The Endocrine System

4/12/2016

Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal Glands Adrenal Adrenal cortex Adrenal Glands gland • Mineralocorticoids • Gonadocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Controlled by both nerves and hormones – Adrenal medulla Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine • Controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus • Norepinephrine – Adrenal Cortex • Controlled by ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (b) A section through the adrenal gland reveals two regions, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions secrete different hormones.

Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands

• Adrenal Medulla • Adrenal Cortex – Epinephrine – 2 types of hormones secreted • Increases blood pressure • Mineralocorticoids • Increases heart rate • Glucocorticoids • Increases blood glucose levels

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Adrenal Glands - Cortex Adrenal Glands - Cortex

• Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone – Example: Aldosterone – Promotes renal absorption of Na+ and renal – Mineral homeostasis excretion of K+ – Water balance – Increased blood pressure

• Target – Kidneys

Adrenal Glands - Cortex Adrenal Glands - Cortex

• Glucocorticoids • Cortisol – Example: Cortisol – Effects glucose homeostasis – Act on the liver to promote the conversion of – Influences carbohydrate, protein and fat fat and protein into intermediate substances metabolism available to the body’s cells – Suppress the immune system – Inhibit the inflammatory response – Aids in allowing us to survive stress • Target – All over the body

Review Questions Bali

• What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? • Which hormone effects the adrenal cortex? • Name the complex carbohydrate that is stored in humans. • Where is the complex carbohydrate stored in the body?

• What gland secretes cortisol? Image From: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g297701-d603335-Reviews-Viceroy_Bali- Ubud_Bali.html 80 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 81 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

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Pancreas Pancreas

• Stomach Secreted from the pancreatic islets Common bile duct (from gallbladder and liver) – Islets of Langerhans • Regulate blood glucose levels through two hormones – Glucagon Pancreas – Insulin Pancreatic duct Duodenum (first part of small intestine) (a) Structure of the pancreas and associated ducts. Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct, which unites with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine. 83 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 10.17a

Pancreas Gland Hormones Pancreas

• Glucagon – Raises blood glucose (BG) levels – Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Stimulates formation of glucose from lactic acid • Target – Liver

Pancreas Pancreas

• Insulin – Lowers BG – Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle cells, white blood cells and connective tissue cells – Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose – Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids into glucose – Stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose

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Pancreas Pancreatic Disorders

• Diabetes Mellitus – Lack of insulin (Type 1) – Inability of cells to respond to insulin as they should (Type 2)

Review Questions Galapagos

• What type of diabetes is caused by the lack of insulin? • What does glucagon do to the blood glucose level?

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Gonads – Ovaries & Testes Gonads - Testes

• Controlled by hypothalamus and the • Testosterone pituitary gland – Stimulates growth of male reproductive • Testes organs – Testosterone – Male secondary sex characteristics • Ovaries – Larynx & vocal cords to enlarge – Muscular strength of males – Progesterone – Estrogen

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Gonads - Ovaries Anabolic Steroids

• Estrogen & Progesterone • Side Effects – Low sperm count – Increase in body – Impotence – Stimulates growth of female reproductive odor – High cholesterol organs – Baldness – High BP – Secondary sex characteristics – Acne – Heart damage – Egg maturation – Breast enlargement – Liver dysfunction (men) – Liver cancer – Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles – Kidney disease – Stunted growth – Decrease testicular – Personality changes size

Pineal Gland Pineal gland Cerebrum Hypothalamus Pineal Gland

• Secretes Melatonin – Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle Skull – Regulates sexual development – May play a role in SAD

Review Question Kidneys

• Which endocrine gland is the most • Erythropoietin involved in the immune response? – Stimulates bone marrow to produce more – Adrenal medulla red blood cells (RBCs) – Pancreas • Renin – Thymus – Stimulates adrenal cortex to release – Ovaries aldosterone – Increases BP

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Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED Posterior FROM TISSUE ADH Hypothalamus Kidney Pituitary TSH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Uterus Posterior ACTH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex Oxytocin Hypothalamus Mammary Pituitary FSH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Ovaries, Testes Glands LH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Ovaries, Testes Hypothalamic- Anterior releasing Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Mammary Pituitary Prolactin Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary hormone Glands Hypothalamic- Bones, Muscle Anterior GH Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary inhibiting Hypothalamus Hypothalamus and Cartilage Pituitary hormones 100 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 101 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

Summary Summary

RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Thyroxine Throughout Adrenal Adrenal Throughout Thyroid Thyroid Epinephrine (T4) body medulla medulla body Tri- Adrenal Adrenal Throughout Aldosterone Kidney iodothyronine Thyroid Thyroid Cortex Cortex (T3) body Muscle, Adrenal Adrenal Bones, Cortisol Adipose, Calcitonin Thyroid Thyroid Cortex Cortex Kidneys Immune

Summary Summary

RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Liver, muscle, Testes Testes Throughout WBC, Testosterone Insulin Pancreas Pancreas (other tissues) (other tissues) body connective Throughout tissue, adipose Estrogen Ovaries Ovaries body Liver, Throughout Glucagon Pancreas Pancreas muscle, Progesterone Ovaries Ovaries adipose body

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Summary Summary RELEASED TARGET RELEASED TARGET HORMONE PRODUCED HORMONE PRODUCED FROM TISSUE FROM TISSUE Bones, Parathyroid Parathyroid Throughout PTH Kidneys, Melatonin Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Gland Gland body Intestine Bone Erythropoietin Kidneys Kidneys Thymosin Thymus Thymus T cells Marrow Thymopoietin Thymus Thymus T Cells Adrenal Renin Kidneys Kidneys Leptin Adipose Adipose Hypothalamus Cortex Throughout Throughout Throughout Prostaglandins body body body

Important Concepts Important Concepts

• What is the function of the endocrine • Where are ALL the hormones produced and system? released from? • What are the similarities and differences – What are the functions of the hormones? between neurotransmitters and hormones? – What is the target of the hormones? • What are the 2 types of hormones? • Know all the disorders discussed – How do they work? – Cause, Effect, Treatments – How do they effect the target cells? • Know location and names of the endocrine – Know the differences and examples of each glands, be able to label a drawing with the type of hormone glands

Important Concepts Important Concepts

• How does the hypothalamus control the • How are calcium levels in the blood pituitary? regulated? • What is the function of the hypothalamus? – What hormones and glands regulate it? • How are the adrenal glands controlled? • How are BG levels regulated? What • What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands? hormones and glands regulate it? – How is each controlled? Which hormones are • Know the causes of the 2 types of released from which part? diabetes • Know the side effects of cortisol

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Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis

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Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis The End

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