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Care and Breeding of Vipera Ammodytes and Vipera Latastei in Captivity

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Care and Breeding of Vipera Ammodytes and Vipera Latastei in Captivity VERZORGING EN KWEEK VAN VIPERA AMMODYTES EN LATASTEI IN GEVANGENSCHAP CARE AND BREEDING OF VIPERA AMMODYTES AND VIPERA LATASTEI IN CAPTIVITY André Weima André Weima Vipera ammodytes Vipera ammodytes Geen van de tegenwoordig gehouden Eu- None of the current European Vipers are as ropese Adders is zo populair als Vipera am- popular as Vipera ammodytes . The huge modytes. De enorme kleurvariatie, de ken- colour variation, the characteristic up- merkende wipneus en de relatief eenvoudige turned nose and the relatively simple care verzorging in gevangenschap dragen bij aan in captivity, contribute to the great popular- de grote populariteit van deze soort onder ity of this species among Viper enthusiasts. adderliefhebbers. Occurrence Voorkomen Vipera ammodytes naturally occurs mainly In de natuur komt Vipera ammodytes voor- in Central Europe and Asia, Albania, Geor- namelijk voor in Midden-Europa en Azië, gia, Bulgaria, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herze- Albanië, Bosnië en Herzegovina, Bulgarije, govina, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the former Georgië, Griekenland, Hongarije, Italië, het Yugoslavia, Croatia, Macedoia, Austria, Ro- voormalige Joegoslavië, Kroatië, Macedo- mania, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slove- nië, Oostenrijk, Roemenië, Rusland, Servië, nia and Turkey. In general four subspecies Montenegro, Slovenië en Turkije. Algemeen are recognized, namely: Vipera ammodytes erkent men vier ondersoorten, te weten: am- ammodytes (LINNAEUS, 1758), Vipera am- modytes, ammodytes (LINNAEUS, 1758), modytes meridionalis (BOULENGER, 1903), ammodytes meridionalis (BOULENGER, Vipera ammodytes montandoni (BOU- 1903), ammodytes montandoni (BOULEN- LENGER, 1904), and Vipera ammodytes GER, 1904), en (ammodytes) transcaucasiana transcaucasiana (BOULENGER, 1913). The (BOULENGER, 1913). De ondersoort ruffoi subspecies ruffoi is now seen as a local wordt tegenwoordig weer als lokaalvorm van form of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes. The ammodytes ammodytes gezien. De grootte size and physique of the animals can vary en lichaamsbouw van de dieren kan tussen tremendously between geographical areas. de geografische gebieden enorm verschillen. Distribution Verspreiding The distribution of the subspecies is as fol- De verspreiding van deze ondersoorten is lows: als volgt: • Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (pic- • Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (foto 1): ture 1): Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Italië, Oostenrijk, Slovenië, Kroatië, Bos- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Mon- nië Herzegovina, Servië, Montenegro, tenegro, northern half of Albania, Mac- noordelijke helft van Albanië, Macedonië, edonia, Romania, Western Bulgaria and Roemenië, West-Bulgarije en Zwitserland. Switzerland. LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 227 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 Foto 1. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Ada, Kroatië) Photo 1. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Ada, Croatia) LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 228 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 • Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (foto 2): • Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Photo vanaf Midden-Albanië en Macedonië door 2): from central Albania and Macedonia Griekenland (inclusief de eilanden) tot in through Greece (including the islands) up de zuidelijke delen van Europees-Turkije. to the southern parts of European Turkey. • Vipera ammodytes montandoni: van zui- • Vipera ammodytes montandoni: of south- delijk Roemenië en Oost-Bulgarije tot in ern Romania and Eastern Bulgaria up to de noordelijke delen van Europees-Turkije. the northern parts of European Turkey. • Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana (foto • Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana 3): Turkije en Georgië. (Photo 3): Turkey and Georgia. Er bestaan verschillende eilandvormen van There are several island forms of Vipera Vipera ammodytes. Deze exemplaren blijven ammodytes . These forms usually remain doorgaans kleiner dan die van het vasteland. smaller than those of the Mainland. The De eilandvormen van ammodytes meridi- island forms of Vipera ammodytes me- onalis (foto 4 - hier Korfu, Griekenland, 50 ridionalis (picture 4- e.g. Corfu, Greece, 50 cm) zijn hiervan wel het bekendst. Maar ook cm) are the best known. Also Vipera am- Vipera ammodytes ammodytes van Krk wor- modytes ammodytes from Krk as they be- den als zij volwassen zijn slechts ongeveer come adults are only about 60 cm in length 60 cm (foto 5). (Photo 5). Vipera ammodytes spp. geven de voor- Vipera ammodytes spp. prefer a dry habi- keur aan een droge habitat met voldoende tat with sufficient hiding possibilities under schuilmogelijkheden onder stenen of kreu- stones, or scrubland. They don’t like sand, pelhout. Ze houden niet van zand, en geven and prefer stony soils. They are found from Foto 2. 1.0 Vipera amm. meridionalis (Pinios Delta, Griekenland) Photo 2. 1.0 Vipera amm. meridionalis (Pinios Delta, Greece) LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 229 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 Foto 3. 1.0 Vipera (ammodytes) transcaucasiana (Marneuli, Georgia) Photo 3. 1.0 Vipera (ammodytes) transcaucasiana (Marneuli, Georgia) Foto 4. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Korfu, Griekenland) Photo 4. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Korfu, Greece) LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 230 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 de voorkeur aan steenachtige bodem. Ze lowlands near the coast, up to the moun- komen voor van laaglanden aan de kust tot tains to a height of over 2000 metres. This in het gebergte tot een hoogte van meer dan ‘active and wait’ hunter sometimes buries 2000 meter. Deze actieve en loerjagers gra- partially into the substrate where they are ven zich soms gedeeltelijk in in het substraat laying (Photo 6, Novo Mesto). The animals waar ze op liggen (foto 6, Novo Mesto). Re- regularly climb into low bushes and trees, gelmatig klimmen de dieren in lage struiken possibly looking for nests and birds and en bomen, wellicht op zoek naar nesten en to sunbathe. In nature the animals mainly vogels, en om te zonnen. De dieren voeden feed on lizards, rodents, young nest birds zich in de natuur voornamelijk met hagedis- and even other snakes as well as insects. sen, knaagdieren, jonge nestvogeltjes en They are not aggressive snakes and they zelfs andere slangen en insecten. Het zijn will try to flee when they are approached geen agressieve slangen en ze zullen pro- too closely, while emitting short hisses. The beren te vluchten wanneer ze te dicht be- bite of Vipera ammodytes spp. is very pain- naderd worden, terwijl ze korte sisgeluiden ful and may, although rarely, be deadly. Al- uitstoten. Een beet van Vipera ammodytes ways see a doctor after a bite! spp. is erg pijnlijk en kan, hoewel dat zeld- zaam is, dodelijk zijn. Raadpleeg na een Inside the terrarium beet altijd een arts! Vipera ammodytes spp. are good to keep in captivity. The animals are easy to keep and In het terrarium only demand modest requirements to the Vipera ammodytes spp. zijn in gevangen- size of their enclosure. I consider 60 x 60 x schap goed te houden. Het zijn gemakke- 50 cm (length, width, height) to be the mini- lijke dieren in de verzorging en stellen weinig mum size for a terrarium for a single animal. Foto 5. 0.1 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Krk, Kroatië) Photo 5. 0.1 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Krk, Croatia) LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 231 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 Foto 6. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Nova Mesto, Slovenië) Photo 6. 1.0 Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Nova Mesto, Slovenia) LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 232 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 eisen aan het formaat van hun verblijf. Toch When wanting to buy this species, it is pref- vind ik 60 x 60 x 50 cm (lengte, breedte, erable look for captive bred offspring. This hoogte) wel het minimale formaat voor een species is bred so frequently, that they can terrarium met een enkel dier. Wanneer we be obtained for an affordable price. deze soort willen aanschaffen, kunnen we het beste op zoek gaan naar nakweekdie- It is advisable to separate animals from ren. Deze soort wordt inmiddels zo veelvul- different populations. So that we keep the dig gekweekt dat ze voor een gunstige prijs geographical forms pure for breeding. We te verkrijgen zijn. feed our animals with mice each fortnight. Young animals need more frequent feed- Het is raadzaam om dieren uit verschil- ing. These we offer a baby mouse every lende populaties gescheiden te houden. Zo ten days. Vipera ammodytes spp. usually houden we voor de kweek de geografische are very easy feeders and can sometimes vormen zuiver. We kunnen onze dieren elke be voracious. So there is a risk of overfeed- veertien dagen voeren met muizen. Jonge ing the animals. However, they will grow dieren hebben iets frequenter voedsel no- disproportionately, which makes the body dig. Deze kunnen we elke tien dagen een too large in proportion to the head (a so babymuisje aanbieden. Vipera ammodytes called Pinhead-Photo 7). Samples from the spp. zijn gewoonlijk een erg gemakkelijke wild, usually have a much larger head than eters en zijn kunnen soms vraatzuchtig zijn. those in captivity! Growing fat is a particu- Het gevaar bestaat dan ook om de dieren lar problem for female animals. When they te overvoeren. Ze zullen hierdoor echter get pregnant, its fat body presses down on buitenproportioneel groeien, waardoor het the embryos, which results in a poor devel- lichaam in verhouding tot de kop te groot opment and enables the young snakes to wordt (een zogenaamde Pinhead - foto 7). work out properly during delivery (personal Exemplaren in de natuur hebben vaak een observation). veel grotere kop dan die in gevangenschap! Vervetting is met name een probleem bij We preferably arrange the terrarium for Vi- vrouwelijke dieren. Wanneer deze zwanger pera ammodytes spp. as natural as possi- raken, drukt het vetlichaam op de embryo’s, ble, with plenty of hiding places and places waardoor deze zich slecht kunnen ontwikke- for sunbathing and for warming up (Photo 8 len en de jonge slangen zich tijdens de be- and 8a). You can find sufficient pictures of valling niet goed naar buiten kunnen werken biotopes on the internet. The temperature (persoonlijke observatie). may range from 32 °C during the day to be- low 20 °C at night in spring and summer. I We richten het terrarium voor Vipera ammo- think it is important that the animals should dytes spp.
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