Urban Interrelation and Regional Patterning in the Department of Puno, Southern Peru Jean Morisset

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Cahiers de géographie du Québec

Urban interrelation and regional patterning in the department of Puno, Southern Peru

Jean Morisset

  • Volume 20, numéro 49, 1976
  • Résumé de l'article

Le département de Puno s'inscrit autour du lac Titicaca (3 800 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer) pour occuper un vaste plateau (l'altiplano) ainsi que les hautes chaînes andines (la puna) et; déborder au nord vers le bassin amazonien (la selva).

URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/021311ar DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/021311ar

Aller au sommaire du numéro

En utilisant à la fois des informations recueillies lors d'enquêtes sur le terrain et des données de recensement (1940 et 1961), cet essai poursuit un double objectif: on a tenté d'analyser d'une part, l'évolution et l'interdépendance des principaux centres du département de Puno pour proposer, d'autre part, une régionalisation à partir des structures géo-spatiales et des organisations administratives. De plus, on a brièvement traité

Éditeur(s)

Département de géographie de l'Université Laval de la nature des agglomérations et on a réalisé une analyse quantitative regroupant 30 variables reportées sur les 85 districts du département.

ISSN

  • 0007-9766 (imprimé)
  • L'auteur conclut en suggérant que toute planification est un processus qui doit

aboutir à un compromis entre des composantes spatio-économiques (planificaciôn tecno-crética) et des composantes socio-culturelles (planificaciôn de base).
1708-8968 (numérique)

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Citer cet article

Morisset, J. (1976). Urban interrelation and regional patterning in the

department of Puno, Southern Peru. Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 20(49),

93–126. https://doi.org/10.7202/021311ar

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CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUEBEC, Vol. 20, No 49, avril 1976, 93-126

URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PUNO, SOUTHERN PERU *

by

Jean MORISSET

INTRODUCTION
Migratory movements in the last three décades or so hâve produced a sudden and rapid growth of the capital cities as well as of the main secondary centres of ail South American countries. Many scholars hâve studied this phenomenon from the point of view of receiving centres, and focussed on problems of marginality. In Peru, one sixth of the 650 000 inhabitants of Puno (see figure

1

) lived outside their department of origin when the
1961 census was taken. This process has continued according to the 1972 census which enumerated 780 000 inhabitants in Puno. As inadéquate pré- dictions were made to cover out-migration, this total fell short of pre-census extrapolations by almost 50 000 people.

The économie difficulties encountered by thèse rural migrants and the problems of their intégration to an alien world, hâve been amply studied and documented K Yet similar geographical changes occurring at a more reduced scale — that of small rural settlements — hâve been comparatively ignored. True, it has been suggested that many small towns serve as adaptation centres prior to more important moves ; a 'campesino' would go first to the provincial, then to the department capital, and so on.

As a conséquence of ail this, there has been a profound altération of settlement networks since the colonial and republican periods ; namely the development of alternative marketing and commercial centres to complément a settlement hierarchy hitherto based primarily on administrative factors.

  • *
  • Note : This paper is a revised version of a chapter that appeared originally in a

doctoral dissertation entitled : Puno :   Geographical Perspectives on   Intégration in   South-

ern Peru. The University of Liverpool, 1975 (XI - 403p.)
Field research was carried out with the help of the Canada Council. Figure 1 has been drawn by Joan Treasure, the Department of Geography, the University of Liverpool and figure 5 by Marie-Michelle M.-Béland. Ail other maps and graphs were drafted at the "laboratoire de cartographie, université Laval", by Isabelle Diaz. Permanent address of the author : Allée des Érables, Saint-Michel, Comté de Bellechasse, Province de Québec, Canada GOR 3S0.

1

See for instance the article of WEISSLITZ, Jacqueline (1971) "Migration Rurale et Intégration Urbaine au Pérou." in "Impérialisme et Urbanisation en Amérique Latine",

a spécial issue of Espaces et Sociétés,  No 3 : 45-63.

There is a profusion of studies dealing with such subjects. See BRUNN, Stanley D.

(1971) Urbanization in   Developing Countries. An   International Bibliographe. East Lansing,

Michigan State University, 693 p.

CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976

94

  • Figure
  • 1

URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...

95

This paper will concentrate firstly on settlement network and settlement interrelations.

The positions and functions of the main populated centres delineate the régional (or sub-regional) character of the department whereas the pattern of interrelations emphasizes the impossibility of dissociating the geographical from the social. The régional patterning of Puno will then be

Table

1

Puno

:

ranking of the seventeen main populated centres onseven variables

Variables

/

  • II
  • III
  • IV
  • V
  • VI
  • VII
  • Total

Centres

  • 2
  • 3
  • 2
  • 4
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 15

  • 1
  • Juliaca

1564
10
5
1546
93

1

7
1845
16 11 10
3
25

40

43

47 48

2345
Puno llave

  • 9
  • 13

15
Huancané Azangaro
8
549
4
13
1
73
5
15
2
13
3
8
11
5
50 52 57
83
678
Putina Ayaviri
12

  • 14
  • 14

S.J. del Oro

11
7
12 11
10
8

  • 8
  • 10

6

  • 4
  • 6

6
9

61

Yunguyo

  • 14
  • 11

  • 63
  • 10 Juli

12
2

  • 2
  • 70

78
11 12
17 15
26
15 16

  • 6
  • 16

11
Pacara Estac. Macusani

  • 12
  • 16

13 14 15 16
10
9
7
16 17 14
11
9
97
14 17
5
13 17 15 13

  • Sandia
  • 17

11 10 13
80 86 87 89
Lampa Santa Rosa Nurïoa
13 12
13 12
14

  • 17
  • 8

  • 17
  • Pomata
  • 16
  • 15
  • 17
  • 16
  • 15

  • 10
  • 8
  • 97

Variable

I

Il
1961 population. popultion growth 1940-1961.

  • III
  • 1970 population. Computed from the registration of births and deaths

for the 1961-70 period. Thèse data that do not take into account migratory movements, were collected in the municipal buildings of every centre.
IV V

::

population growth 1961-1970. questionnaire (1.1a). Respondants were asked to rank the centres of Puno by order of importance. questionnaire (3.4). Rank derived from the number of times each centre was mentioned according to its presenting the least promising future. questionnaire (1.4). Centres ranked according to their level of indépendance from other centres.
VI VII

CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976

96

considered in a second section, and a gênerai scheme of regionalization will be suggested ; in the meantime the attitudes and 'modus operandi' of development agencies will hâve been briefly outlined.

1.

EVOLUTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE OF MAIN 'PUEBLOS' Seventeen of Puno's populated centres exceeded 1 500 inhabitants in
1961, as opposed to ten in 1940. Of thèse ten centres, only two (or 20%) were not provincial capitals in 1940, whereas in 1961 eight out of seventeen (or nearly 50%) were in that position. The respective ranks of thèse seventeen centres according to seven variables as well as their ranking average hâve been computed (see table 1). The prépondérance of Juliaca which forms a central area slightly apart from lake Titicaca is coupled to the comparatively weak démographie growth of most traditional centres, namely the long-established provincial towns. Three gênerai trends are noticeable : démographie stability and decrease, shifting population and unstability, rapid development and change, and thèse trends are ail présent in every geographical area.

The term Puno Lago has traditionally been used to distinguish from the rest of the department the predominantly Aymara-speaking, highiy populated, and highiy subdivided lands surrounding the Titicaca. Other expressions used with the same geographical connotations are 'las orillas del lago', 'el area colidante al lago', and at times 'Puno ribereno'. They ail aim at identifying the régional context within which the lake adds something to économie activities as well as the inland area that is affected by the ameliorating influence of this large body of water — 8 000 km2, with an average température of 13°C2 .

Indeed, one can speak of a lowland belt circling the lake between
3 812 and 3 900 mètres above sea level. Depending on surface features, it does not extend more than 10-15 kilomètres from the shore — just enough to border on Juliaca and eut through the humid alpine meadow. This we call in very broad terms Puno Lago. Of course, the term has only an heuristic value and does not conform entirely with morphoclimatic variables.3 To summarize, Puno Lago comprises about half of the total population within more or less a twentieth of the department territory. As the bulk of commercial exchanges is concentrated along the lake shore, the most important seulement also delineate Puno Lago. Being the commercial centre of the entire department, Juliaca occupies a key-position between the lake and Puno Alto.

2 MONHEIM, Félix (1956) Contribuciôn a   la Ctimatologia   e Hidrologia   de la Cuenca

del Titicaca.  Puno, Universidad Técnica del Altiplano, 1963, 232 p.

  • 3 In fact, three sub-climatic types are found within Puno Lago. See ONERN

CORPUNO (1965) Programa de   Inventario y   Evaluation de   los Recursos Naturaies   del Departamento de   Puno Sector de   Prioridad I.  Vol. 5, Ctimatologia. Lima, Imprenta de

Ja Repûblica, 5 volumes.

  • URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...
  • 97

  • Figure
  • 2

BROAD R E L I E F
F E A T U R E S OF PUNO

Dessinée par Isabelle   Diaz

togrâfico MililarJNP

1

  • 9 8
  • CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976

The area encompassed under Puno Alto is still more elusive. With

  • référence to figure 2, it includes most of the 'altiplano' from Juliaca

'laguna' Arapa going northwest, the 'puna' and 'las alturas'4 and extends northwards over the 'Cordillera de Carabaya' until one begins to go downwards. It is the real domain of wool production based on sheep, llama and then alpaca as the altitude increases. With the exception of well-sheltered areas in the Province of Azângaro and a few other similar locations, agriculture is absent from Puno Alto. Small mining opérations are however présent hère and there, but it is the 'hacienda' seulement ('poblado de hacienda') which characterizes Puno Alto. Again the désignation should be understood in relative terms. For the inhabitant of a lower interandine valley, say in Cuzco or Apurimac, it is the entire Department of Puno that conveys the idea of 'puna', whereas in Puno, it is restricted to outlying grazing and mining areas.

  • Geographical
  • setting

Indeed, the ecological and économie units which form the basis for
Puno's geography may be confined to three interrelated régions : Puno Lago, Puno Alto and Puno Selvatico. This convenient trilogy is in agreement with the broad délimitations outlined below.

In comparison, Puno Selvatico does not présent problems of identification. As elsewhere in the Andes, it is quite clear that the upper 'selva' or 'montana'5 begins with the Amazonian Basin. Altitudinal levels succeed one another rapidly and abruptly, and thus the differentiation is manifest by the simple présence of woodland végétation. Where topography allows for plateaux and/or upland valleys on the eastern side of the Andean System (due north in Puno), one might be justified in using ecotypes such as subtropical and tropical Puno. The 'ceja' or 'cabeza de montana' is a transitional zone mid-way between subarctic conditions and a low fully tropical environment. This ecological variety (see figure 3) has not so far produced a similar variety in économie activities and population patterns. Timber, coffee and fruits are added to production, but the settled areas follow river valleys rather than ecological zones. On the other hand, Puno is of course an entirely tropical department by situation and to avoid any confusion it seems more simple to refer to this last région as Puno Selvatico.

  • Seulement
  • growth

The number of 'pueblos' that exceeded 1 500 inhabitants amounted to 17 in 1961 (see table 2). Puno, the capital of the department is the most

4 Literally the highlands, this is another current expression used to indicate élévation and remoteness from the lake and including ail cordilleran lands.
5 The traditional amd sketchy way of dividing Peru into 'costa', 'sierra' and
'selva' (or 'montana') is of course a view from the coast. A local geography textbook for primary school stated that Puno was divided into 'costa', 'sierra' and 'montana'. But then the author hastily added : « being an inland department, there is to 'costa' as such in Puno ; nevertheless there fortunately is a lake — the Titicaca — amd consequently a lakeshore to play the rôle of the 'costa'.

URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT.

99

  • Figure
  • 3

  • E C O L O G I C A L
  • Z O N E S
  • P

U N 0

  • Alpine
  • 4
  • 600
  • -
  • 4

4
800 Puna and Tolar 600 Puna and Paramo 100 Altiplano)

  • Subalpine 4100
  • -

(Plateau Montano alto bajo
332
812 500

  • -
  • 4

  • -
  • 4
  • 100 Suni

1

Interandean
300-3 500 Quechua] valleys

  • Yunga
  • 1
  • 000
  • 2
  • 300 Ceja de selva

  • Foiest
  • Selva

«= 1000
Differing conditions from one side of the Sierra Crest to the other together with the présence of the altiplano

  • only permit
  • a
  • rough correspondance between

limits and ecological zones.

Dessinée par Isabelle Dit

CAHIERS DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE QUÉBEC, vol. 20, no 49, avril 1976

100

populated centre followed by Juliaca, the 'industrial' market town and then Ayaviri and other provincial administrative settlements. If one tries to assess thèse figures in relation with other variables a différent picture cornes

forward.

  • Table
  • 2
  • reveals that Juliaca cornes before Puno, Hâve before Juli,

Yunguyo before Pomata and San Juan del Oro before Sandia, on the one hand, whereas Azangaro and Putina are on a comparable ranking, on the other hand. Huancané stands by itself and so does Ayaviri, with the différence in the latter case that three neighbouring centres, Santa Rosa, Nunoa and Pucara Estaciôn divide up functions that would otherwise produce a situation comparable to that of llave with respect to Juli. Lampa is dragged in the wake of Juliaca ; Macusani is relatively more lively that Sandia because Ollachea has not yet developed as much as San Juan del Oro.

In gênerai, the main settlements hâve experienced a similar évolution.
They group themselves pairwise, the rise of one centre producing the stability or the décline of the second. Often a third centre will corne in to play interlinking rôle between both 'pôles' of the 'conurbation', though it will more readily cluster with the more important of the two centres. 'Stricto sensu', the term 'conurbation' is out of context hère, otherwise it could well express the

  • Table
  • 2

Puno : main populated centres, 1961 and 1970.

Populath
Centres

34 587 32 930
9 783 7 659 6 949 6 907 5 674 5 235 4 340 3 612 3 572 2 929 2 884 2 772 2 362 2 210 2 004

12

Puno * Juliaca Ayaviri
24 459 20 351
7 553

34

Huancané llave
4 053 4 278 4 772 3 512 3 874 3 125 2 506 3 026 2 137 2 054 1 767 1 522 1 601 1 583

56

Azangaro Putina

78

Juli

9

Lampa

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Yunguyo Sandia Nuna Santa Rosa San Juan del Oro Pucarâ Estaciôn Macusani Pomata

Sources: 1961 census and municipal registration of births and deaths, 1962-70. * Order of centres established from the 1970 populations.

  • URBAN INTERRELATIONS AND REGIONAL PATTERNING IN THE DEPARTMENT...
  • 101

situation between Puno-Juliaca, Juli-llave, Pomata-Yunguyo, Taraco-Huancané, Azângaro-Putina, Ayaviri-Pucarâ Estaciôn, Lampa-Deustua and finally Sandia-San Juan del Oro. In every case a once bountiful administrative or colonial centre is more or less marking time whereas static 'villorios' of yester-year hâve suddenly emerged as leading market and commercial towns —Juliaca, llave, Deustua and Yunguyo 6 — , cross-roads centres — Pucara Estaciôn and Putina — , and pioneer settlements — San Juan del Oro and San Gaban — . The intercensal growth of the District of San Gaban (941%) should not be envïsaged in absolute terms. It barely existed in 1940 and so far the 'pueblo' of Lanlacuni Bajo — currently designated by the district name of San Gaban — is awaiting completion of the road to take on a régional importance comparable to that of San Juan del Oro. Ollachea, the in-between settlement Connecting San Gaban to Macusani, awaits the realization of its potential. The percentage growth of Macusani and Ollachea in the 1940-1961 period was respectively, 123 and 12.

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    Puntos de Recaudo PagoEfectivo en Agentes Kasnet - Provincia Departamento Provincia Distrito Localidad Nombre del Comercio Dirección Referencia AMAZONAS BAGUA COPALLIN COPALLIN BOTICA JC FARMA FRANCISCO BOLOGNESI 533 MEDIA CUADRA DEL MERCADO AMAZONAS BAGUA LA PECA BAGUA BAZAR LOCUTORIO ANGELICA JR. COMERCIO 524 FRENTE A PARQUE PRINCIPAL AMAZONAS BAGUA LA PECA BAGUA BOTICA SANIDAD J&S JR. RODRIGUEZ DE MENDOZA 442 ENTRE LA PLAZA PRINCIPAL Y EL BANCO DE LA NACION AMAZONAS BAGUA LA PECA LA PECA TELECOMUNICACIONES LURVI JR. LIMA PT. INT. 3 MERCADO LA PARADA AMAZONAS BONGARA FLORIDA FLORIDA MULTISERVICIOS J & G AV. MARGINAL S/N CD 2 FRENTE A CAJA PIURA Y A DOS CUADRAS DE COMISARIA AMAZONAS CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS COSELVI JR. SALAMANCA 900 A CUADRA Y MEDIA DE LA PLAZA DE ARMAS AMAZONAS UTCUBAMBA BAGUA GRANDE BAGUA GRANDE LOCUTORIO MOVITEL PARADA MUNICIPAL PUESTO 14 FRENTE A FERRETERIA CHAVEZ AV MARIANO MELGAR AMAZONAS UTCUBAMBA BAGUA GRANDE BAGUA GRANDE MOTO REPUESTOS MENDOZA AV. CHACHAPOYAS N. 1688 FRENTE A LA UGEL BAGUA GRANDE AMAZONAS UTCUBAMBA BAGUA GRANDE BAGUA GRANDE TELECOMUNICACIONES & SERVICIOS SFA AV. CHACHAPOYAS 2294 COST. COOP. CRISTO DE BAGAZAN ANCASH CARHUAZ CARHUAZ CARHUAZ MULTISERTEL G Y M AV. PROGRESO 684 ESQUINA PLAZA DE ARMAS ANCASH CASMA CASMA CASMA JAVELI OFFICE SCHOOL AV. NEPEÑA MZ. B LT. 1 FRENTE AL BANCO DE LA NACION ANCASH HUARAZ HUARAZ HUARAZ COMPEX PERU AV. FITZCARRAL 304 ESQUINA CON JR. CARAZ ANCASH HUARAZ HUARAZ HUARAZ COMPUNET JR. JUAN DE LA CRUZ ROMERO 451 FRENTE AL MERCADO CENTRAL ANCASH HUARAZ HUARAZ HUARAZ ENKANTOS BOUTIQUE JR JULIAN DE MORALES 709 FRENTE A LA FACULTAD DE MINAS ANCASH HUARAZ HUARAZ HUARAZ IMPORTACIONES TINA JR JOSE DE SAN MARTIN 571 A MEDIA CUADRA DEL PARQUEO ANCASH HUARAZ HUARAZ HUARAZ INVERSIONES DENNYS JR.
  • Wildpotato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru

    Wildpotato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru

    A Arner J of Potato Res (1999) 76:103-119 103 Wild Potato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua Puno, Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and New Genetic Resources David M. Spooner*\ Alberto Salas L6pez2,Z6simo Huaman2, and Robert J. Hijmans2 'United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590. Tel: 608-262-0159; FAX: 608-262-4743; email: [email protected]) 'International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Peruhas 103 taxa of wild potatoes (species, sub- Wild and cultivated tuber-bearing potatoes (Solanum species, varieties, and forms) according to Hawkes sect. Petota) are distributed from the southwestern United (1990; modified by us by a reduction of species in the States to south-central Chile. The latest comprehensive tax- Solanum brevicaule complex) and including taxa onomic treatment of potatoes (Hawkes, 1990) recogllized 216 described by C. Ochoa since 1989. Sixty-nine of these tuber-bearing species, with 101 taxa (here to include species, 103 taxa (67%) were unavailable from any ofthe world's subspecies, varieties and forms) from Peru. Ochoa (1989, genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less than three 1992b, 1994a,b) described ten additional Peruvian taxa rais- germplasm accessions. We conducted a collaborative ing the total to 111. We lower this number to 103 with a mod- Peru(INIA), United States (NRSP-6), and International ification of species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Potato Center (CIP) wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Sixty-nine of these 103 species (67%) were unavailable from collecting expedition in Peru to collect germplasm and any ofthe world's genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less gather taxonomic data.
  • LOCATION: Central Pacific Coast of South America

    LOCATION: Central Pacific Coast of South America

    PERU *LOCATION: Central Pacific coast of South America. *GEOGRAPHY With 1,285,215 square km. Peru is the third-largest country in South America after Brazil and Argentina, ranking it amongst the world's 20 largest nations. Peru is divided into three regions: coast, mountains and jungle; also holds sway over the sea up to 200 miles from the coast and has territorial rights to an area of 60 million hectares in the Antarctic. It´s divided into 24 departments, being Lima the capital of the country. *POPULATION 29, 798, 000. *OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Spanish. Also English, French, spoken in most hotels and restaurants *TIME ZONE 5 hours behind the Greenwich Meridian Time (-5 GMT). *ELECTRICITY 220 V, 60Hz. It is recommendable to carry an adaptor for flat plugs. *CURRENCY The official currency in Peru is the Nuevo Sol (S/.), which is divided into 100 centimos. The currency includes coins for 5, 10, 20 and 50 centimos and 1, 2 and 5 sol coins. There are bills in the denomination of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 Nuevos Soles. *EXCHANGE RATE US$ to S/. 3.40 aprox € to S/. 3.80 *WEATHER IN LIMA °C: 22 – 18. °F 72 – 66. No precipitations. *PHONES AND COMMUNICATION Country area code: +51. Lima area code: 01. Peru features a far-reaching telephone network that provides services for national and international long-distance calls from private telephone lines and public cabins. There are also currently 1.3 million clients who have cellular phones, and satellite communications are currently being developed. *AIRPORTS Lima is 14 airports equipped to receive commercial flights and 10 ready for international flights: Lima, Arequipa, Chiclayo, Pisco, Pucallpa, Iquitos, Cusco, Trujillo, Tacna and Juliaca.17 airlines operating international flights and 7 airline companies, offering domestic flights *LOCAL TRANSPORTATION Use of public transportation, such as taxis or buses is common in Peru.
  • CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26

    CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26

    Arrive: 0800 Tuesday November 22 CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26 Brief Overview: A traveler’s paradise, the warm arms of Peru envelope some of the world’s most timeless traditions and greatest ancient treasures! From its immense biodiversity, the breathtaking beauty of the Andes Mountains (the longest in the world!) and the Sacred Valley, to relics of the Incan Empire, like Machu Picchu, and the rich cultural diversity that populates the country today – Peru has an experience for everyone. Located in the Lima Metropolitan Area, the port of Callao is just a stone’s throw away from the dazzling sights and sounds of Peru’s capital and largest city, Lima. With its colorful buildings teeming with colonial architecture and verdant coastline cliffs, this vibrant city makes for a home-away-from-home during your port stay in Peru. Nearby: Explore Lima’s most iconic neighborhoods - Miraflores and Barranco – by foot, bike (PER 104-201 Biking Lima), and even Segway (PER 121-101 Lima by Segway). Be sure to hit up one of the local markets (PER 114-201 Culinary Lima) and try out Peruvian fare – you can’t go wrong with picarones (fried pumpkin dough with anis seeds and honey - pictured above), cuy (guinea pig), or huge ears of roast corn! Worth the travel: Cusco, the former capital of Incan civilization, is a short flight from Lima. From this ancient city, you can access a multitude of Andean wonders. Explore the ruins of the famed Machu Picchu, the city of Ollantaytambo – which still thrives to this day, Lake Titcaca and its many islands, and the culture of the Quechua people.
  • Aduana De Destino Descripción De La Ruta Plazo (Horas)

    Aduana De Destino Descripción De La Ruta Plazo (Horas)

    ANEXO 5 DESPA-PG.27: CODIGOS DE RUTA Y PLAZOS PARA EL TRÁNSITO ADUANERO INTERNACIONAL DE MERCANCÍAS Plazo Código de Ruta Aduana de Partida - Aduana de Destino Descripción de la Ruta (horas) 019-019-A Tumbes - Tumbes TUMBES - TUMBES 2 019-028-A Tumbes - Talara TUMBES - TALARA 10 019-046-A Tumbes - Paita TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - PAITA 14 019-055-A Tumbes - Chiclayo TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO 27 019-082-A Tumbes - Salaverry TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - SALAVERRY 37 019-091-A Tumbes - Chimbote TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE 40 019-118-A Tumbes - Marítima Callao TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - MARITIMA CALLAO 64 019-127-A Tumbes - Pisco TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO 80 TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-145-A Tumbes - Mollendo/Matarani 125 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN -MOLLENDO/MATARANI TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-154-A Tumbes - Arequipa 124 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN - AREQUIPA TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-163-A Tumbes - Ilo 134 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN - MOQUEGUA - ILO TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-172-A Tumbes - Tacna 136 CAMANA - REPARTICION - MOQUEGUA -TACNA TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-181-A Tumbes - Puno 145 CAMANA
  • 1 CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru

    1 CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru

    PERU CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru recognizes the competence of the Human Rights Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in accordance with article 41 of the said Covenant. DEROGATIONS: NOTIFICATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4 (3) OF THE COVENANT 22 March 1983 (Dated 18 March 1983) First notification: The Government has declared the extension of the state of emergency in the provinces of Huanta, La Mar, Cangallo, Victor Fajardo y Huamanga, in the Department of Ayacucho, Andahuaylas in the Department of Apurímac, and Angaraes, Tayacaja and Acobamba in the Department of Huancavelica and for a period of 60 days from the date of the issue of the Supreme Decree No. 003-83-IN of 25 February 1983. Suspension of the constitutional guarantees provided for in paragraphs 7, 9, 10 and 20 (g) of article 2 of the Political Constitution of Peru, which relate to the inviolability of the home, liberty of movement in the national territory, the right of peaceful assembly and the right to liberty and security of person. In a communication received by the Secretary-General on 4 April 1983, the Government of Peru specified that the state of emergency extended by Supreme Decree No. 003-83-IN of 25 February 1983 was originally proclaimed by Supreme Decree No. 026-81-IN of 12 October 1981. It further specified that the provisions of the Covenant from which it was derogated by reason of the proclamation of the state of emergency were articles 9, 12, 17 and 21.
  • PERU @Human Rights During the Government of President Alberto Fujimori

    PERU @Human Rights During the Government of President Alberto Fujimori

    £PERU @Human rights during the government of President Alberto Fujimori 1. Summary Despite repeated statements by President Alberto Fujimori and representatives of his administration that human rights standards are to be fully respected, and the issuing of directives and the implementation of reforms designed to reverse the pattern of abuses extending back to January 1983, Amnesty International has continued to document gross human rights violations throughout the Republic of Peru1. Widespread "disappearances" and extrajudicial executions by the security forces (see Appendix 1, Tables 1 and 2), as well as torture continued to be the organization's principal concerns in Peru. The vast majority of victims were peasants suspected of sympathizing or collaborating with armed opposition groups and living in areas declared under a state of emergency. Amnesty International is also concerned about repeated death threats, attacks and killings of independent and official human rights defenders. Among the victims were journalists, members of independent human rights organizations and representatives of the Public Ministry. Amnesty International is further concerned about the apparently arbitrary detention of at least 50 people shortly before or in the wake of an announcement by President Alberto Fujimori on 5 April 1992 immediately dissolving Congress and establishing an executive-led transitional Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction. The detainees included ministers under the government of former president Alan García Pérez, politicians,
  • Guidance Service for Air Passengers

    Guidance Service for Air Passengers

    GUIDANCE SERVICE FOR AIR PASSENGERS This manual contains relevant information and recommendations for air passengers visiting Peru. Civil Aviation Authority of Peru GUIDANCE SERVICE FOR AIR PA S S E N G E R S BEFORE TRAVELING The airline ticket formalizes the contract between the passenger and the airline. The airline must provide the conditions of transport to the passengers. It is important that passengers read and know those conditions of transportation as they establish the terms of the air transport service. Transportation terms are generally available on the airline's website. At the time of purchasing your ticket consider, at least, the following information so that you can choose the type of flight that suits you best so you can carry out your trip according to your needs: availability of flights (nonstop flights, flights with stopovers but no change of aircraft, flights operated by another airline) rates, itineraries, schedules, aircraft model, conditions, restrictions, reservations, cancellations, refunds and data about the quantity and weight of the baggage. Low fare tickets, in general, are subject to certain restrictive conditions that you should know about (impossibility of changes, no refund of the ticket amount, etc.) and they are of limited availability, as established by the airline. Therefore, it is important that before buying the ticket you should find out the conditions of this service in detail. Prior to the start of your trip, it is recommended that you confirm your flight reservation at least 48 hours before your scheduled flight begins or as directed by the airline. We recommend that you arrive at the airport 3 hours before an international flight and 2 hours before a domestic flight so that upon submission of the air ticket and your travel documents (Passport), a boarding pass is given to you.
  • Peru Trip Schedule

    Peru Trip Schedule

    Peru Trip Schedule Flight - SFO to LIM - Recommend LATAM airlines (One World Alliance) Suggested Location dates Suggested Activity Meals Included Hotel Check-in Check-out Day 1 ARRIVAL 10/5/2017 Arrive in Lima Wyndham Costa Del Sol Lima 10/5/2017 10/6/2017 Airport Day 2 FLIGHT: LIMA- 10/6/2017 Morning departure to Cuzco/Acclimate for the rest of Breakfast Antigua Casona San Blas 10/6/2017 10/8/2017 CUZCO the day. Spend the night in Cuzco Day 3 CUZCO 10/7/2017 Cuzco PM tour: Catedral, Koricancha, Sacsayhuaman, Breakfast Antigua Casona San Blas Qenko, Pukapukara y Tambomachay. Spend the night in Cuzco Day 4 SACRED VALLEY 10/8/2017 Sacred Valley: All day tour - Pisaq Ruins, Pisac market, Breakfast Sonesta Posada Yucay 10/8/2017 10/9/2017 Ollantaytmabo Lunch Buffet Day 5 10/9/2017 Sacred Valley: Half day tour: Salineras de Maras, Breakfast Tierra Viva Aguas Calientes 10/9/2017 10/10/2017 Andenes de Moray. Take afternoon train to Aguas Food on the train Calientes at the base of Machu Picchu. Check into hotel, check out the town. Spend the night in Aguas Calientes Day 6 MACHU PICCHU 10/10/2017 Machu Picchu: Wake up at 4:30AM - buses to MP start Breakfast Antigua Casona San Blas 10/10/2017 10/11/2017 running at 5:30AM - see sunrise in MP. All morning Lunch (Belmond tour, lunch at the top, take train back to Cuzco that Sanctuary Lodge) afternoon. Spend the night in Cuzco Day 7 FLIGHT: CUZCO- 10/11/2017 Depart for Puno/Relax at hotel.