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Abstracts, Résumés, Zusammenfassungen Abstracts Manfred Kittel: Election campaigners in black frock-coats. Political Protestantism in Franconia at the time of Bismarck (pp. 1-28) The widespread view that Protestant priests did not develop party-political activities to the same extent as Roman Catholic priests within the Centre Party, should be reconsidered. As the essay shows, the decidedly anti-liberal Lutheran-Orthodox clerics in Franconia - a region which was particularly faithful to church - participated decisively in shaping political opinion and even influenced the foundation and development of the National Conservative Party in Bavaria. The pre-condition for this sectoral political Protestantism was the strict Lutheran confessionalism and the religious renaissance movement which had seized the Evangelical minority in Bavaria in the 19th century. Stefano Trinchese: Kulturkampf and Zentrum in the deliberations of Luigi Sturzo and of the Popolari (pp. 29-48) Luigi Sturzo, the founder of the Partito Popolare Italiano, is accepted as the pioneer for the political involvement of the Italian Roman Catholic church based on democratic principles. His speeches and essays about the political and social situation of the Italian Roman Catholics repeatedly refer to the German Zentrum party and its politics. The aggressive involvement of the Zentrum in the Kulturkampf, the organisation of the German Roman Catholics themselves into a genuine political party and the social commitment of the German Roman Catholics, seemed to Sturzo exemplary; as did the cooperation between the Zentrum and the Social Democratic party in the Weimar Republic. Babette Leitgeb: De Gasperi's work after World War II (1945 - 1947). The viewpoint of Italian historiography (pp. 49-78) The diverging opinions of selected authors with different political backgrounds are investigated on the basis of three historical events: De Gasperi's rise to Prime Minister, the referendum on the state system and the political changes of May 1947 which led to the exclusion of the Communist Party from the government. The interpretations and value judgements indicate an occasionally pronounced Christian-Democratic or Roman Catholic leaning on the one hand and a Liberal or Marxist leaning on the other. Katrin and Ralf Baus: The foundation of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany in Brandenburg in 1945 (pp. 79-108) Despite its proximity to Berlin, the CDU party in Brandenburg was not able to be constituted before 16 October 1945 due to considerable war damage, bad infrastructure and the low density of population. The ground for the foundation of the Kreis verband (district party association) in Potsdam had already been prepared in August 1945, but the actual foundation was not carried 348 Abstracts through until October, under the direction of Wilhelm Wolf. The founder of the Berlin party, Andreas Hermes, had entrusted Karl Grobbel in July 1945 in his capacity as Secretary of the Land with the task of pushing forward the establishment of the party in Berlin as well as in Brandenburg. The Land offices of the Brandenburg CDU party occupied premises in the Jägerstraße together with the Berlin offices until the autumn of 1946. Gerhard We tag: The conflict of the East CDU with the occupying power from 1945 to 1948 as reflected in Soviet files (pp. 109-137) Out of consideration for the relationship with the West, the Soviet power of occupation installed in their zone in 1945 a multi-party system (planned as a model for all of Germany) which included the centre-right parties of the CDU and the LDP. At the same time, the communists were supposed to play the >leading role'. A party block requiring all concerned to reach a consensus served to enforce it. It was above all the CDU who were not prepared to accept the political line introduced into the block by the communists as the basis for a consensus. It came to a permanent conflict with the occupying authorities. With the outbreak of the Cold War, the USSR began the absolute subjugation of the CDU. Sonja Zeidler: Between adaptation and self-assertion: The East CDU and its choice of language from 1945 to 1957 (pp. 139-166) How did the East CDU, in its use of language, react to the rapid alteration in the political conditions and the constellations of power in the GDR. This linguistic report focuses on the investigation of those expressions of most importance to the East CDU: the components of the party name »Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands« (Christian Democratic Union of Germany) and related phraseology. The choice of wording not only shows the efforts of the East CDU to adapt but also underlines its claim to political independence. Ulrich von Hehl: Denominational upsets in the former Federal Republic (pp. 167-187) Was the former Federal Republic »a Catholic state« whose continued existence, according to Martin Niemöller, would mean »the end of continental Protestantism«? Ulrich von Hehl stresses that the success story of the West German partial state in its early years was accompanied by considerable denominational upsets on the part of the left Protestant wing, which were sparked off by the direction the inner German and security policies were taking. Attempts by the parties in opposition to use this for their own purposes are looked at as well as the efforts of the leaders of the CDU and CSU to underline the interdenominational character of the two parties. Finally an explanation is sought for the almost complete lack of consequences of such attempts to create denominational discord. Abstracts 349 Frank Häußler: Ulrich Steiner and the Laupheim Circle. A conservative marginal phenomenon in the early history of the Federal Republic of Germany (pp. 189-205) The Laupheim Circle was formed as a discussion forum of intellectuals and dignitaries of south-western Germany, who leaned towards the CDU but who did not want to be tied to a party. It was founded by Ulrich Steiner from the Swabian town of Laupheim and in 1948 gained importance for Adenauer's inner-German plans and for the CDU with deliberations on the rearmament of Germany. Steiner's aspirations to make this Circle a centre for an alternative political public failed. The large conferences of the Circle with up to 150 participants were social events of regional importance. An inner circle tried as of 1951 to promote the politics of the Adenauer government outside the CDU. Matthias Pape: »No security in Europe without reunification of Ger- many«. On the discussion about the Kirkpatrick note from 16 December 1955 and the Deutschland Politik of Adenauer (pp. 207-227) A report made by the Austrian ambassador, Schwarzenberg, on 31 January 1956 in London to the Foreign Office in Vienna about the most recent demarches of the German ambassador, Hans von Herwarth, in the Foreign Office is published. The report illuminates Adenauer's tactics after the failed foreign minister conference of the four powers in Geneva, in categorically demanding the reunification of Germany whilst preventing the western powers from making the German question a topic of international politics at that time, as he (Adenauer) feared that the western powers could try to achieve detente with the Soviet Union on the basis of the status-quo. Schwarzenberg's report also sheds new light on the much-discussed Kirkpatrick note of 16 December 1955 on Adenauer's Deutschland Politik. Niels Hansen: Secret plans of »Frank/Kol«. On the German/Israeli armament cooperation from 1957 to 1965 (pp. 229-264) This contribution investigates the substance, motives and development of the German/Israeli armament cooperation in the light of the files of the Foreign Office, which have now been released for publication. From the very beginning, the seeds of crisis were inherent in this cooperation as secrecy could only be guaranteed with difficulty. The differences between the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Defence and - following Arabic threats with the support of the GDR - the differences in the interests of Bonn and Jerusalem are also discussed. Ronald Clapham: The future importance of social market economy for the economic system of the European Community (pp. 265-286) The central thesis is that the national economic systems of the EC member states will in future promote the competition of ideas for the structure of a free-enterprise, socially fair EC and help to develop the corresponding innovations in the politico-economic systems. The example of social market economy is used to illustrate German influence so far on the development of the European economic system. Possible future contributions in the following four important political areas from the viewpoint of social market economy are then discussed, taking into account 350 Abstracts the competition of alternate systems: strengthening and protecting the European competitive system, creating stable macroeconomic conditions, development of a European social system and strengthening the ecological components in the economic union. Thomas Schlemmer: The rebellious sister. Studies and sources concerning the history of the Christian-Social Union 1945 - 1976 (pp. 287-324) The Christian-Social Union has not only been one of the most successful parties since World War II, but is also a party whose history and structure has been particularly well investigated. The report sketches the progress of the research and introduces the most important studies on the history, the organisation and the policy of the CSU. Not only the focal points, but also the problems and gaps in the research become visible. The report concludes with an overview of biographies, memoirs and source publications. Why those in power were not able in 1989 to prevent a revolution. An investigation by Walter Süß of the end of the state security service. Read and discussed by Gerhard Wettig (pp. 325-332) Walter Süß uses appropriate reports by the state security service to describe how the GDR gradually lost its foundation within the population.
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