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Northern Australia Aquaculture Industry Situational Analysis Project A.1.1718119 Northern Australia Aquaculture Industry Situational Analysis Project A.1.1718119 Literature Review Editors: Jennifer Cobcroft and Dean Jerry Acknowledgments This research is funded by the CRC for Developing Northern Australia (CRCNA) is supported by the Cooperative Research Centres Program, an Australian Government initiative. The CRCNA also acknowledges the support of its investment partners: the Western Australian, Northern Territory and Queensland Governments. Disclaimer Any opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the CRCNA or its partners, agents or employees. The CRCNA gives no warranty or assurance and makes no representation as to the accuracy or reliability of any information or advice contained in this document, or that it is suitable for any intended use. The CRCNA, its partners, agents and employees, disclaim any and all liability for any errors or omissions or in respect of anything or the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done in reliance upon the whole or any part of this document. Peer Review Statement The CRCNA recognises the value of knowledge exchange and the importance of objective peer review. It is committed to encouraging and supporting its research teams in this regard. The author(s) confirm(s) that this document has been reviewed and approved by the project’s steering committee and by its program leader. These reviewers evaluated its: • originality • methodology • rigour • compliance with ethical guidelines • conclusions against results • conformity with the principles of the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (NHMRC 2018), and provided constructive feedback which was considered and addressed by the author(s). List of contributing authors: James Cook University CSIRO Jennifer Cobcroft Greg Coman Dean Jerry Simon Irvin Andrew Cole Kelly Condon Blueshift Consulting Rocky DeNys Rob Bell Jose Domingos Jess Fitzgerald Clive Jones Roger Barnard Tine Praeger Jan Strugnell University of Tasmania Chaoshu Zeng Greg Smith Kyall Zenger Australian Barramundi Farmers Association Jo-Anne Ruscoe Australian Prawn Farmers Association Kim Hooper NA Aquaculture Industry Situational Analysis – Literature Review Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................................. 8 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 11 1. CURRENT INDUSTRY STATUS ....................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.2. Established species .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Marine prawns (black tiger prawn Peneaus monodon and Banana prawn Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) ................................................................................... 13 1.2.2. Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) .................................................................................. 17 1.2.3. Pearls ..................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2.4. Redclaw - Cherax quadricarinatus ......................................................................... 29 1.3. Emerging Species ........................................................................................................................ 32 1.3.1. Crustaceans - Cherabin (Macrobrachium spinipes) ...................................... 32 1.3.2. Crustaceans - Tropical Spiny Lobster Panulirus species ............................ 34 1.3.3. Crustaceans – Slipper Lobster Thenus species ................................................ 38 1.3.4. Crustaceans - Mud crab (Scylla serrata) ............................................................. 39 1.3.5. Finfish – Grouper (rockcod) Epinephelus species and coral trout ........ 41 1.3.6. Finfish – Cobia Rachycentron canadum ............................................................... 45 1.3.7. Finfish – other freshwater and marine species (freshwater - silver perch, jade perch, Murray cod, eel-tailed catfish, sleepy cod, barramundi cod, and silver cobbler; marine – snubnose pompano) ........................................................ 48 1.3.8. Molluscs – Black-lip rock oyster, Saccostrea echinata ................................. 49 1.3.10. Molluscs – Abalone (tropical) ............................................................................... 53 1.3.11. Molluscs – Tridacnid clams Tridacna spp and Hippopus spp. ............. 55 1.3.12. Macroalgae (seaweeds) – Ulva species (Ulva ohnoi, Ulva tepida) .... 59 1.3.13. Microalgae – Haematococcus pluvialis, Astaxanthin production ....... 61 1.3.14. Microalgae – Dunaliella salina ............................................................................. 62 1.3.15. Cyanobacteria – Spirulina ...................................................................................... 64 1.4. Indigenous aquaculture ........................................................................................................... 65 1.4.1. History – failure and success ..................................................................................... 65 1.4.2. Regulatory environment ............................................................................................. 71 1.4.3. Case Studies ........................................................................................................................ 71 1.4.4. Prospective species ........................................................................................................ 72 2. BIOSECURITY IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA .............................................................................. 73 2.1. Biosecurity & Aquaculture ...................................................................................................... 73 4 NA Aquaculture Industry Situational Analysis – Literature Review 2.2. The Biosecurity System ............................................................................................................ 75 2.2.1. Biosecurity Regulation in Australia ............................................................................ 75 2.2.2. Biosecurity Regulation by northern Australia Jurisdiction ............................... 76 2.2.3. Biosecurity Breach Prevention & Response ............................................................ 76 2.2.4. Biosecurity Supporting Systems .................................................................................. 77 2.2.4.1. Surveillance ..................................................................................................................... 78 2.2.4.2. Accredited Laboratories ............................................................................................. 79 2.2.4.3. Rapid Diagnostics .......................................................................................................... 79 2.2.4.1. Biosecurity exercise response .................................................................................. 80 2.3. Pathways of Biosecurity Breach in Aquaculture ............................................................ 80 2.4. Key Biosecurity Risks for Northern Australian Aquaculture .................................... 81 2.5. Stakeholder Perceptions of Biosecurity ............................................................................ 86 2.6. Strengthening Biosecurity for Northern Australian Aquaculture ........................... 87 2.6.1. Pre-border testing and the ALOP standard ............................................................. 88 2.6.2. Within-border surveillance ........................................................................................... 88 2.6.3. Aquatic animal health and biosecurity capabilities.............................................. 89 2.6.4. Domestication and breeding of high health lines .................................................. 91 2.6.5. Enterprise-level Biosecurity Planning ....................................................................... 91 2.6.6. Increasing R&D and resourcing ................................................................................... 92 3. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 93 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................. 112 1. THE BIOSECURITY SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 112 1.1 BIOSECURITY SYSTEM FORMATION ....................................................................................... 112 1.2 BIOSECURITY REGULATION BY NORTHERN AUSTRALIA JURISDICTION ....................... 112 5 NA Aquaculture Industry Situational Analysis – Literature
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