The Endocrine System

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Endocrine System 4/12/2016 Adrenal Glands Image From: http://www.hawaiilife.com/articles/2012/03/good-news-vacation-rental-owners/ 70 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.14a Adrenal Glands Adrenal Adrenal cortex Adrenal Glands gland • Mineralocorticoids • Gonadocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Controlled by both nerves and hormones – Adrenal medulla Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine • Controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus • Norepinephrine – Adrenal Cortex • Controlled by ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (b) A section through the adrenal gland reveals two regions, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions secrete different hormones. 73 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.14b Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Medulla • Adrenal Cortex – Epinephrine – 2 types of hormones secreted • Increases blood pressure • Mineralocorticoids • Increases heart rate • Glucocorticoids • Increases blood glucose levels 74 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 75 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 1 4/12/2016 Adrenal Glands - Cortex Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone – Example: Aldosterone – Promotes renal absorption of Na+ and renal – Mineral homeostasis excretion of K+ – Water balance – Increased blood pressure • Target – Kidneys 76 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 77 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Adrenal Glands - Cortex Adrenal Glands - Cortex • Glucocorticoids • Cortisol – Example: Cortisol – Effects glucose homeostasis – Act on the liver to promote the conversion of – Influences carbohydrate, protein and fat fat and protein into intermediate substances metabolism available to the body’s cells – Suppress the immune system – Inhibit the inflammatory response – Aids in allowing us to survive stress • Target – All over the body 78 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 79 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Review Questions Bali • What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? • Which hormone effects the adrenal cortex? • Name the complex carbohydrate that is stored in humans. • Where is the complex carbohydrate stored in the body? • What gland secretes cortisol? Image From: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g297701-d603335-Reviews-Viceroy_Bali- Ubud_Bali.html 80 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 81 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 2 4/12/2016 Pancreas Pancreas • Stomach Secreted from the pancreatic islets Common bile duct (from gallbladder and liver) – Islets of Langerhans • Regulate blood glucose levels through two hormones – Glucagon Pancreas – Insulin Pancreatic duct Duodenum (first part of small intestine) (a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine. 83 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.17a Pancreas Gland Hormones Pancreas • Glucagon – Raises blood glucose (BG) levels – Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Stimulates formation of glucose from lactic acid • Target – Liver 85 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.17b Pancreas Pancreas • Insulin – Lowers BG – Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells and connective tissue cells – Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose – Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose 87 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.18 (2 of 2) 3 4/12/2016 Pancreas Pancreatic Disorders • Diabetes Mellitus – Lack of insulin (Type 1) – Inability of cells to respond to insulin as they should (Type 2) 89 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.18 (1 of 2) Review Questions Galapagos • What type of diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin? • What does glucagon do to the blood glucose level? Image From: http://www.avalonwaterways.com/Experience-Avalon/Galapagos/ 90 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 91 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Gonads – Ovaries & Testes Gonads - Testes • Controlled by hypothalamus and the • Testosterone pituitary gland – Stimulates growth of male reproductive • Testes organs – Testosterone – Male secondary sex characteristics • Ovaries – Larynx & vocal cords to enlarge – Muscular strength of males – Progesterone – Estrogen 92 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 93 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 4 4/12/2016 Gonads - Ovaries Anabolic Steroids • Estrogen & Progesterone • Side Effects – Low sperm count – Increase in body – Impotence – Stimulates growth of female reproductive odor – High cholesterol organs – Baldness – High BP – Secondary sex characteristics – Acne – Heart damage – Egg maturation – Breast enlargement – Liver dysfunction (men) – Liver cancer – Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles – Kidney disease – Stunted growth – Decrease testicular – Personality changes size 94 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 95 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Pineal Gland Pineal gland Cerebrum Hypothalamus Pineal Gland • Secretes Melatonin – Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle Skull – Regulates sexual development – May play a role in SAD Pituitary gland 97 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.19 Review Question Kidneys • Which endocrine gland is the most • Erythropoietin involved in the immune response? – Stimulates bone marrow to produce more – Adrenal medulla red blood cells (RBCs) – Pancreas • Renin – Thymus – Stimulates adrenal cortex to release – Ovaries aldosterone – Increases BP 98 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 99 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 5 4/12/2016 Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED Posterior FROM TISSUE ADH Hypothalamus Kidney Pituitary TSH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Uterus Posterior ACTH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex Oxytocin Hypothalamus Mammary Pituitary FSH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Ovaries, Testes Glands LH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Ovaries, Testes Hypothalamic- Anterior releasing Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Mammary Pituitary Prolactin Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary hormone Glands Hypothalamic- Bones, Muscle Anterior GH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary inhibiting Hypothalamus Hypothalamus and Cartilage Pituitary hormones 100 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 101 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Thyroxine Throughout Adrenal Adrenal Throughout Thyroid Thyroid Epinephrine (T4) body medulla medulla body Tri- Adrenal Adrenal Throughout Aldosterone Kidney iodothyronine Thyroid Thyroid Cortex Cortex (T3) body Muscle, Adrenal Adrenal Bones, Cortisol Adipose, Calcitonin Thyroid Thyroid Cortex Cortex Kidneys Immune 102 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 103 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Liver, muscle, Testes Testes Throughout WBC, Testosterone Insulin Pancreas Pancreas (other tissues) (other tissues) body connective Throughout tissue, adipose Estrogen Ovaries Ovaries body Liver, Throughout Glucagon Pancreas Pancreas muscle, Progesterone Ovaries Ovaries adipose body 104 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 105 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 6 4/12/2016 Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Bones, Parathyroid Parathyroid Throughout PTH Kidneys, Melatonin Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Gland Gland body Intestine Bone Erythropoietin Kidneys Kidneys Thymosin Thymus Thymus T cells Marrow Thymopoietin Thymus Thymus T Cells Adrenal Renin Kidneys Kidneys Leptin Adipose Adipose Hypothalamus Cortex Throughout Throughout Throughout Prostaglandins body body body 106 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 107 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Important Concepts Important Concepts • What is the function of the endocrine • Where are ALL the hormones produced and system? released from? • What are the similarities and differences – What are the functions of the hormones? between neurotransmitters and hormones? – What is the target of the hormones? • What are the 2 types of hormones? • Know all the disorders discussed – How do they work? – Cause, Effect, Treatments – How do they effect the target cells? • Know location and names of the endocrine – Know the differences and examples of each glands, be able to label a drawing with the type of hormone glands 108 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 109 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Important Concepts Important Concepts • How does the hypothalamus control the • How are calcium levels in the blood pituitary? regulated? • What is the function of the hypothalamus? – What hormones and glands regulate it? • How are the adrenal glands controlled? • How are BG levels regulated? What • What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands? hormones and glands regulate it? – How is each controlled? Which hormones are • Know the causes of the 2 types of released from which part? diabetes • Know the side effects of cortisol 110 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 111 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 7 4/12/2016 Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis Image From: https://gravesdiseaseproject.wordpres s.com/hormone-regulation/ Image From: http://www.thepaleomom.com/2015/01/stress-undermines-health.html 112 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 113 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis The End Image From: http://www.endocrinesurg eon.co.uk/index.php/what -is-the-hypothalamo- pituitary-axis Image From: http://community.babycenter.com/post/a35803612/baby_butt_at_the_beach_pic 114 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 115 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 8 .
Recommended publications
  • HYPOTHALAMUS – PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS Learning Objectives OVERVIEW FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
    Introductory Human Physiology ©copyright Emma Jakoi HYPOTHALAMUS – PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS Emma R. Jakoi, Ph.D. Learning objectives • Describe the structural and functional organization of the adrenal gland. • Describe the synthesis and secretion of cortical adrenal hormones. • Describe the mechanism of action and physiologic effects of adrenal hormones. • Explain the control of adrenal hormone synthesis and secretion. Describe the major feedback loops that integrate the hypothalamic axis and body homeostasis. • Explain the physiologic roles of the adrenal hormones in normal physiology. OVERVIEW The adrenal glands maintain homeostasis in response to stress. Three major classes of hormones are secreted by these glands: aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), cortisol (glucocorticoid), DHEA (weak androgen), and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY The adrenal gland is located on top of the kidney. Like the pituitary, two distinct tissues merge during development to form the adrenal cortex (glandular tissue) and medulla (modified neuronal tissue) (Fig 1). 1 2 cortex 3 medulla Figure 1. Structure of the adrenal gland. The cortex secretes three steroid hormones: 1. aldosterone, 2. cortisol, 3. a weak androgen, DHEA. The medulla secretes epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NorEpi). 1 Introductory Human Physiology ©copyright Emma Jakoi MINERALOCORTICOIDS The major mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone. Aldosterone is NOT under the hypothalamus- pituitary control and does not mediate a negative feedback to this axis. Aldosterone secretion is increased by the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II, and by elevated plasma K+ concentration. Elevated plasma Na+ inhibits the secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone, acts in the kidney to promote secretion of K+ into the urine from the blood and the reabsorption of Na+ from the urine into the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Adrenal Medulla: Cytomorphology and Function
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publications of the IAS Fellows Volume 45(1-4):1-11, 2001 Acta Biologica Szegediensis http://www.sci.u-szeged.hu/ABS REVIEW ARTICLE Avian adrenal medulla: cytomorphology and function Asok Ghosh, Stephen W. Carmichael1*, Monisha Mukherjee Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India, 1Department of Anatomy, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA ABSTRACT The purpose of this review is to explore the world literature on the avian adrenal KEY WORDS medulla from the last 20 years. Unlike the mammalian adrenal medulla, the adrenal gland in adrenal medulla birds has chromaffin cells mixed with cortical cells. Studies have investigated the ultrastructure birds (both transmission and scanning electron microscopy), biochemistry, and physiology (partic- morphology ularly interactions with other endocrine glands) of the avian adrenal medulla. Although function progress has been made, it is apparent that research on the avian adrenal medulla still lags behind work on the mammalian organ. Acta Biol Szeged 45(1-4):1-11 (2001) The adrenal glands of birds, like those in mammals, are in the adrenal medulla. This profound variation of medullary paired yellow- or orange-colored pear- or triangle-shaped E/NE ratio in birds suggests a distinct evolutionary pattern glands that are next to the kidneys. The intermingling nature (Ghosh 1977, 1980). The avian phylogeny used in this study of cortical and medullary components constitutes a major was essentially based on palaeontological evidences (Grego- characteristic of avian adrenal medulla (Vestergaard and ry 1957). We feel that our “claim” of hormonal taxonomy is Willeberg 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Tumors – Adrenal Medulla
    Endocrine Tumors – Adrenal Medulla 803-808-7387 www.gracepets.com These notes are provided to help you understand the diagnosis or possible diagnosis of cancer in your pet. For general information on cancer in pets ask for our handout “What is Cancer”. Your veterinarian may suggest certain tests to help confirm or eliminate diagnosis, and to help assess treatment options and likely outcomes. Because individual situations and responses vary, and because cancers often behave unpredictably, science can only give us a guide. However, information and understanding for tumors in animals is improving all the time. We understand that this can be a very worrying time. We apologize for the need to use some technical language. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to ask us. What are the adrenal glands? The adrenal glands are located close to the kidneys. They are part of the body’s endocrine system, the glands of which also include the pituitary (in the brain), thyroid, parathyroid and Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Endocrine glands produce specialized chemicals called “hormones”. These regulate and integrate many activities to maintain internal stability of the body. The hormones pass directly into the blood to affect target cells elsewhere. Hormones are also produced by many cells in other tissues. Each of the two adrenal glands has two parts. The outer part (cortex) is controlled by a hormone (adrenocorticotrophic hormone, ACTH) from the pituitary gland. The cortex produces steroid hormones of several types. The inner part (medulla) of the adrenal gland originates from the same cells that in the embryo form the nervous system, and therefore not surprisingly it produces neuroendocrine hormones with effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 20: Endocrine System
    EndocrineEndocrine SystemSystem Modified by M. Myers 1 TheThe EndocrineEndocrine SystemSystem 2 EndocrineEndocrine GlandsGlands z The endocrine system is made of glands & tissues that secrete hormones. z Hormones are chemicals messengers influencing a. metabolism of cells b. growth and development c. reproduction, d. homeostasis. 3 HormonesHormones Hormones (chemical messengers) secreted into the bloodstream and transported by blood to specific cells (target cells) Hormones are classified as 1. proteins (peptides) 2. Steroids 4 HormoneHormone ClassificationClassification z Steroid Hormones: – Lipid soluble – Diffuse through cell membranes – Endocrine organs z Adrenal cortex z Ovaries z Testes z placenta 5 HormoneHormone ClassificationClassification z Nonsteroid Hormones: – Not lipid soluble – Received by receptors external to the cell membrane – Endocrine organs z Thyroid gland z Parathyroid gland z Adrenal medulla z Pituitary gland z pancreas 6 HormoneHormone ActionsActions z “Lock and Key” approach: describes the interaction between the hormone and its specific receptor. – Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located on the cell membrane – Receptors for steroid hormones are found in the cell’s cytoplasm or in its nucleus 7 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13704 8 EndocrineEndocrine SystemSystem z There is a close assoc. b/w the endocrine & nervous systems. z Hormone secretion is usually controlled by either negative feedback or antagonistic hormones that oppose each other’s actions 9 HypothalamusHypothalamus 1. regulates the internal environment through the autonomic system 2. controls the secretions of the pituitary gland. 10 HypothalamusHypothalamus && PituitaryPituitary GlandGland posteriorposterior pituitary/pituitary/ anterioranterior pituitarypituitary 11 PosteriorPosterior PituitaryPituitary The posterior pituitary secretes zantidiuretic hormone (ADH) zoxytocin 12 13 14 AnteriorAnterior pituitarypituitary glandgland 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenal and Paraganglia Tumors Adrenal Cortical Tumors IHC: (+) SF1, Inhibin, Melan-A, Calretinin, Synaptophysin, (-) Chromogranin, Cytokeratin, S100
    Last updated: 11/11/2020 Prepared by Kurt Schaberg Adrenal and Paraganglia Tumors Adrenal Cortical Tumors IHC: (+) SF1, Inhibin, Melan-A, Calretinin, Synaptophysin, (-) Chromogranin, Cytokeratin, S100. Often variable!! Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Benign. Very common. Often incidentally identified. Usually unilateral solitary masses with atrophic background adrenal gland. Tumor cells can be lipid-rich (clearer) or lipid-poor (pinker) arranged in nests and cords separated by abundant vasculature. Occasional lipofuscin pigment. Nuclei generally small and round (occasional extreme “endocrine atypia” is common). Low/no mitotic activity. Intact reticulin framework. On a spectrum with and may hard to differentiate from hyperplastic nodules, which is more often multinodular (background hyperplasia) and bilateral. Can be non-functional (85%) or functional (15%). Associated with MEN1, FAP, Carney Complex, among Aldosterone-producing→ “Conn syndrome”→ others… hypertension and hypokalemia If aldosterone-secreting adenoma is treated with Cortisol-producing→ (ACTH-independent) spironolactone→ “spironolactone bodies” (below) “Cushing Syndrome” → central obesity, moon face, hirsutism, poor healing, striae Sex-hormone-producing→ Rare (more common in carcinomas). Symptoms depend on hormone/sex (virilization or feminization) Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Malignant. Most common in older adults. Can present with an incidental unilateral mass or with an endocrinopathy (see above). Solid, broad trabeculae, or large nested growth (more diffuse, and larger groups than in adenomas) Thick fibrous capsule with occasional fibrous bands. Frequent tumor necrosis. Frequent vascular or capsular invasion. Increased mitotic activity. Variants: Oncocytic, Myxoid, Sarcomatoid Mostly sporadic, but can be associated with Lynch Syndrome and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Distinguishing between an Adrenal Cortical Adenoma vs Carcinoma Weiss Criteria: Weiss Criteria (≥3 = Malignant) Most widely used system, but doesn’t work as well High nuclear grade (based of Fuhrman criteria) in borderline cases or variants.
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenal Medulla
    Adrenal medulla Objectives: ❖ Summarize the actions of adrenal androgens. ❖ Describe the causes and major manifestations of hyperadrenocorticism and Hypoadrenocorticism. ❖ Describe circumstances in which catecholamines are released from the adrenal gland. ❖ List the major actions of catecholamines. Done by : ➔ Team leader: Rahaf AlShammari, Abdulelah AlDossari ➔ Team members: ◆ Esraa AlNazzawi, Renad AlMogren ◆ Abdulmajeed AlWardi, Abdulelah AlSaeed Colour index: ◆ Anas AlSaif, Saif AlMeshari ● Important ◆ Laila AlSabbagh, Fatimah Blasharaf ● ;) ◆ Renad AlSwailmy, Wejdan AlShamery ● Extra َوأَن ﻟﱠﯾْسَ ﻟِ ِْﻺَﻧﺳِﺎن إِﱠﻻ ﻣَﺎ َﺳَﻌٰﻰ Adrenal medulla ● The adrenal medulla is the inner part or core of each adrenal gland. ● It is considered as part of sympathetic nervous system. ● It synthesizes and secretes catecholamines from Tyrosine: Adrenaline (epinephrine) -- 80% of the secretion. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) -- 20 % of the secretion. Small amount of dopamine ● They are released from chromaffin cells ● Secretion of these hormones causes: Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. ● Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities ● Norepinephrine is more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure ● High levels of cortisol that drain into the medulla from the adrenal cortex induce expression of the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), which converts norepinephrine to epinephrine Role of the adrenal medullary hormones 1. Enhance the effects of the 2. Prepare
    [Show full text]
  • The Endocrine System
    PowerPoint® Lecture Slides The Endocrine System: An Overview prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham • A system of ductless glands • Secrete messenger molecules called hormones C H A P T E R 17 • Interacts closely with the nervous system Part 1 • Endocrinology The Endocrine • Study of hormones and endocrine glands System Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine Organs Location of the Major Endocrine Glands Pineal gland • Scattered throughout the body Hypothalamus Pituitary gland • Pure endocrine organs are the … Thyroid gland • Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal Parathyroid glands glands (on dorsal aspect of thyroid gland) • Organs containing endocrine cells include: Thymus • Pancreas, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus Adrenal glands • Plus other organs secrete hormones (eg., kidney, stomach, intestine) Pancreas • Hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ • Produces hormones and has nervous functions Ovary (female) Endocrine cells are of epithelial origin • Testis (male) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1 Hormones Control of Hormones Secretion • Classes of hormones • Amino acid–based hormones • Secretion triggered by three major types of • Steroids—derived from cholesterol stimuli: • Basic hormone action • Humoral—simplest of endocrine control mechanisms • Circulate throughout the body in blood vessels • Secretion in direct response to changing • Influences only specific tissues— those with ion or nutrient levels in the blood target cells that have receptor molecules for that hormone • Example: Parathyroid monitors calcium • A hormone can have different effects on • Responds to decline by secreting different target cells (depends on the hormone to reverse decline receptor) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Anterior Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Stimulating Effect of U.S.P. Epinephrine, Synthetic L-Epinephrine, and Nor-Epinephrine
    COMPARISON OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-ADRENAL CORTICAL STIMULATING EFFECT OF U.S.P. EPINEPHRINE, SYNTHETIC L-EPINEPHRINE, AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE Leonard L. Madison J Clin Invest. 1950;29(6):789-791. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102316. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102316/pdf COMPARISON OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-ADRENAL CORTICAL STIMULATING EFFECT OF U.S.P. EPI- NEPHRINE, SYNTHETIC L-EPINEPHRINE, AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE 1 BY LEONARD L. MADISON (From the Department of Medicine, Southwestern Medical School of the University of Texas, and the Department of Medicine of the Veterans Administration Hospital, Dallas, Texas) (Submitted for publication December 16, 1949; accepted, March 6, 1950) The recent demonstration of the dramatic thera- adrenal cortical steroid hormone production with peutic effectiveness of the adrenal 11, 17-oxy- resultant eosinopenia and increased urinary 11- steroids (Compound E of Kendall) in the therapy oxysteroid and 17-ketosteroid excretion. of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and lu- Although long suspected, it has only recently pus erythematosus has lent great impetus to the been proven that the adrenal medulla secretes two study of the role of the adrenal cortex in these hormones, epinephrine and its non-methylated mesenchymal diseases, and to the search for new analogue, nor-epinephrine (arterenol, 1- [3, 4- methods of stimulating the adrenal to produce dehydroxyphenyl] 2-aminoethanol) (7, 8). As- endogenously these therapeutic agents in greater says on U. S. P. epinephrine reference standards, abundance (1-3). The wide variety of stimuli and U. S. P. commercial epinephrine revealed a capable of producing an "alarm reaction" are all nor-epinephrine content varying from 10 to 35%, attended by one common factor, the stimulation of the average being 15%o (7-9).
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenal & Gonadal Hormones Layers of Adrenal Cortex
    Adrenal & Gonadal Hormones Topics for today: •Adrenal cortex hormone •Adrenal medulla hormones •Hormone control of organs •Steroid hormone synthesis •Vitamin D3 • Estrogens and Progesterone Layers of adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa zona fasiculata zona reticularis 1 Hormones of adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa zona fasiculata O zona reticularis HO dehydroepiandrosterone Androgens – dehydroepiandrosterone • increased protein synthesis DHEA is weak androgen with • masculinizing effects in almost no effect in male but has female (hypersecretion) masculinizing effects in females Adrenal medulla (interior) • Composed of modified post-synaptic sympathetic neurons • Releases mostly epinephrine. • Has effects similar to those triggered by sympathetic nervous system Adrenal medulla hormones HO HO -CH-CH2 - N-CH3 epinephrine OH H Effects of epinephrine: • causes elevated blood glucose level • stimulates glycolysis & fatty acid use • increases cardiac output & blood pres • shifts blood flow to skeletal muscle • increases rate and depth of respiration 2 Organ responses to Epinephrine Causes glycogen Causes fatty acid release degradation in muscle from adipose tissue fatty glycogen acids trigly- cerides lactate glycerol muscle lactate adipose tissue Causes release of glycogeno lysis glucose from liver glucose ...elevated plasma level liver Hormone action time Epinephrine is in group of fast-acting hormones Fast-acting Hormones Slow-acting Hormones • Norepinephrine • Throxine • Epinephrine • Cortisol • Insulin • Growth hormone • glucagon • Estrogens
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Glands [PDF]
    Histology of Skin and Endocrine glands Skin and Endocrine glands • Skin • Thyroid • Parathyroid gland • Adrenal gland • Pituitary gland • Pineal gland Skin • Layers of skin • Epidermis • Five layers • Dermis • Two layers Junction • Dermal papilla • Epidermal peg (rete pegs) Skin…. • Epidermis - 1.Stratum basale • Single layer of columnar cells 2.Stratum spinosum • Several layers of polyhedral cells, spine like process, tonofilament 3.Stratum granulosum • Keratohyline granules 4.Stratum lucidum • Homogeneous keratin, fusiform cells 5.Stratum corneum-non nucleated keratinized dead cells Skin…… • Cells of epidermis -Keratinocytes- 90%,able to keratinization -Cells of Langherhans- present in st.spinosum, clear cytoplasmic process, antigen producing cell -Melamocytes-pigmented cell in basal layer, many cytoplasmic process. Produce Melanin -Merkel cells- sensory cell Skin….. Dermis • Papillary layer • Tactile papilla • Vascular papilla • Collagen fibre • Reticular layer Collagen fibre • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hairs Skin…… • Thick skin • Thin skin Thyroid gland 1.Capsule 2.Parenchyma • thyroid follicle -Structural & functional unite -Epithelium-simple cuboidal cells (follicular cells), synthesis thyroxin hormone -cell size varies with activeness -Lumen of thyroid follicle filled with colloid -Parafollicular cells (“C” Cells) Present at margin or inter follicular space, Calcitonin 3.Stroma- connective tissue, septa, blood vessels Parathyroid gland • Chief cells • Polygonal shape, round nucleus, synthesis Parathormone • Oxyphill cells-
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 39 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, TE
    Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 39 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Section 39–1 The Endocrine System (pages 997–1002) This section describes the function of the endocrine system and explains how it maintains homeostasis. Introduction (page 997) 1. What makes up the endocrine system? The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. 2. What do the products of the endocrine system do? They broadcast messages throughout the body. Hormones (page 997) 3. Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells are called hormones . 4. How do hormones affect the activities of other cells? Hormones bind to specific chemical receptors on other cells. 5. Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone are referred to as target cells . 6. Is the following sentence true or false? Cells without receptors are not affected by hormones. true 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Generally, the body’s responses to hormones are quicker and shorter lasting than the responses to nerve impulses. false Glands (page 998) 8. An organ that produces and releases a substance, or a secretion, is © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. called a(an) gland . 9. Complete the Venn diagram by adding titles. Exocrine gland Endocrine gland Releases secretions Releases secretions Releases secretions into ducts into blood 10. What is the function of the parathyroid glands? Their function is to regulate the level of calcium in the blood. 332 Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 39 Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Match the endocrine gland with the hormone it produces.
    [Show full text]