanischer Deutsch in 1993. After 126 years, the Dallas Schuhplattlers (a traditional Bavarian folk well as dancethe Dallas Frohsinn Kapelle, group)performing concert tours as in Germany and Austria. The Dallas Frohsinn Damenchor also hosted visiting choral clubs and orchestras from Germany the years. throughout as well as performing for church services during Christmas. It actively participates in “German Day in as Texas,” well as the has Frohsinn The Texas. of Fair State annual the at Ball Pioneer Germany for an “International Sängerfest.” for an “International Germany 31 the sponsoring season, Oktoberfest the during Dallas in homes nursing several at did not have a clubhouse, as most other societies did. The Dallas Dallas The did. societies other most as clubhouse, a have not did also has been Frohsinn active in international performances. In Stuttgart, to tour on Texas Chorgemeinschaft the joined it 1968, company were of German heritage and were happily accepted into The the Frohsinn Frohsinn choir. took its turn at hosting it that fact the despite 1968, and 1962, 1956, in Sängerfests state Frohsinn underwent a revival of sorts when employees of Chance Chance of employees when sorts of revival a underwent Frohsinn Dallas) to Connecticut from moved had (which Aircraft Vought aircraft the from employees Many choir. the with singing began Sängerfest before World War II. During the war years, the Frohsinn Frohsinn the years, war the During II. War World before Sängerfest “Gesangstunden” its lost it 1948, in but, intact, stay to managed and no longer held rehearsals or performances. In 1951, the Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 Photo of Beethoven Damenchor Austin, Texas, 1952. Courtesy of RABA Studio and Beethoven Maennerchor Archives Maennerchor and Beethoven Courtesy 1952. of RABA Studio Texas, Austin, Damenchor of Beethoven Photo 8 Ladies Auxiliary on November 4, 1938, as a way to encourage non-singing the of participation women. Auxiliary club’s the membersfor hostesses as served the for fundraisers and activities of yet an evenMännerchor. Houston the older called society During its first two years, the Liederkranz organized concert evenings, family riverboat ride, birthday parties, nights, a picnics, and a Christmas party. On March 16, 1927, the club building five-year-old a acquired from the First Church of the at Abbott Nazarene and Barnes Streets in The Heights district of Houston. On October 17, 1934, the club charter received from the State of Texas its Liederkranz,” “Theas Houston a non-profit and social for exclusively formed organization recreational activities involving “German language,art and music,culture.” Throughout the 1930s, the continuedLiederkranz to grow. the Besidesmale chorus, a groupwomen of singers formed the 45 44 Despite the decline of some groups, certain new organizations new certain groups, some of decline the Despite The official founding date for theHouston Liederkranz was club’s programs. The Liederkranz’s membership declined during declined membership Liederkranz’s The programs. club’s the with 1950s the in again increased it However, II. War World this of result a Partly as immigrants. German post-war of influx growth, members Paul Danjus and Oskar Sauerbrey started a theater group, which was directed for many years by Hermann Liederkranz had been formed in 1883 upon the dissolution League), whose core members include the Arion Männerchor from Fredericksburg (1908),(1932), the theBeethoven BeethovenMännerchor (1867),Chor Gemischter the (1916), theSpring Clear Damenchor from GemischterFrohsinn Chor Harmonie from New Braunfels Gemischterchor (1937),Hermannsohn the (1989), the Christi Corpus Heimatmelodie from from (1934), Fredericksburg and the San Antonio Liederkranz (1892). also formed and flourished during the twentieth century.For example, in 1924, Constantin Janke began actively recruiting members into a new male chorus in Houston would later, which, become the a Houston Liederkranz. This new year male chorus added to the number in existence of social clubs already Hermann, of Sons Sängerbund, Houston the as such Houston, in Turnverein. and January 15, 1925. Both the Houston Sängerbund and old Journal of Texas Music History, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 2, Art. 4 2, Art. Iss. 3 [2003], Vol. History, Music of Texas Journal 42 43 As the choirs in the larger Scholze initially went to “the Beethoven” to enjoy the festivals, festivals, the enjoy to Beethoven” “the to went initially Scholze Throughout Throughout the years, loyal members have played a crucial have joined together into such umbrella organizations as the Gebirgs Texanischer Sängerbund Hill (Texas Country Singers Some of and thecommunities own their of way the went eventually societies early singing slowly died out. Some groups that have managed to stay active grow, singing groups grow, in smaller German-Texan communities tended to lose membership. love of “Das Deutsche Lied” with him. cities and towns continued to German German immigrants, Johannes search in Texas to came Scholze, his brought and life” better “a of the Beethoven’s Stiftungsfest (annual anniversary other many party)so Like in 2002. March, would would often play duets for the received Scholze crowd. concert his 75-year-membership pin at bar room or performing on stage stage on performing or room bar Hans and He garden. patio the in Mangold, another Beethoven member who played the zither, to the Beethoven Home with his guitar music the in byperformances impromptu holding Director Director Alfred Schaefer as the choir pianist for about 15 years. Scholze also entertained visitors the Beethoven Männerchor in tenor second a as sang and 1927 in the choir. Scholze assisted music and waltzes, and to meet other Germanshis who same shared interests. He joined school in Germany between 1920 and 1923. One of Scholze’s Scholze’s of One 1923. and 1920 between Germany in school first and most auspicious jobs upon arrival was to design and Antonio.SanCitycarveArmstheofforCoattheof This Coat of Arms still hangs in the City Hall Chamber. on his mother’s side of the family (the Simmangs). So, he came came he So, Simmangs). (the family the of side mother’s his on to Central Texas to utilize the woodcarving and furniture making skills he had learned from Professor Winde at a trade and jobs were scarce following World War I. traveled later He and Galveston, firstto boat landeda took then York, New in inlandAntonio.Santo Scholze relativeshad BraunfelsNewin old, still-active member of the Beethoven Männerchor in San Antonio who came from Dresden, Germany in 1925. He left Germany as a teenager, because both of his parents had died, as the Männerchor’s director. as the Männerchor’s role in the success and continuity of these singing societies. 101-year- a is Scholze Scholze. Johannes is member such One

Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas http://ecommons.txstate.edu/jtmh/vol3/iss2/4 Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas 9 Other Other 54 53 52 Sängertag on May 3-4, 1997, with 1997, 3-4, May on Sängertag st Most state leagues from Texas and The present-day festivals are much the are festivals The present-day 51 56 More recently, a More recently, band from toured Wewelsfleth 55 Sängerfest des Texanischen Gebirgs-Sängerbundes. It th Sängertag, held on May 5, 2002, in Dallas, which was th San Antonio’s Beethoven Männerchor is the longest-surviving the is Männerchor Beethoven Antonio’s San One of the largest singing festivals held recently was the State State Sängerfests are still held annually and alternate among In more recent years, choirs and orchestras from the Federal on October 19, 2002 and hosted for the first timeby the city’s Club. Heimatmelodie although usually without quite as same as those of earlier years, generation fifth and fourth Nevertheless, fanfare. citywide much descendents Texasof inthose celebrate the Germans who first arrivedto in festivals these to children their bringing still are 1840s ancestral heritage. their German German choir still in operation in the In state 1948, of Texas. President Guido Ransleben provided some insight into why Sängerbund celebrated the 51 the celebrated Sängerbund guest performances by the Chorgemeinschaft Lied Hoch with Germany. Glückstadt, from Sternberg, include Udo director, its Texas in perform to Germany from come have that groups community the Fallingbostel, Blasmusik Böhmetaler Original the from Störschipper Itzehoer Chor Shanty the Seevetal, from band singing (men’s Männergesangvereins the and Germany, Northern societies) from both Jodler 1998. Illerberg-Thal in and Heidelberg-Rohrbach. Texas to came Nürnberg W. St. Männerchor The Gallen, a Sektion klw St. yodeling Neue club from Switzerland in came Antonio the Home San to in the 2000. Beethoven For Hofbrau the from band two-man a Plotz, & Hotz years, five past annual has performed during the Beethoven’s in Munich, Haus Oktoberfest. At 2002. October in Houston and Austin, Antonio, San Dallas, Claus 2003, April in Concert Fiesta Männerchor’s Beethoven the D. Heide, of President the Männerchor since 1982, President of the Sängerbund Deutsch-Texanischer for the past 16 years, Nord- the of District Southern the of Vice-President Second and Americanischer Sängerbund, received the German-American Friendship Award from Heiner Model, Consul General of the these promoting in efforts his for Germany, of Republic Federal States. and the United Germany goodwill tours between 111 was celebrated at the Al Amin Shriner Hall in Corpus Christi Damenchor, Damenchor, Austin Sängerrunde Damenchor and the Dallas Frohsinn Damenchor. Amerikanischer Sängerbund (North elsewhere joined the Nord in established organization, This Association). Singers American throughout “districts” from leagues different of up made is 1848, various the among efforts coordinate helps and States United the the country. choirs throughout the cities of Dallas, Houston, Austin, and San Antonio. The 56 hosted by the Dallas Frohsinn Damenchor, received letters of commendation and recognition from Governor Hanno Rick von Perry, Graveneitz (then Consul General of the Republic Federal of Germany), and Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison in honor of the singers and their day-long festival. as Republic guest of performers Germany have Texas of visited various singing clubs. For example, the Deutsch-Texanischer year and year th Texas Monthly Monthly Texas and 50 Heide: Celebrating "Das Deutsche Lied" in Texas Lied" Deutsche "Das Celebrating Heide: devotion to you devotion blossom fast to power and Liederkranz: we give our utmost give we Liederkranz: of should be the fortress You home from away far heritage German unfold yourself will strongly You for a long time Stay Preserve Houston’s beautiful

48 San Antonio Express-News Express-News Antonio San Another singing society, the Chorgemeinschaft Chorgemeinschaft the society, singing Another 49 46

Sängertag (singing day) of the Deutsch-Texanischer th 47

Most of these organizations are members of state, national, and and national, state, of members are organizations these of Most Other new organizations have been established in recent At the time of the writing of the festival program from which which from program festival the of writing the of time the At In 1982, toward the end of the construction period, a The club’s membership again declined The in club’s the 1960s. During Männerchor, Austin SängerrundeSängerbund Männerchor, San Antonio Männerchor, Liederkranz, Houston Houston Liederkranz, Beethoven Damenchor, Houston Sängerbund international coalitions. Sängerbund The Deutsch Texanischer is made up of the Beethoven Männerchor, Dallas Frohsinn still going strong. going still was Texas, formed in 1967 and hosted the ESWE Chor from 1998. in October, Germany Wiesbaden, national recognition national for recognition its performances high and has received the both from praise 26 its in currently is Choir Bach Texas The magazine. years and continue to grow and expand. The Texas Bach Choir Texas years and continue The to and grow expand. formed in 1976 underenjoyed has choir the This direction Antonio. San of in Church Robert Episcopal Finster Luke’s at St. Houston’s schoener Liederkranz. Houston’s Liederkranz. Du wirst kraeftig Dich entfalten, wirst kraeftig Dich Du Glanz, und Macht zu erbluehn schnell brightness uns lange noch erhalten Bleib Liederkranz: Dein woll’n wir gerne woll’n Dein Liederkranz: weih’n Streben bestes uns’res ferne der lieben Heimat Sollst, sein. des Deutschtum eine Burg the future growth of Liederkranz the honorary Houston old-time, Liederkranz an and by ended written his poem a with article Kuntscher: Otto member, hall, which had its grand opening on September 17, 1983. hall, which had its grand opening on September about optimistic was Schoennagel Franz obtained, was history this ratified the sale during the Annual General Meeting on January on Meeting General Annual the during sale the ratified 9, 1983. Building Chairman Raymond Orsak and the club’s Knaut, president, Peter supervised the construction of the new commercial real estate company offered to buy the club property. property. club the buy to offered company estate real commercial money enough Liederkranz the gave property old the of sale The members The Boulevard. Ella 5100 at clubhouse new a build to additions. Club members themselves performed the majority of the constructiona period work over of six years, from 1976- 1982. the 29 Sängerbund in May 1975, the Liederkranz’s newthe for room make to lots three the of center the to clubhousemoved was German-American who became the choir’s director in 1962. As 1962. in director choir’s the became who German-American bigger a for need the did so grew, membership Liederkranz’s the clubhouse. In 1974, members purchased an adjacent lot. After boom in the Houston area brought in new German singers from from singers German new in brought area Houston the in boom such One States. United the of parts other and Texas throughout member was Walter Texan-born Fritsche, a fourth-generation Stichweh. that time, the and choirs women’s men’s combined to form a oil The 1970s. the in membership increased which choir, mixed Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2003 10 , , , 10. , 1836 San San 1836 , (San (San Antonio: 10. 23. , 8. ums von Texas ums von ums von Texas von ums ä ä Festprogramm 39. Saengertag 39. Festprogramm hrigen Jubil hrigen Jubil hrigen ä ä ■ San Antonio Was Seen Through Through a Magic Lantern: Seen Was San Antonio , Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund, North American American North Sängerbund, Nord-Amerikanischer , 57 A Century of Singing “Das Deutsche Lied,” Deutsche A Century “Das of Singing Lied,” Deutsche A Century “Das of Singing A Chronological History of the Singers of German Songs in Texas in Songs German of Singers the of History Chronological A Texas in Songs German of Singers the of History Chronological A nger Zeitung nger congenial view of life. It conquers harmony of seeds the the sows dark and Puritanism retiring of character races nations, all of people between understanding and or creeds in the only universal language, the language of music. ä S 1-4. 5, Christmas Special–2002, VI, Number Vol. Assn. Singers Dallas Frohsinn, Gastgeber 3 und 4 Mai 1997, Dallas, Texas 33. 9, 2003. May Männerchor, Saengerbundes, 2002, 19.Oktober, Al Amin Shriner Hall Corpus HEIMATMELODIE Verein: Festgebener Texas, Christi, Views from the Slide Collection of Albert Steves, Sr., Association, 1978), 192-196. Museum Antonio San 22-23. the und program3 Gastgeber Frohsinn, Dallas forFeier, Jahr 120 und the Saengerbund 51ster Saengertag 4-5. Texas, 1997, Dallas, 4 Mai Deutsch–Texanischer 22, 38. Männerchor–125 years 1867-1992 Damenchor–60 years 1932- 14, 1992, 9. 1992, May 150-J des Anlass zum Konzert 1986. 4. Mai 1986 Sonntag, Sesquicentennial Texas Antonio Lederkranz Houston the from 1985,” Der Jahrfeier 60 1925-1985 Saengerbundes Deutsch-Texanischen des 1985 Sonntag, 19. Mai Liederkranz Houston des 150-J Konzert zum Anlass 1998, 13. 17. Mai und 16. Mai Feier, 1998, 60 Jahr 5. Mai, 2002 Dallas Frohsinn Damenchor, Gastgeber, 2. This philosophy reflects the centralrole music played in the 51ster Saengertag Deutsch-Texanischer Saengerbund und 120 Jahr Feier, 52. Feier, Jahr 120 und Saengerbund 9-11. 53. Ibid., Deutsch-Texanischer Saengertag 54. 51ster 55. Author’s interview with Claus D. Heide, President, Beethoven 56. Festival program 111.Saengerfest des Texanischen Gebirgs- 57. Cecilia Steinfeldt, Haas, 26. Haas, 27. Holck, 10-11. 28. Ibid., 14. 29. Ibid., 17-18. 30. Ibid., 21. 31. Ibid., 22-23. 32. Ibid., 12, 2003 March letter to author, J. Mueller, 33. Hans 34. Holck, Trept, 35. Teddy “Chronology of the Dallas Frohsinn,” taken from 4-5. 36. Ibid., 5 37. Ibid., 5 38. Ibid., 5 39. Ibid., Gottschalk. Pamela by Translation 5 40. Ibid., 41. Haas, Beethoven Concert Anniversary Beethoven the for program 42. Festival 9, 2003. February Scholze, interview with Johannes 43. Author’s 44. 45. Franz Schoennagel, “History of the Houston Liederkranz 1925- 8. 46. Ibid., 9 47. Ibid., Karin L. Spray. by Translation 9, 48. Ibid. 49. program for the Sängerbund 50. Festival Houston Damenchor 1938– Sängerbund Deutsch-Texanischer Sängertag 56. for program 51. Festival daily lives of the early German settlers and has held true in the “Das celebrating of years 150 over for descendants their of music Texas. in Lied” Deutsche 7. 25. Ibid.,

, , th , (New , (Austin: (Austin: , , Roger Nuhn, Nuhn, Roger , , Translated by 1979, a historical a 1979, th 27-29. Rise of the Lone Star , (Austin: University of Texas Journal of Texas Music History, Vol. 3 [2003], Iss. 2, Art. 4 2, Art. Iss. 3 [2003], Vol. History, Music of Texas Journal San Antonio, Texas, February 22, February Texas, Antonio, San The History of the German Settlements in Settlements German the Historyof The , (San Antonio: San Antonio Liederkranz, Liederkranz, Antonio San Antonio: (San , Roemer’s Texas Roemer’s 1845 Texas to 1847 (San Marcos: German-Texan Heritage Society, (San Heritage Marcos: Society, German-Texan Indianola: The Mother of Western Texas Western of Mother The Indianola: Anniversary 1879 February 8 February 1879 Anniversary th Fireman’s Song, Fireman’s , A Century of Singing “Das Deutsche Lied” Austin Germans & Texas Commerce, Migration, and Culture Culture and Migration, Commerce, Texas & Germans A Chronological History of the of Songs Singers German , First Edition, (Austin: Austin Saengerrunde, 1979), 3. Saengerrunde, Austin (Austin: Edition, , First , First Edition, published by the Author, New Braunfels, A Chronological History of the Singers of German Songs in Texas in Songs German of Singers the of History Chronological A A Chronological History of the Singers of German Songs in Texas in Songs German of Singers the of History Chronological A The expression of one’s The innermost expression feelings of through one’s to a neighborly understanding when several voices are are to a voices neighborly understanding when several combined in harmonious unison, an understanding which the human soul alone appreciates and loves. It propagates a happier more joyful well being, a more song is the direct expression of the joy of living, and the the and living, of joy the of expression direct the is song Freedom freedom. through experiences one happiness from toils and cares of everyday life, freedom illnessfrom or despair, freedom freedom This from oneself. from freedom therulers, tyrannous oppression of is best expressed in an outburst of song which comes communication with author, March 20, 2003. March communication with author, Hundertjahrfeier, Liederkranz, Antonio San 2003 24 100 Saengerrunde narrative D. Hyse to sell his house at 422 Pereida Street to the Archive. Männerchor Beethoven for $8,800. Beethoven Society Singing 1936), 420-422. Company, A. Stokes Frederick York: San Antonio Liederkranz, Hundertjahrfeier, A 1892-1992 Celebration Years, of Hundred One 21-22. 1992), Inc., Its Musical Contributions to the Culture of Texas,” 1973. Texas,” of Culture Contributions to the Musical Its 125 the for Program the in article Männerchor,” Beethoven Years 1992. Saengerfest, State October Thursday, Conductor, Claassen, Arthur Concert,” Opening Antonio. San Archive, Männerchor 1, 1914, Beethoven Goff, compilation by Sophienburg Museum & Archives; (Virginia Archives; & Museum Sophienburg by compilation Goff, two were there 45; 1993), Company, Donning Virginia:The Beach, 1861–the before Braunfels New in organized societies singing other chorus,Liedertafel, the Concordia. and a mixed Haas, 24. 19. Ibid., Tampke, Stone, August Joyce by provided lyrics and Tampke August of history 1871; 7, 2003. February Texas, Killeen, State House Press, 1988), 9-12. Press, House State 1945) Company, Printing Standard Antonio: (San Mueller, Oswald 235; 265-272. Oscar Haas, in Texas 1948. History Pictorial a Texas County, Comal Braunfels, New Adams Lee Myra & Gregory and Leissner Rosemarie by text editor; Walter Struve, Struve, Walter in the Days of the Lone Star Republic 1996), 46-47. Press, Biesele, Leopold Rudolph 1831-1861, Texas, 1987), 66-76, 119. University, State Texas Southwest Malsch, Brownson Ferdinand Roemer, Manfred 23. Manfred Holck 7. 24. Ibid., 20. 21. Thomas E. e-mail Ewing communication March with 20, author, 22. Haas, Ibid., 16. 17. Ibid., 17. 18. Ibid., 19. Thomas E. Ewing, Director, San Antonio Liederkranz, e-mail 15. 16. 16. Ibid., Letter to the Alamo National Bank dated July 27, 1920, from Craig Craig from 1920, 27, July dated Bank National Alamo the to 13. Letter R. 14. Howard Driggs and Sarah S. King, Lee Gastinger, President, Beethoven Männerchor (1960-1972), “125 “125 (1960-1972), Männerchor Beethoven President, Gastinger, 11. Lee 12. From the “Souvenir Programme Beethoven Grand Maennerchor, 9. Antonio: San of Männerchor Beethoven “The Albrecht, J. 10. Theodore 7. 8. 6. 5. 3. 4. NOTES 1. 2. German Texans have worked Texans so German hard to preserve and celebrate stated: traditions when he their musical

Celebrating “Das Deutsche Lied” in Texas http://ecommons.txstate.edu/jtmh/vol3/iss2/4