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Tetranychus Evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae), As Influenced by Different African Nightshade (Solanales: Solanaceae) Species

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Tetranychus Evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae), As Influenced by Different African Nightshade (Solanales: Solanaceae) Species --·-··- - - Biological performance, response and population dynamics of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae), as influenced by different African nightshade (Solanales: Solanaceae) species Lucy Kananu Murungi A thesis submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2010 .- ---- . DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University Signature:. ..............................................................'-__1<4~~ Date: .......................................'al I+}~DID . Lucy Kananu Murungi This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors Dr. grey Bernard Nyende JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ..............•..•.. ~ ......•...........•.......... Date: :.. ~J ..l.~f..~.J.~ .. Dr. Peter Wafula Masinde JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ...... =.. ~ ............... ........ Date: .. P... ~/4/';?:sJJ~ .... Dr. John Mwibanda Wesonga JKUAT, Kenya 45-( oy(?_p1_o Signature: ............ J...\.......... ::>!. ........ :::::..... .... Date: ...................................... Dr. Markus Alois Knapp icipe, Kenya DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated with deepest appreciation to my son Jonathan and my husband George for their love, generosity and support that was always my inspiration during the many months of hard work. II / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was mainly done in the Red Spider Mite project and the Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Department at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe). Additional work was done in the Department of Horticulture at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUA T). This study was financially supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the scholarship funds disbursed by JKUA T. Permission to use icipe facilities was granted by the Capacity Building and Institutional Development (CB & ID) at icipe, where I was registered as a student under Dissertation of Research Internship Program (DRIP). I wish to thank these institutions and departments for their support and helping me make another fruitful step in life. I sincerely thank my supervisors from JKUA T. I thank Dr. Bernard Nyende, Dr. John Wesonga and Dr. Peter Masinde who ensured that no delays occurred to hinder my progress. I also appreciate the moral support and input made by my other supervisor Dr. Markus Knapp, who before he left icipe, prepared a comprehensive schedule and left it with the administration to ensure that none of my experiments were interrupted. I am also indebted to the university management and the DVC, Administration, Planning and Development for granting me study leave that made me complete my work on time. I am sincerely grateful to the former Director, Board of Postgraduate Studies (BPS), Ill JKUAT, Prof. Lenga, who effortlessly ensured that I had this scholarship. I also thank Prof. Ngamau who was then Chairman of Department for working hard to make sure my scholarship application was approved. I also thank the current chairman of Department, Dr. Njue Mugai, for his immense logistical support and personal encouragement especially when the going got tougher. I would like to profoundly thank Dr. Baldwyn Torto, the Head Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Department, who was introduced to me by Dr. Knapp when he was at icipe. Dr. Torto became a mentor to me by offering immense support and guidance; enabling me to learn new things in chemical ecology. His great experience, wisdom and contribution helped me to get this work done on time and made my period of stay at icipe fruitful. This work would not have been complete without the support of my friends and colleagues in the Department of Horticulture, JKUAT. I appreciate the support given to me by staff in the Arthropod Pathology Unit, Red Spider Mite project and Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Department at icipe. I also thank all the aerobics club members who were there for the 'shake leggie' sessions that did me great refreshment. All my family members are roundly thanked for their inspiration and support not only during my Doctorate study but for the whole of my academic life. Most importantly, I thank my husband George and my son Jonathan for their understanding and for providing an enabling environment for me to realize my studies. Thank you all! IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xv LIST OF PLATES ....................................................................................................... xviii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................... xx ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xxi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ I 1.1: Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2: Hypotheses .................................................................................................................. 9 1.3: Objectives .................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.1: General objective ................................................................................................ 10 v 1.3.2: Specific objectives .............................................................................................. 10 1.4: Justification ................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 14 Review of literature ............................ ................... ........................................................... 14 2.1: Description of T evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) ....................................................... 14 2.2: Pest status and host plants of T evansi ...................................................................... 17 2.3: Origin and distribution of T evansi ........................................................................... 19 2.4: Management ofTetranychid mites ................................................................. ........... 21 2.4.1: Chemical control ................................................................................. ............... 21 2.4.2: Biological control ............... ................................................................................ 22 2.4.3: Cultural control ................................................................................................... 25 2.4.4: Resistant varieties .............. .... .. ............................................................. .. ............ 26 2.5: Host Plant Resistance ................................................................................................ 27 2.5.1: Effects of antixenosis and antibiosis on arthropod behavior. ............................. 28 2.5.2: Effects of tolerance on arthropod resistance ....................................................... 31 2.6: African nightshades ....................................................................................... ............ 32 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 37 vi General materials and methods ........ ................................................................................. 37 3.1: Biological material and experimental conditions ...................................................... 37 3.1.1: Spider mites ........................................................................................................ 37 3.1.2: Plant establishment ............................................................................................. 37 3.2: Mite biology tests ...................................................................................................... 38 3.3: Leaf surface morphology and mite response tests ..................................................... 39 3.4: Collection and analysis of volatiles ................................ ; .......................................... 40 3.5: Dynamics of mite populations ................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................... 42 Effect of African nightshade species on developmental time and life table parameters of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) ............................................... 42 4.1: Introduction ..............................................................................................................
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