World History 1 SOL World History 1 SOL Review Question Answer Humans emerged from what continent? Africa Humans emerged from Africa how many years ago? 100,000 - 400,000 years ago What did early human’s survival depend upon? Availability of wild plants and animals People who travel from place to place in search of Nomads food are called? What does Neolithic stand for? New Stone Age Scientist who study past cultures by locating and Archaeologists analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts are call? Scientist can use tests to date and analyze fossils Carbon Dating and artifacts. What is this called? What did Neolithic Era societies do? Developed agriculture, domesticated animals, used advanced tools, made pottery, developed weaving skills What was the Neolithic Agriculture Revolution? People stopped hunting and gathering and started planting food. What is an example of an archaeological site in Stonehenge England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and Completed during the Bronze Age? What does Paleolithic Era stand for? Old Stone Age What are characteristics of hunter-gather societies? nomadic, invented tools and simple weapons, learned how to make fire, lived in clans, developed oral language, created Cave-art What did early civilizations start around/near? Rivers What do rivers give to civilizations? Water and rich fertile soil for crops What are river valleys also called? Cradles of Civilization What type of religion did most early civilizations polytheism practice The belief in many gods is called polytheism What River is the Egyptian Civilization centered Nile River around? What River is the Mesopotamian Civilization Tigris and Euphrates River centered around? What is the land between two Rivers called? Mesopotamia / Fertile Crescent What River is the Chinese Civilization centered Huang - He River / Yellow River around? People who specialize in a certain craft are called? Artisans Which was the first group of people to practice Hebrews Monotheism? What is Monotheism? Belief in One God Who is the founder of Judaism? Abraham Who led the Hebrew people out of slavery in Egypt? Moses What city is important to the Jews? Jerusalem Where are the written records and beliefs of the Torah Hebrews Recorded? What is the moral and religious conduct for the 10 Commandments Jews? Who wrote in Hieroglyphics? Egyptians Who wrote in cuneiform? Sumerians Who wrote in Sanskrit Indo-Aryans Who created the alphabet? Phoenicians Which group was tolerant of those they conquered, Persians build roads, and had Zoroastrianism and an imperial bureaucracy? What two Mountains made the invasion of India Himalayas and the Hindu Kush difficult? How did Indo-Aryans enter into India? Through the Kyber Pass What two Rivers were important in India? Indus River and the Ganges River What rigid class system did the Indo-Aryans set Caste System up? What Empire in India contributed mathematics, new Gupta Empire textiles, and literature? They ruled during the Golden Age of India. What is the cycle of rebirth? Reincarnation Future reincarnation based on present behavior is Karma called? In Hinduism the duty in one’s life is called? Dharma What are the sacred writings of Hinduism? Vedas and the Upanishads Which religion had many forms of one major deity? Hinduism How do you get to Nirvana in Hinduism? Follow your Dharma, have good Karma, move up in the Caste System, and ultimately understand the Maya (illusion of the world). Who is the founder of Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama How do you achieve Nirvana in Buddhism? Follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path Who sends out missionaries to spread Buddhism to Asoka China and other parts of Asia? What from Hinduism is not associated with The Caste System Buddhism? Why was the Great Wall of China built? To keep out invaders from the North. Isolate China Who built the Great Wall of China? Qin Shi Huangdi A line of rulers all in the same family is called what? Dynasty How Chinese rulers did believed they received the Mandate of Heaven right to rule? What trade route connected China to the The Silk Road Mediterranean Sea? What products did China contribute to the world? paper, porcelain, and silk What system of obtaining jobs did the Chinese The Civil Service System create? What is a Civil Service System Taking tests to get a job. People working for the government and having to qualify. Belief that humans are good, respect for elders, Confucianism code of politeness, emphasis on education, and ancestor worship are from what Chinese philosophy? Who created the Chinese philosophy of Confucius Confucianism? Humility, simple life and inner peace, and harmony Taoism/ Daoism with nature are characteristics or what Chinese philosophy? Who created Daoism Laozi What is the symbol in China that represents the Yin and Yang opposite forces in Confucianism and Taoism? Which religion spread to China, Korea, and Japan? Buddhism Which philosophy was known for strictness and Legalism harsh punishments? Classical Greece was centered on which water Aegean Sea body? What peninsula is Greece on? Balkan Peninsula What are the two most important city states in Sparta and Athens Greece? Who did Athens and Sparta team up to defeat? Persians What city did the Greeks try to defeat during the Troy Trojan war? Where is Troy located Asia Minor What physical feature helped create separate city Mountains states in Greece? Why did the Greeks have to create colonies to grow Greece had rocky infertile soil and Greece was overpopulated food? What religion did the ancient Greeks have? Polytheism based on Mythology Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite Greece are gods and goddesses from which civilization? What is the Greek word for city-state? Polis Who were citizens in Athens? Adult males who were free and born in Athens Who did not have rights in Athens? Women, foreigners, and slaves What are the stages of Government in Athens? Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy What two tyrants worked for reform in Athens? Draco and Solon Draconian laws are named after whom? Draco for being mean laws All citizens could participate in Athenian Direct Democracy government. What type of government is this? What type of government did Sparta have? Oligarchy A government ruled by the few is? Oligarchy Which city-state was known for is militaristic and Sparta aggressive society? What was the importance of the Persian Wars? Sparta and Athens team up to defeat the Persians Who was the Persian Wars between? Sparta + Athens vs. Persians Name two important battles during the Persian Marathon and Salamis Wars? Who won the Persian Wars? The Greeks During the Peloponnesian War, what were the competition for control of the Greek world Greeks fighting over? What league did the Athenians create? Dalian League What league did the Spartans create? Peloponnesian League Who was fighting during the Peloponnesian War? Sparta vs. Athens Who won the Peloponnesian War? Sparta Who was the great leader of Athens? Pericles How did Pericles die? From the plague in Athens How did the Spartans win the Peloponnesian war? Cut off the supply line to the city of Athens What did Pericles do after the war? Rebuilt the city What did Pericles spend Dalian League money to The Parthenon create? Where is the Parthenon? On the Acropolis in Athens What is the Parthenon? Temple to Athena In Greek culture what are Aeschylus and Sophocles Drama known for? In Greek culture what is Homer known for? Poetry In Greek culture what are Herodotus and History Thucydides known for? In Greek culture what are Archimedes and Science Hippocrates known for? In Greek culture what are Euclid and Pythagoras Mathematics known for? In Greek culture what are Socrates, Plato Aristotle Philosophy known for? SPA What are the three types of Greek columns? Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian Who conquered much of Greece after being capture Philip II of Macedon and held hostage for many years in Greece? Who is Philip II of Macedon's son? Alexander the Great What did Alexander the Great spread as he Hellenistic Culture conquered lands in the middle east and Asia? What is Hellenistic Culture? Combination of Greek and Asian Culture Where is Rome located? Italian Peninsula What was Roman Mythology based on? Greek religion What three things did Roman Mythology help to Natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events explain? Juno, Jupiter, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus Roman are gods from which civilization? What were the three social classes in Ancient Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves Rome? What was the name given to the powerful nobles in Patricians Rome? What was the name given to the majority of the Plebeians population in Rome? Who could be a citizen in Rome? Patricians, Plebeians, and selected foreigners Name the three stages of government in Rome. Kingdom, Republic, Empire Name the three branches of government in the Assembly, Senate, Magistrates Roman Republic. Roman Law was codified and placed in the Forum Twelve Tables for all to see. The codified Roman laws were called the... Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade in The Punic Wars the Mediterranean Basin. What are the wars called between Rome and Carthage? What was the name of the famous general from Hannibal Carthage that attacked the Italian Peninsula with Elephants? What was the outcome of the Punic Wars? Rome was victorious. Carthage was utterly destroyed. What were the causes for the decline of the Roman Migration of farmers to cities, unemployment, Civil war over the Republic? power of Julius Caesar, devaluation of Roman currency Who was in the first Triumvirate? Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus After Julius Caesar took control of Rome as assassinated by members of the Senate Dictator for Life he died shortly after, how? Who was the first emperor of Rome? Augustus Caesar Who did Augustus Caesar have a civil war against Marc Anthony in order to seize power over Rome? What was the 200 years of peace and prosperity for Pax Romana Rome called? What was the social impact of the Pax Romana returned stability to social classes and increased emphasis on family What was the economic impact of the Pax Romana? Established uniform system of money, expanded trade, guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads, and promoted prosperity and stability What was the political impact of the Pax Romana? created civil service and developed a uniform rule of law Christianity has its roots in what religion? Judaism Who was the originator and leader of Christianity? Jesus of Nazareth What type of religion is Christianity? monotheistic How was Christianity spread? The Apostles, including Paul, spread Christianity throughout Rome. Which emperor legalized Christianity in Rome? Constantine Where was the capital of Rome relocated to? Constantinople Why was Rome's capital relocated to Protection of the eastern frontier, removed from Germanic tribe Constantinople? invasions, crossroads of trade, Easily fortified and defendable site on a peninsula with a natural harbor. After the fall of Western Rome, what was the Byzantine Empire Eastern Empire called? What knowledge was saved and preserved by the Greco-Roman culture Byzantine Empire? What was Emperor Justinian responsible for? Codification of Roman Law (Justinian's Code), Recon quest of former Roman lands, and Expansion of trade What is the name of the large domed church built Hagia Sophia by Justinian? What caused the division of the Christian Church? Disagreement over the authority of the Pope. Also the Iconoclastic controversy. Where was the Eastern Orthodox Church centered? Constantinople Where was the Roman Catholic Church centered? Rome What language did the Eastern Orthodox Church Greek use? What language did the Roman Catholic Church Latin use? How did the Byzantine Culture influence Eastern Trade routes to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea, adoption of Europe and Russia? Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Eastern Europe and Russia, Cyrillic Alphabet, Church art and architecture. Who was the founder of Islam? Muhammad Where did Islam begin? Arabian Peninsula, Mecca What religion stretched from Southern Asia, Islam through Northern Africa to Southern Spain? Islam is what type of religion? monotheistic What is the name of the holy book for Islam? Koran What are the funda mental principles of Islam the Five Pillars of Islam called? What two religions did Islam accept, calling them Hebrews (Jews) and Christians people of the book? What is the language of Islam that was also used as Arabic a language of trade? What are the two main groups in Islam? Sunni and Shi'a The Muslims that invaded Spain were stopped from Battle of Tours advancing further into Europe by losing what battle? What were the scientific contributions of the Islamic Arabian numbers (adapted from India), Algebra, Medicine, and culture? expansion of Geographic knowledge What shaped the ideals of daily life in Medieval Christian Beliefs, Classic Roman Heritage, Germanic Customs Europe? What became the unifying force in Europe after the Roman Catholic Church fall of Rome? Monasteries preserved what culture? Greco Roman Culture Who was appoint Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope Charlemagne in 800 C.E.? Grant of land given to a vassal from a lord? Fief Person granted land from a lord in return for Vassal services. Peasants who were bound to the land where they Serfs worked for a lord. Political system of local government based on Feudalism granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services. Economic system during the Middle Ages that Manor System` revolved around a self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared land. What Germanic tribe emerged in Europe as a The Franks dominate force? Under Charlemagne what culture went through a Roman Culture revival? What Germanic tribes settled in England? Angles and Saxons What tribe settled in present day Hungary? Magyars What tribe traded with Russia and settled in Vikings Scandinavia and later northern France? What system became strengthened because of Feudalism constant barbarian raids? What trade route went from China to the The Silk Road Mediterranean Basin? What Sea trade route went from the Mediterranean The Maritime Routes to the Indian Ocean Basin around Africa and into the Indian Ocean? What trade route crossed the Northern Area of Trans-Saharan Trade Route Africa? What trade Europe with the City of Constantinople Northern Europe links with the Black Sea. and the Mediterranean Basin? What trade route was located in Western Europe? Western European river and Sea trade Name the nautical trade route located in the vicinity South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Trade Route of East and south China. What good was traded from West Africa? Gold Where could a trader find spices? The lands around the Indian Ocean What areas were known for producing textiles? India, China, Middle East, and Europe What areas were known porcelain producers? China and Persia What civilization created paper? China Water Wheels and Windmills were invented by India whom? Which civilization invented the compass? China What area saw the invention of the lateen sail? the Indian Ocean What religion spread from India to China to Korea Buddhism and finally Japan? What if the name of a group of islands? Archipelago Chinese writing, architecture, and religion Japan influenced what Asian civilization? What Japanese religion places importance on Shintoism natural features, forces of nature, ancestors, and emperor worshipping? What civilization is located on the Yucatan Mayan Civilization Peninsula in Central America? What was the name of the city where the great Chichen Itza' Mayan observatory was located? What was Mayan economy based on? trade and agriculture What type of religion did the Mayans have? Polytheistic What civilization was located in present day central Aztec Mexico? What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire? Tenochitilan What was the economy of the Aztecs based on? Agriculture What type of religion did the Aztec civilization Polytheistic religion , based on warfare have? What ancient civilization was located in the Andes Incas mountains of South America? What was the name of the great temple city of the Machu Picchu Incas? What was the Incan economy based on? High-altitude agriculture What type of a religion did the Incans practice? Polytheistic What engineering feat did the Incans build in order A road system to connect their civilization? What were some of the achievements of the Calendars, Mathematics, Writing systems Mayans, Aztecs, and Incans? Defeated the Anglo-Saxon army and became king of William the Conqueror England Started Common Law under his rule. Henry II Signed the Magna Carta; limiting the king's power King John Defining England as a country, what war was Hundred Years' War fought between England and France? Established the French Throne in Paris, and his Hugh Capet dynasty gradually expanded control over most of France Defining France as a country, this war was fought Hundred Years' War between France and England French girl who leads the armies during the Joan of Arc Hundred Years' War; burned at the stake for heresy Their marriage untied the two kingdoms of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella Also responsible for driving the Muslims out of Spain Expanded the Spanish empire in the Western Philip II hemisphere Russian leader who threw off the rule of the Ivan III (The Great) Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian Nation Power was centralized in the hands of the leader of Tsar Russia, also called a... What religion influenced the unification of Russia Orthodox Church Told the Christians that if they died during the Pope Urban Crusades their sins would be forgiven What city was captured during the First Crusade? Jerusalem What Muslim leader was able to recapture Saladin Jerusalem from the Crusaders? During the Crusades the city of Constantinople was The Christians Crusaders sacked and looted by whom? What were the effects of the Crusades Weakened the Pope's authority. Stimulated trade between Europe and Asia. Increased religious intolerance between Muslims, Christians, and Jews Weakened the Byzantine Empire This barbarian tribe invaded Russia and China Mongols while destroying cities and the countryside Who defeated the Byzantine Empire and took The Ottoman Turks control of Constantinople in 1453? How did the Black Death influence European Population decline, Scarcity of Labor, Towns freed from feudal society? obligations, decline of Church influence, Disruption of trade During the Middle Ages most people who could Church Scholars read and write were usually Church scholars would most likely be found living Monasteries in these communities... What is credit? Buying now, paying later What is usury? Charging interest on loans. Where did the Renaissance begin? Italy Where was the Northern Renaissance? The rest of Northern Europe Why did Italian cities become rich? They became prosperous because of trade. Their location on the Mediterranean Sea, made port cities rich. What book did Machiavelli write? The Prince What did the book 'The Prince' describes? An early treatise on government, supported absolute power by the ruler, supports the idea of the ends justify the means, and advises that one should go good if possible, but evil when necessary. Medieval art and literature focused on? Church and Salvation Renaissance art focused on? Individuals, worldly matters, and Christianity Who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and Michelangelo the statue The David Who wrote love sonnets to 'Laura' and was a Petrarch humanist scholar? What was Humanism? celebrated the individual, stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture, was supported by wealthy patrons What is a patron? Someone who gives money to support the arts Who merged humanist ideas with Christianity? Northern Renaissance thinkers Who invented the printing press? Gutenberg Who wrote 'The Praise of Folly'? Erasmus Who wrote 'Utopia'? Sir Thomas More Who wrote in Cuneiform? Sumerians Who wrote in Sanscrit? Indo-Aryans Who wrote in Calligraphy? Chinese Who wrote in Linear A/B? Crete and early Greeks What two physical features make invasion difficult? Mountains and Seas Which Chinese dynasty practiced legalism? Qin Dynasty