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Cahiers de géographie du Québec
Urban interrelation and regional patterning in the department of Puno, Southern Peru
Jean Morisset
- Volume 20, numéro 49, 1976
- Résumé de l'article
Le département de Puno s'inscrit autour du lac Titicaca (3 800 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer) pour occuper un vaste plateau (l'altiplano) ainsi que les hautes chaînes andines (la puna) et; déborder au nord vers le bassin amazonien (la selva).
URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/021311ar DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/021311ar
En utilisant à la fois des informations recueillies lors d'enquêtes sur le terrain et des données de recensement (1940 et 1961), cet essai poursuit un double objectif: on a tenté d'analyser d'une part, l'évolution et l'interdépendance des principaux centres du département de Puno pour proposer, d'autre part, une régionalisation à partir des structures géo-spatiales et des organisations administratives. De plus, on a brièvement traité
Éditeur(s)
Département de géographie de l'Université Laval de la nature des agglomérations et on a réalisé une analyse quantitative regroupant 30 variables reportées sur les 85 districts du département.
ISSN
- 0007-9766 (imprimé)
- L'auteur conclut en suggérant que toute planification est un processus qui doit
aboutir à un compromis entre des composantes spatio-économiques (planificaciôn tecno-crética) et des composantes socio-culturelles (planificaciôn de base).
1708-8968 (numérique)
Citer cet article
Morisset, J. (1976). Urban interrelation and regional patterning in the
department of Puno, Southern Peru. Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 20(49),
93–126. https://doi.org/10.7202/021311ar
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CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUEBEC, Vol. 20, No 49, avril 1976, 93-126
URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PUNO, SOUTHERN PERU *
by
Jean MORISSET
INTRODUCTION
Migratory movements in the last three décades or so hâve produced a sudden and rapid growth of the capital cities as well as of the main secondary centres of ail South American countries. Many scholars hâve studied this phenomenon from the point of view of receiving centres, and focussed on problems of marginality. In Peru, one sixth of the 650 000 inhabitants of Puno (see figure
1
) lived outside their department of origin when the
1961 census was taken. This process has continued according to the 1972 census which enumerated 780 000 inhabitants in Puno. As inadéquate pré- dictions were made to cover out-migration, this total fell short of pre-census extrapolations by almost 50 000 people.
The économie difficulties encountered by thèse rural migrants and the problems of their intégration to an alien world, hâve been amply studied and documented K Yet similar geographical changes occurring at a more reduced scale — that of small rural settlements — hâve been comparatively ignored. True, it has been suggested that many small towns serve as adaptation centres prior to more important moves ; a 'campesino' would go first to the provincial, then to the department capital, and so on.
As a conséquence of ail this, there has been a profound altération of settlement networks since the colonial and republican periods ; namely the development of alternative marketing and commercial centres to complément a settlement hierarchy hitherto based primarily on administrative factors.
- *
- Note : This paper is a revised version of a chapter that appeared originally in a
doctoral dissertation entitled : Puno : Geographical Perspectives on Intégration in South-
ern Peru. The University of Liverpool, 1975 (XI - 403p.)
Field research was carried out with the help of the Canada Council. Figure 1 has been drawn by Joan Treasure, the Department of Geography, the University of Liverpool and figure 5 by Marie-Michelle M.-Béland. Ail other maps and graphs were drafted at the "laboratoire de cartographie, université Laval", by Isabelle Diaz. Permanent address of the author : Allée des Érables, Saint-Michel, Comté de Bellechasse, Province de Québec, Canada GOR 3S0.
1
See for instance the article of WEISSLITZ, Jacqueline (1971) "Migration Rurale et Intégration Urbaine au Pérou." in "Impérialisme et Urbanisation en Amérique Latine",
a spécial issue of Espaces et Sociétés, No 3 : 45-63.
There is a profusion of studies dealing with such subjects. See BRUNN, Stanley D.
(1971) Urbanization in Developing Countries. An International Bibliographe. East Lansing,
Michigan State University, 693 p.
CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976
94
- Figure
- 1
URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...
95
This paper will concentrate firstly on settlement network and settlement interrelations.
The positions and functions of the main populated centres delineate the régional (or sub-regional) character of the department whereas the pattern of interrelations emphasizes the impossibility of dissociating the geographical from the social. The régional patterning of Puno will then be
Table
1
Puno
:
ranking of the seventeen main populated centres onseven variables
Variables
/
- II
- III
- IV
- V
- VI
- VII
- Total
Centres
- 2
- 3
- 2
- 4
- 2
- 1
- 1
- 15
- 1
- Juliaca
1564
10
5
1546
93
1
7
1845
16 11 10
3
25
40
43
47 48
2345
Puno llave
- 9
- 13
15
Huancané Azangaro
8
549
4
13
1
73
5
15
2
13
3
8
11
5
50 52 57
83
678
Putina Ayaviri
12
- 14
- 14
S.J. del Oro
11
7
12 11
10
8
- 8
- 10
6
- 4
- 6
6
9
61
Yunguyo
- 14
- 11
- 63
- 10 Juli
12
2
- 2
- 70
78
11 12
17 15
26
15 16
- 6
- 16
11
Pacara Estac. Macusani
- 12
- 16
13 14 15 16
10
9
7
16 17 14
11
9
97
14 17
5
13 17 15 13
- Sandia
- 17
11 10 13
80 86 87 89
Lampa Santa Rosa Nurïoa
13 12
13 12
14
- 17
- 8
- 17
- Pomata
- 16
- 15
- 17
- 16
- 15
- 10
- 8
- 97
Variable
I
Il
1961 population. popultion growth 1940-1961.
- III
- 1970 population. Computed from the registration of births and deaths
for the 1961-70 period. Thèse data that do not take into account migratory movements, were collected in the municipal buildings of every centre.
IV V
::
population growth 1961-1970. questionnaire (1.1a). Respondants were asked to rank the centres of Puno by order of importance. questionnaire (3.4). Rank derived from the number of times each centre was mentioned according to its presenting the least promising future. questionnaire (1.4). Centres ranked according to their level of indépendance from other centres.
VI VII
CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976
96
considered in a second section, and a gênerai scheme of regionalization will be suggested ; in the meantime the attitudes and 'modus operandi' of development agencies will hâve been briefly outlined.
1.
EVOLUTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE OF MAIN 'PUEBLOS' Seventeen of Puno's populated centres exceeded 1 500 inhabitants in
1961, as opposed to ten in 1940. Of thèse ten centres, only two (or 20%) were not provincial capitals in 1940, whereas in 1961 eight out of seventeen (or nearly 50%) were in that position. The respective ranks of thèse seventeen centres according to seven variables as well as their ranking average hâve been computed (see table 1). The prépondérance of Juliaca which forms a central area slightly apart from lake Titicaca is coupled to the comparatively weak démographie growth of most traditional centres, namely the long-established provincial towns. Three gênerai trends are noticeable : démographie stability and decrease, shifting population and unstability, rapid development and change, and thèse trends are ail présent in every geographical area.
The term Puno Lago has traditionally been used to distinguish from the rest of the department the predominantly Aymara-speaking, highiy populated, and highiy subdivided lands surrounding the Titicaca. Other expressions used with the same geographical connotations are 'las orillas del lago', 'el area colidante al lago', and at times 'Puno ribereno'. They ail aim at identifying the régional context within which the lake adds something to économie activities as well as the inland area that is affected by the ameliorating influence of this large body of water — 8 000 km2, with an average température of 13°C2 .
Indeed, one can speak of a lowland belt circling the lake between
3 812 and 3 900 mètres above sea level. Depending on surface features, it does not extend more than 10-15 kilomètres from the shore — just enough to border on Juliaca and eut through the humid alpine meadow. This we call in very broad terms Puno Lago. Of course, the term has only an heuristic value and does not conform entirely with morphoclimatic variables.3 To summarize, Puno Lago comprises about half of the total population within more or less a twentieth of the department territory. As the bulk of commercial exchanges is concentrated along the lake shore, the most important seulement also delineate Puno Lago. Being the commercial centre of the entire department, Juliaca occupies a key-position between the lake and Puno Alto.
2 MONHEIM, Félix (1956) Contribuciôn a la Ctimatologia e Hidrologia de la Cuenca
del Titicaca. Puno, Universidad Técnica del Altiplano, 1963, 232 p.
- 3 In fact, three sub-climatic types are found within Puno Lago. See ONERN
- —
CORPUNO (1965) Programa de Inventario y Evaluation de los Recursos Naturaies del Departamento de Puno — Sector de Prioridad I. Vol. 5, Ctimatologia. Lima, Imprenta de
Ja Repûblica, 5 volumes.
- URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...
- 97
- Figure
- 2
BROAD R E L I E F
F E A T U R E S OF PUNO
Dessinée par Isabelle Diaz
togrâfico MililarJNP
1
- 9 8
- CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976
The area encompassed under Puno Alto is still more elusive. With
- référence to figure 2, it includes most of the 'altiplano' from Juliaca
- —
'laguna' Arapa going northwest, the 'puna' and 'las alturas'4 and extends northwards over the 'Cordillera de Carabaya' until one begins to go downwards. It is the real domain of wool production based on sheep, llama and then alpaca as the altitude increases. With the exception of well-sheltered areas in the Province of Azângaro and a few other similar locations, agriculture is absent from Puno Alto. Small mining opérations are however présent hère and there, but it is the 'hacienda' seulement ('poblado de hacienda') which characterizes Puno Alto. Again the désignation should be understood in relative terms. For the inhabitant of a lower interandine valley, say in Cuzco or Apurimac, it is the entire Department of Puno that conveys the idea of 'puna', whereas in Puno, it is restricted to outlying grazing and mining areas.
- Geographical
- setting
Indeed, the ecological and économie units which form the basis for
Puno's geography may be confined to three interrelated régions : Puno Lago, Puno Alto and Puno Selvatico. This convenient trilogy is in agreement with the broad délimitations outlined below.
In comparison, Puno Selvatico does not présent problems of identification. As elsewhere in the Andes, it is quite clear that the upper 'selva' or 'montana'5 begins with the Amazonian Basin. Altitudinal levels succeed one another rapidly and abruptly, and thus the differentiation is manifest by the simple présence of woodland végétation. Where topography allows for plateaux and/or upland valleys on the eastern side of the Andean System (due north in Puno), one might be justified in using ecotypes such as subtropical and tropical Puno. The 'ceja' or 'cabeza de montana' is a transitional zone mid-way between subarctic conditions and a low fully tropical environment. This ecological variety (see figure 3) has not so far produced a similar variety in économie activities and population patterns. Timber, coffee and fruits are added to production, but the settled areas follow river valleys rather than ecological zones. On the other hand, Puno is of course an entirely tropical department by situation and to avoid any confusion it seems more simple to refer to this last région as Puno Selvatico.
- Seulement
- growth
The number of 'pueblos' that exceeded 1 500 inhabitants amounted to 17 in 1961 (see table 2). Puno, the capital of the department is the most
4 Literally the highlands, this is another current expression used to indicate élévation and remoteness from the lake and including ail cordilleran lands.
5 The traditional amd sketchy way of dividing Peru into 'costa', 'sierra' and
'selva' (or 'montana') is of course a view from the coast. A local geography textbook for primary school stated that Puno was divided into 'costa', 'sierra' and 'montana'. But then the author hastily added : « being an inland department, there is to 'costa' as such in Puno ; nevertheless there fortunately is a lake — the Titicaca — amd consequently a lakeshore to play the rôle of the 'costa'.
URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT.
99
- Figure
- 3
- E C O L O G I C A L
- Z O N E S
- P
U N 0
- Alpine
- 4
- 600
- -
- 4
4
800 Puna and Tolar 600 Puna and Paramo 100 Altiplano)
- Subalpine 4100
- -
(Plateau Montano alto bajo
332
812 500
- -
- 4
- -
- 4
- 100 Suni
1
Interandean
300-3 500 Quechua] valleys
- Yunga
- 1
- 000
- 2
- 300 Ceja de selva
- Foiest
- Selva
«= 1000
Differing conditions from one side of the Sierra Crest to the other together with the présence of the altiplano
- only permit
- a
- rough correspondance between
limits and ecological zones.
Dessinée par Isabelle Dit
CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976
100
populated centre followed by Juliaca, the 'industrial' market town and then Ayaviri and other provincial administrative settlements. If one tries to assess thèse figures in relation with other variables a différent picture cornes
forward.
- Table
- 2
- reveals that Juliaca cornes before Puno, Hâve before Juli,
Yunguyo before Pomata and San Juan del Oro before Sandia, on the one hand, whereas Azangaro and Putina are on a comparable ranking, on the other hand. Huancané stands by itself and so does Ayaviri, with the différence in the latter case that three neighbouring centres, Santa Rosa, Nunoa and Pucara Estaciôn divide up functions that would otherwise produce a situation comparable to that of llave with respect to Juli. Lampa is dragged in the wake of Juliaca ; Macusani is relatively more lively that Sandia because Ollachea has not yet developed as much as San Juan del Oro.
In gênerai, the main settlements hâve experienced a similar évolution.
They group themselves pairwise, the rise of one centre producing the stability or the décline of the second. Often a third centre will corne in to play interlinking rôle between both 'pôles' of the 'conurbation', though it will more readily cluster with the more important of the two centres. 'Stricto sensu', the term 'conurbation' is out of context hère, otherwise it could well express the
- Table
- 2
Puno : main populated centres, 1961 and 1970.
Populath
Centres
34 587 32 930
9 783 7 659 6 949 6 907 5 674 5 235 4 340 3 612 3 572 2 929 2 884 2 772 2 362 2 210 2 004
12
Puno * Juliaca Ayaviri
24 459 20 351
7 553
34
Huancané llave
4 053 4 278 4 772 3 512 3 874 3 125 2 506 3 026 2 137 2 054 1 767 1 522 1 601 1 583
56
Azangaro Putina
78
Juli
9
Lampa
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Yunguyo Sandia Nuna Santa Rosa San Juan del Oro Pucarâ Estaciôn Macusani Pomata
Sources: 1961 census and municipal registration of births and deaths, 1962-70. * Order of centres established from the 1970 populations.
- URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...
- 101
situation between Puno-Juliaca, Juli-llave, Pomata-Yunguyo, Taraco-Huancané, Azângaro-Putina, Ayaviri-Pucarâ Estaciôn, Lampa-Deustua and finally Sandia-San Juan del Oro. In every case a once bountiful administrative or colonial centre is more or less marking time whereas static 'villorios' of yester-year hâve suddenly emerged as leading market and commercial towns —Juliaca, llave, Deustua and Yunguyo 6 — , cross-roads centres — Pucara Estaciôn and Putina — , and pioneer settlements — San Juan del Oro and San Gaban — . The intercensal growth of the District of San Gaban (941%) should not be envïsaged in absolute terms. It barely existed in 1940 and so far the 'pueblo' of Lanlacuni Bajo — currently designated by the district name of San Gaban — is awaiting completion of the road to take on a régional importance comparable to that of San Juan del Oro. Ollachea, the in-between settlement Connecting San Gaban to Macusani, awaits the realization of its potential. The percentage growth of Macusani and Ollachea in the 1940-1961 period was respectively, 123 and 12.