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Ch3nh3pbbr3 Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandem Application – Demonstrations and Characterizations Rui Sheng

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Ch3nh3pbbr3 Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandem Application – Demonstrations and Characterizations Rui Sheng CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandem Application – Demonstrations and Characterizations Rui Sheng A THESIS IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of New South Wales March 2017 1 Supervisor Dr. Anita Ho-Baillie*, Prof. Martin Green* Co-supervisor Dr. Shujuan Huang*, Dr. Xiaojing Hao* * School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australi 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: SHENG First name: RUI Other name/s: Abbreviation fordegree as given in the University calendar: Ph.D School: SCHOOL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND Faculty: ENG [NEERING RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING Title: CH3NH3Pb8r3 PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS FOR TANDEM APPLICATION - DEMONSTRATIONS AND CHARACTERZA TIONS Abstract 350 words maximum: Perovskite solar cells based on organometal halides have experienced an unprecedentedly rapid development since 2012, when the first efficient perovskite-based solar device with solid-state structure was reported. Increasing amount of research interests are focusing on characterizing material properties, developing deposition methods, resolving the instability and toxicity, as well as designing tandem structure. This thesis will present a comprehensive study of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite-based solar cell, including a novel deposition method for high efficiency CH3NH3Pb8r3 solar cells, which shows substantial improvement over conventional one-step solution process, not only in the power conversion efficiency (1.7% vs 9.1 %), but also in hysteresis. In the material characterization section, a study using one-photon and two-photon microscopy was conducted to reveal additional insight in the understanding of grain formation and carrier extraction. Then an investigation on fluorescence blinking in vapour­ assisted deposited film was performed to study charge accumulation and migration. In the last part of this section, a dynamic aging study of vapour­ assisted deposited film was carried out to demonstrate the spontaneously grain growing and defect generation. In this study, FLIM (Fluoresc�nce lifetime imaging microscopy) was used to reveal the carrier lifetime of deposited filmin a larger scale. The final aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential of using CH3NH3Pb8r3 for tandem application. Therefore, a four-terminal tandem structure was demonstrated using spectrum-splitting approach. In this work, a great potential was shown when CH3NH3Pb8r3 cell is coupled with a CH3NH3Pbh cell; when a CH3NH3PbBr3 cell is coupled with a high efficiency PERL (passivated emitter rear locally diffused) silicon solar cell; and when a CH3NH3PbBr3 cell is coupled with a commercial screen printed silicon solar cell demonstrating power conversion efficiencies at 13.4%, 23.4% and 18.8% respectively. The last section of this thesis demonstrated a 2-terminal monolithic ITO/compact TiOJmesoporous TiO,/CH3NH3PbI,/Spiro-OMeTAD/PEDOT: PSS/C60/CH3NH3PbBr,/Spiro­ OMeTAD/Au solar cell by developing a novel composite carrier recombination stack which protects the underlying sub-cell and provides an interconnection with matching working functions. Remarkable voltage output at 1.96 V was obtained with the designed structure. In addition, simulation work shows the potential of this structure with further performanceimprovement to be expected. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertationin whole or in part in the University libraries in all formsof media, now or here afterknown, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all propertyrights, such as patent rights. I also retainthe right to use in futureworks (such as articlesor books) all or partof this thesis or dissertation. I also authorize University Mi:rofilmsto use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in DissertationAbstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral thesesonly). 1.0 ........................ ... ................................. C?f. �z�� s1�1�� \� .. � ?!.. .!�.<4. .. Signatu e s Date The University recognizes that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of GraciJate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My most humble and sincere thanks to: First and foremost, my supervisors Prof. Martin Green, Dr. Anita Ho-Baillie, Dr. Shujuan Huang and Dr. Xiaojing Hao, for their great inspiration, valuable guidance and insightful suggestions. Also A/Prof. Ashraf Uddin, for his help that led me to do the PhD. Additionally, Prof. Henry Snaith, for his talent and endless good humor. Dr. Mark Keevers, for his knowledge on spectrum splitting systems. Dr. Xiaoming Wen, for his expertise on fluorescence characterization and photophysics. Especially for the initial discussion on one-photon and two-photon work, and the optical measurements he did in Chapter 4. My irreplaceable friend Dr. Jessica Jiang, for her great help on optical simulation and her pitch-perfect instincts on all matters, large and small, as well as her friendship. The entire perovskite group in UNSW, for their enthusiasm, creativity, support and friendly ambiance in the group. With special thanks to Qingshan Ma, Arman Soufiani and Dr. Sanghun Woo. The awesome Snaithlings at Oxford University, for their brilliant ideas, lovely lunch and coffee breaks and scientific discussions. My great friends in Monash University, Dr. Manda Xiao, Dr, Feng Li, Dr. Jiangjing He, Dr. Wenchao Huang, Prof. Yong Peng and Prof. Fuzhi Huang, for their help during my visit in Monash-Perovskite group. My dear friends in China, Australia and UK, Boqi Wu, Xue Han, Geng Wang, Kan Gao; Ran Chen, Alex Li, Alex Chan, Li Wang, Lu Wang, Boon Ng, Jeanne Han, Johnny Fan; Rebecca Sutton, Maximilian Hoerantner, Martina Congiu, Nakita Noel, 1 Zhiping Wang, Sai Bai and Mingze Gao, for their occasional hangout and wonderful trips and extraordinary cooking skill. My exceptional housemates Lin Yuan and Zijue Xu, for their five years of company, patience and tolerance. Last but not least, my loving parents and all my family, for their support and encouragement in my life. 2 ABSTRACT Perovskite solar cells based on organometal halides have experienced an unprecedentedly rapid development since 2012, when the first efficient perovskite- based solar device with solid-state structure was reported. Increasing amount of research interests are focusing on characterizing material properties, developing deposition methods, resolving the instability and toxicity, as well as designing tandem structure. This thesis will present a comprehensive study of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite-based solar cell, including a novel deposition method for high efficiency CH3NH3PbBr3 solar cells, which shows substantial improvement over conventional one-step solution process, not only in the power conversion efficiency (1.7% vs 9.1%), but also in hysteresis. In the material characterization section, a study using one-photon and two- photon microscopy was conducted to reveal additional insight in the understanding of grain formation and carrier extraction. Then an investigation on fluorescence blinking in vapour-assisted deposited film was performed to study charge accumulation and migration. In the last part of this section, a dynamic aging study of vapour-assisted deposited film was carried out to demonstrate the spontaneously grain growing and defect generation. In this study, FLIM (Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) was used to reveal the carrier lifetime of deposited film in a larger scale. The final aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential of using CH3NH3PbBr3 for tandem application. Therefore, a four-terminal tandem structure was demonstrated using spectrum-splitting approach. In this work, a great potential was shown when CH3NH3PbBr3 cell is coupled with a CH3NH3PbI3 cell; when a CH3NH3PbBr3 cell is coupled with a high efficiency PERL (passivated emitter rear locally diffused) silicon solar cell; and when a CH3NH3PbBr3 cell is coupled with a commercial screen printed silicon solar cell demonstrating power conversion efficiencies at 13.4%, 23.4% and 18.8% respectively. 3 The last section of this thesis demonstrated a 2-terminal monolithic FTO/compact TiO2/mesoporous TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/PEDOT: PSS/C60/CH3NH3PbBr3/ Spiro-OMeTAD/Au solar cell by developing a novel composite carrier recombination stack which protects the underlying sub-cell and provides an interconnection with matching working functions. Remarkable voltage output at 1.96 V was obtained with the designed structure. In addition, simulation work shows the potential of this structure with further performance improvement to be expected. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ 5 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................
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