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The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics

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The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics Series Editor Kees Versteegh University of Nijmegen Aaron D. Rubin Pennsylvania State University VOLUME 67 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ssl The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber By Maarten Kossmann Leiden University LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kossmann, Maarten G. The Arabic influence on Northern Berber / by Maarten Kossmann, University of Leiden. pages cm. — (Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics ; v. 67) ISBN 978-90-04-25308-7 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4 (e-book) 1. Berber languages—Foreign elements—Arabic. 2. Arabic language—Influence on Berber. 3. Languages in contact—Africa, North. I. Title. PJ2369.A58K67 2013 493’.3—dc23 2013015319 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0081-8461 ISBN 978-90-04-25308-7 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 2. Berber and Arabic ..................................................................................... 13 2.1 The Afroasiatic Heritage ............................................................... 13 2.2 Berber Classification ...................................................................... 16 2.3 Maghribian Arabic and the Arabicization of Northern Africa .................................................................................................. 26 2.4 Sociolinguistics of Berber-Arabic Contact .............................. 29 2.5 Diglossia and the Arabic Influence on Berber ....................... 45 2.6 The Dating of Arabic-Based Berber Innovations .................. 45 3. Berber in Contact: The Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods ... 51 3.1 Proto-Berber ...................................................................................... 51 3.2 Pre-Roman Loans in Berber ......................................................... 56 3.3 Latin Loans in Berber .................................................................... 62 3.4 Early Islamic Terminology ........................................................... 76 4. Lexicon ......................................................................................................... 87 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 87 4.1.1 Core Borrowings vs. Cultural Borrowings ................... 88 4.1.2 Additive Borrowing ........................................................... 89 4.1.3 Substitutive Borrowing ..................................................... 94 4.1.4 Diglossic Insertion ............................................................. 94 4.2 Quantitative Approaches .............................................................. 97 4.3 Text Frequency of Arabic Borrowings ...................................... 98 4.4 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: The LWT Sample ... 101 4.5 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: Core Vocabulary ..... 104 4.5.1 Borrowing Lists of Basic Vocabulary ............................ 105 4.5.2 Borrowing Rates in a Number of Standard Lists ..... 107 4.5.3 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Quantitative Results ................................................................................... 108 4.5.4 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Detailed Lexical Study ....................................................................... 115 vi contents 4.6 Borrowings in Core Vocabulary: A Sample Survey in Nouns .................................................................................................. 126 4.6.1 Body Parts ............................................................................. 126 4.6.2 Natural Phenomena .......................................................... 129 4.6.3 Insects and other Small Non-Vertebrates ................. 130 4.6.4 Metals .................................................................................... 132 4.6.5 Cultivated Plants ................................................................ 135 4.6.6 Domestic Animals .............................................................. 148 4.7 Verbs .................................................................................................... 158 4.7.1 Verbs in Basic Word Lists ................................................. 159 4.7.2 Verbs according to Activity Types and Contexts ..... 160 4.7.3 Verbs of the Household Context ................................... 160 4.7.4 Verbs of Agriculture .......................................................... 162 4.7.5 Verbs of the Market Context .......................................... 162 4.7.6 Movement Verbs ................................................................ 163 4.7.7 Verbs of Cognition and Emotion ................................... 164 4.7.8 Transitive Actions with (Normally) Inanimate Objects ................................................................................... 165 5. Phonology .................................................................................................... 169 5.1 Phonological Systems of Berber and Arabic ........................... 169 5.2 The Earliest Stratum of Loanwords ........................................... 176 5.3 Later Loanwords .............................................................................. 177 5.3.1 Arabic Loans and Berber-internal Innovations ........ 178 5.3.2 The Integration of Foreign Phonemes ......................... 183 5.3.2.1 The Fate of ṣ and ṣṣ ........................................... 184 5.3.2.2 The Fate of ḍ and ṭ and Their Long Counterparts ....................................................... 186 5.3.2.3 The Fate of Arabic q ......................................... 189 5.3.2.4 The Fate of Arabic x, ḥ and ɛ ......................... 196 5.3.2.5 Some Rare Berber Consonants Strengthened by Arabic ................................... 196 5.4 The Use of Arabic Sounds in Non-Arabic Words .................. 199 6. Nominal Morphology ............................................................................... 203 6.1 General Overview of the Two Systems ...................................... 203 6.2 Integrated Borrowings ................................................................... 207 6.2.1 Non-Integrated Borrowings: General Features .......... 208 6.2.2 Paradigmatic Gender Relationship in Non-Integrated Borrowings ............................................. 215 contents vii 6.3 Integrated Borrowings with Retention of the Arabic Article ................................................................................................. 223 6.4 Non-Integrated Borrowings Lacking the Arabic Article ..... 226 6.5 The Distribution of Integrated and Non-Integrated Borrowings over the Lexicon ...................................................... 230 6.6 Comparing Berber Morphology and Non-Integrated Morphology ...................................................................................... 234 7. Verbal Morphology ................................................................................... 237 7.1 General Morphological Facts ...................................................... 237 7.2 Arabic Derived Forms in Berber ................................................ 240 7.3 The Insertion of Arabic Verb Shapes into Berber Morphology ...................................................................................... 243 7.3.1 The Treatment of Verbs without a Plain Vowel in Arabic ................................................................................... 244 7.3.1.1 CCC Verbs and Longer Stems ....................... 244 7.3.1.2 C1C2C2 Verbs ..................................................... 246 7.3.1.3 Arabic Aspectual Apophony in Borrowed Arabic Verbs without a Plain Vowel .......... 250 7.3.2 The Integration of Arabic Verbs with a Final Vowel .................................................................................... 253 7.3.2.1 First Stem Verbs ..............................................
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