Feasibility of Shellfish Reef Restoration in a South-Western Australian Estuary
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Feasibility of shellfish reef restoration in a south-western Australian estuary This thesis is presented for the degree of Bachelor of Science Honours, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, of Murdoch University, 2019 Lauren Peck (BSc) Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Lauren Peck Abstract With 85% of oyster reefs lost around the world within the last 130 years, these reefs are now one of the most threatened marine habitats in the world and in Australia less than 10% of naturally occurring oyster reefs remain. Shellfish reefs provide a range of services that promote healthy ecosystems, including water filtration, fish production and shoreline erosion. In estuaries, these services are extremely important as human activities are increasing degrading these environments. Thus, shellfish reefs can aid in restoring ecosystem functioning of an estuary while providing additional ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of a number of shellfish reef options for the Peel-Harvey Estuary in south-western Australia. This first involved exploring the historical and current distributions of shellfish to elucidate whether shellfish reefs existed in the Peel-Harvey Estuary and to identify a suite of candidate species. A bioclimatic modelling approach was then used to elucidate the suitability of five native Australian oyster species to the environmental conditions that occur in the Peel-Harvey Estuary, the largest estuary in south-western Australia. Laboratory tank trials were then used to validate the results of that model, in which the two most suitable species, i.e. Ostrea angasi and Saccostrea glomerata, were exposed, for two months, to the extremes in water temperature and salinity that occur in the Peel-Harvey Estuary during summer (26◦C and 48ppt) and winter (15◦C and 14ppt) and their survival, body condition index (BCI) and behaviour (valve activity) monitored. The probability of survival (S) over the duration of the study was lowest for O. angasi in the summer (S=0.0) and winter treatments (S=0.18), which both differed significantly (P<0.001) from the control group (marine condition), and were consistent with the salinity in the winter and summer treatments falling outside previously recorded tolerance thresholds. In contrast, S. glomerata had a high probability of survival in winter (S=0.98), and ~50% survived the extreme summer conditions. A significant difference of valve activity was found for O. angasi between the three conditions (P<0.05), however, only a iii significant difference in valve activity for S. glomerata was found between the marine and summer (P<0.05), and marine and winter conditions (P<0.05). Overall, body condition index (BCI) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) before or among treatments. The results of the bioclimatic model and survival analyses suggest that S. glomerata was the most suitable candidate for shellfish reef restoration in the Peel-Harvey Estuary, given in particular the extremes that occur in salinity. Further work is required to determine the most suitable areas in the estuary that would maximise survival and growth and thus where such reefs would have a positive impact on the overall health and resilience of the Peel-Harvey Estuary. iv Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: General introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Importance of oyster reefs ......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Threats to oyster reefs .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Monitoring stress in oysters ....................................................................................... 6 1.4 Oyster reef restoration .............................................................................................. 7 1.5 Australian reef-forming oyster species ...................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Potential for filter feeders to ameliorate degradation of south-western Australian estuaries ................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Aims ....................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 13 2.1. Peel-Harvey Estuary .............................................................................................. 13 2.2 Historical and current distribution of shellfish in the Peel-Harvey Estuary ................ 17 2.3 Candidate shellfish species selection ...................................................................... 19 2.4 Laboratory experiments .......................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Feeding ............................................................................................................ 21 2.4.2 Survival, body condition and valve activity analyses ......................................... 22 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................ 26 3.1 Historical and current distribution of reef forming shellfish in the Peel-Harvey Estuary ..................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Environmental parameters & species selection ....................................................... 29 3.3 Laboratory Trial ....................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 Survival analyses ............................................................................................. 32 3.3.2 Valve Activity .................................................................................................... 36 3.3.3 Body Condition Index ....................................................................................... 37 Chapter 4: Discussion ...................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Distribution of oysters in the Peel-Harvey Estuary ................................................... 39 4.2 Survivability and physiological responses under different environmental conditions 41 4.3 The ecological and social risk of oyster reef restoration in the Peel-Harvey Estuary 44 4.4 The potential of restoration in the Peel-Harvey Estuary using oyster reefs .............. 45 Chapter 5: Conclusions .................................................................................................... 47 5.1 Future recommendations for oyster reef restoration in the Peel-Harvey Estuary. ..... 47 5.2 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................ 48 References ....................................................................................................................... 49 v Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like thank my supervisors, Alan Cottingham and James Tweedley, for their on-going support and guidance throughout this process. This would not have been possible without Alan helping to set up the tank system, and always being there to help when something goes wrong. Thank you both for always providing feedback on my drafts, guidance through analyses, and for developing my writing and research skills. Thank you to the Blue Lagoon Mussel Farm and the Albany Shellfish Hatchery for the generous donation of oysters, which without, this project could not have been possible. To the Harry Butler Institute, thank you for the scholarship award, this has provided me freedom to be able to solely focus on my thesis and not stress about finances. Lastly, thank you to my family, my partner, Joe, and close friends, for the continuous support throughout the last 18 months. To my parents, this would not have been possible without your on-going support, love and faith. I wouldn’t be where I am today, without you all. vi Chapter 1: General introduction 1.1 Importance of oyster reefs Oyster reefs are distributed in intertidal and subtidal waters throughout a range of aquatic habitats, from freshwater to coastal environments (Guo et al., 2015). These habitats can occur in a range of physiochemical conditions, from the relatively stable marine environment to the fluctuating estuarine environment (Akberali & Trueman, 1985). In estuaries, water temperature and salinity are major limiting factors that determine shellfish distribution (Heilmayer et al., 2008; Munroe et al., 2013; Lowe et al., 2017). Oysters are not capable of regulating their body temperature or salinity of their body fluids, as a result, their metabolic activity and salt content is influenced by their surrounding environment. The synergistic effect of temperature and salinity affects virtually every aspect of an oyster’s life, influencing their physical extent and physiological rates, which controls their survival,