United States In cooperation with Department of North Carolina Department Agriculture of Environment and Soil Survey of Natural Resources, North Carolina Agricultural Halifax County, Research Service, North Carolina Cooperative Natural Extension Service, Fishing North Carolina Resources Creek Soil and Water Conservation Conservation District, and Service Halifax County Board of Commissioners
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How to Use This Soil Survey
General Soil Map
The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.
To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.
Detailed Soil Maps
The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.
To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.
Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.
The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4
This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1993. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This soil survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District, and the Halifax County Board of Commissioners. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District. The Halifax County Board of Commissioners provided financial assistance for the survey, and the Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District provided clerical assistance. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The first soil survey of Halifax County was published in 1918 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (8). This survey updates the first survey, provides more detailed maps on aerial photographs, and contains more interpretive information. All programs and services of the Natural Resources Conservation Service are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap.
Cover: Cotton on Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Cotton is an important crop in Halifax County.
Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5
Contents
Cover ...... 1 ErB—Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 percent slopes ...... 38 Contents...... 5 EwB—Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 Foreword ...... 9 percent slopes ...... 39 General Nature of the County ...... 11 ExA—Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 40 How This Survey Was Made...... 14 FuB—Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 41 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 GoA—Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 1. Wedowee-Pacolet ...... 17 percent slopes ...... 42 2. Tatum-Herndon ...... 17 GrA—Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ..... 43 3. Wedowee-Emporia ...... 18 GtB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent 4. Dothan-Fuquay ...... 18 slopes ...... 44 5. Emporia-Goldsboro-Gritney ...... 19 GtC—Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent 6. Grantham-Exum ...... 20 slopes ...... 44 7. Noboco-Goldsboro-Gritney ...... 20 GyB2—Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent 8. Roanoke-Dogue...... 21 slopes, eroded ...... 45 9. State-Altavista ...... 22 HeA—Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 10. Chewacla-Riverview ...... 22 slopes ...... 46 11. Chastain-Bibb ...... 22 HrB—Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 25 slopes ...... 47 AaA—Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent HrC—Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 25 slopes ...... 48 AyA—Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 26 LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 49 BaA—Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 28 LyA—Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 BcA—Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent percent slopes ...... 49 slopes ...... 28 MrA—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent BoB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 50 slopes ...... 29 MrB—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent CbA—Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 51 slopes, frequently flooded ...... 30 NaA—Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, slopes ...... 51 occasionally flooded ...... 31 NkB—Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 CwA—Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 52 percent slopes, frequently flooded ...... 32 NoA—Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent DgA—Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 33 slopes ...... 54 DoA—Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 34 slopes ...... 55 DoB—Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent PeB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 34 slopes, eroded ...... 55 EmA—Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent RaA—Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 36 slopes ...... 56 EmB—Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent RmA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, slopes ...... 37 occasionally flooded ...... 57 EmC—Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 RoA—Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, percent slopes ...... 38 occasionally flooded ...... 57 6
SeA—Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent Altavista Series ...... 104 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 58 Aycock Series ...... 104 StA—State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Bethera Series ...... 105 slopes ...... 59 Bibb Series ...... 106 StB—State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Bojac Series ...... 106 slopes ...... 59 Bonneau Series ...... 107 TaA—Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent Chastain Series ...... 107 slopes ...... 60 Chewacla Series ...... 108 TbE—Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent Dogue Series ...... 109 slopes ...... 62 Dothan Series ...... 110 TmB2—Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent Emporia Series ...... 110 slopes, eroded ...... 62 Exum Series...... 111 TmC2—Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent Fuquay Series ...... 112 slopes, eroded ...... 63 Goldsboro Series ...... 112 TtA—Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Grantham Series ...... 113 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 64 Gritney Series ...... 114 TuB—Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Helena Series ...... 115 slopes ...... 65 Herndon Series ...... 115 Ud—Udorthents, loamy ...... 65 Lignum Series ...... 116 WaA—Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Lynchburg Series ...... 121 rarely flooded ...... 66 Marlboro Series ...... 122 WeB—Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Nahunta Series ...... 122 slopes ...... 67 Nankin Series ...... 123 WeC—Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent Noboco Series ...... 124 slopes ...... 67 Pacolet Series ...... 125 WeE—Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent Rains Series ...... 125 slopes ...... 68 Riverview Series ...... 126 WnF—Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 Roanoke Series...... 126 percent slopes ...... 69 Seabrook Series ...... 127 Prime Farmland ...... 71 State Series ...... 128 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 73 Tarboro Series ...... 128 Crops and Pasture ...... 73 Tatum Series ...... 129 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 79 Tomotley Series...... 129 Recreation ...... 82 Turbeville Series ...... 130 Wildlife Habitat ...... 83 Udorthents ...... 131 Engineering ...... 86 Wahee Series...... 131 Soil Properties ...... 93 Wedowee Series ...... 132 Engineering Index Properties ...... 93 Wehadkee Series ...... 132 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 94 Winton Series...... 133 Soil and Water Features ...... 95 References ...... 135 Formation of the Soils ...... 97 Glossary ...... 137 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 97 Tables ...... 153 Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 100 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 154 Classification of the Soils ...... 103 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 155 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 103 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 155 7
Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 176 of the Soils ...... 156 Table 11.—Construction Materials ...... 180 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre Table 12.—Water Management ...... 183 of Crops and Pasture ...... 157 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 187 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties Productivity ...... 160 of the Soils ...... 195 Table 7.—Recreational Development ...... 165 Table 15.—Soil and Water Features ...... 199 Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 169 Table 16.—Classification of the Soils ...... 202 Table 9.—Building Site Development ...... 172
Issued 2006
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Foreword
This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Halifax County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various decisions for land use or land treatment. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow over bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
Mary K. Combs State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service
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Soil Survey of Halifax County, North Carolina
By Deborah T. Anderson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Clare D. Cole, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Soils surveyed by Deborah T. Anderson and Eugene W. Mellette, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and by Clare D. Cole, Richard D. Hayes, and Karl Shaffer, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District, and Halifax County Board of Commissioners
HALIFAX COUNTY is located in the northeastern part of North Carolina (fig. 1). It is separated from Northampton County by Lake Gaston and Roanoke Rapids Lake to the north and by the Roanoke River to the northeast. It is bounded on the east by Bertie County and on the southeast by Martin County. It is separated from Nash and Edgecombe Counties by Fishing Creek to the south. It is bounded on the west by Warren and Franklin Counties. Halifax County is the third largest county in North Carolina. It covers 722 square miles, or 468,026 acres. Figure 1.—Location of Halifax County in North Carolina. In 1990, the population of the county was 55,516 (14).
General Nature of the County This section gives general information about Halifax In 1758, the town of Halifax, which is situated on County. It describes the history and development; the Roanoke River, was established as the county physiography, relief, and drainage; and climate. seat. The majority of the early settlers were English colonists who moved south from Virginia. Some of the History and Development earliest land grants, recorded in the 1720’s, were for areas along the Roanoke River and near the mouth of In 1758, Halifax County was formed from part of Kehukee and Quankey Creeks. In 1722, Highland Edgecombe County. It was named in honor of Charles Scots came from Virginia and settled along the Montague, Earl of Halifax and President of the British Roanoke River in areas between Caledonia and Board of Trade. The area was originally inhabited by Palmyra. They named their settlement Scotland Neck. Indians. The Tuscarora was the dominant tribe. A Halifax served as the center of the North Carolina community of Haliwa-Saponi Indians is currently State Government, and the Halifax Resolves were located near the town of Hollister. adopted by the Provincial Congress on April 12, 1776. 12 Soil Survey
In Halifax, on November 12, 1776, the Provincial loamy and clayey soils are the dominant soils. The Fall Congress drafted and approved North Carolina’s first Line region, approximately 71,100 acres in size, is State constitution and approved the first governor. mostly on gently sloping to moderately sloping During the Civil War, Halifax was used as a supply landscapes. Well drained, loamy and clayey soils are depot and had an arms factory. Cornwallis briefly the dominant soils. The Southern Piedmont, occupied the town during his northward march to approximately 101,226 acres in size, is generally on Virginia (1). After the war, Halifax and the Roanoke gently sloping to moderately steep landscapes. Well Valley continued to prosper through use of the drained, clayey soils are the dominant soils. Roanoke River and the large areas of fertile farmland The county slopes eastward. According to U.S. adjoining the river. Around the 1840’s, because of the Geological Survey topographic maps, the highest point movement of new settlers westward and the arrival of in the county, located east of Littleton near Roper the railroad, eastern North Carolina decreased in Springs, is 391 feet. The lowest elevation, where the importance. Halifax County is now primarily an Roanoke River flows out of the southeastern part of agricultural community, but textiles, forestry, paper the county, is 20 feet. The depth to hard bedrock is 14 manufacturing, and tourism also contribute to the or 15 feet in the Piedmont region and ranges from 200 economy. to 300 feet in the Coastal Plain region. The depth to Roanoke Rapids, which was founded in 1895 along soft bedrock is less than 5 feet in some areas of the the Roanoke River, is the largest city in Halifax County. Piedmont. Enfield is the oldest town in the county. It served as Halifax County is drained mainly by Fishing Creek the county seat for Edgecombe County before the and, to a lesser extent, by the Roanoke River. Major formation of Halifax County. Other cities and towns in tributaries of Fishing Creek include Butterwood Creek, Halifax County include Scotland Neck, Weldon, Little Fishing Creek, Marsh Swamp, Beech Swamp, Littleton, Hobgood, and Hollister. Beaver Dam Swamp, Burnt Coat Swamp, and Bear Agriculture dominates the economy of Halifax Swamp. Kehukee Creek, Looking Glass Creek, County. In 1994, about 105,700 acres was cultivated Quankey Creek, Chockayotte Creek, Conocanara for crops and about 19,000 acres was used as pasture Swamp, and Cypress Swamp are the major tributaries and hayland. Cotton was grown on about 39,400 acres of the Roanoke River. (fig. 2), peanuts on 25,470 acres, corn on 18,800 acres, soybeans on 13,400 acres, small grain on Climate 12,500 acres, tobacco on 3,120 acres, and sorghum on 550 acres (7). The rest of the acreage is idle land Halifax County has long, hot summers because or is part of the conservation reserve program. The moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently timber industry also is important to the local economy. covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short. A About 250,000 acres in the county is commercial cold wave occurs rarely and moderates in 1 or 2 days. woodland (12). Loblolly pine is the dominant species. Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and prolonged droughts are rare. The amount of summer Physiography, Relief, and Drainage precipitation, mainly occurring as afternoon thunderstorms, is adequate for all crops. The majority of Halifax County is in the Coastal Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation Plain physiographic province. The western part of the for the survey area as recorded at Arcola, North county is in the Piedmont province. The Fall Line Carolina, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows region separates these two physiographic regions. The probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last Coastal Plain province has two distinct divisions—the freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods and the Southern Coastal growing season. Plain. The Atlantic Coast Flatwoods, approximately In winter, the average temperature is 40 degrees F 126,300 acres in size, is in the southeastern part of and the average daily minimum temperature is 31 the county. It is generally characterized by broad, degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which smooth landscapes. Poorly drained and somewhat occurred at Arcola on January 21, 1985, is -7 degrees. poorly drained, loamy soils and soils that have a high In summer, the average temperature is 76 degrees content of silt are the dominant soils. The Southern and the average daily maximum temperature is 87 Coastal Plain, approximately 169,400 acres in size, is degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which dominantly on nearly level and gently sloping occurred at Arcola on July 1, 1959, is 104 degrees. landscapes. Well drained and moderately well drained, Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They Halifax County, North Carolina 13
Figure 2.—An area of Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to cotton.
are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, September is less than 19 inches. The heaviest 1-day growing degree days accumulate by the amount that rainfall during the period of record was 8.18 inches at the average temperature each day exceeds a base Arcola on October 6, 1972. Thunderstorms occur on temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly about 44 days each year and most occur in July. accumulation is used to schedule single or successive The average seasonal snowfall is 6.2 inches. The plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring greatest snow depth at any one time during the period and the first freeze in fall. of record was 11 inches. On an average of 2 days, at The total average annual precipitation is about least 1 inch of snow is on the ground. 44.55 inches. Of this, 23.61 inches, or about 53 The average relative humidity in midafternoon is percent, usually falls in April through September. The about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the growing season for most crops falls within this period. average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall in April through 60 percent of the time possible in summer and 55 14 Soil Survey
percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 9.3 miles class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely per hour, in March. defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike comparison to classify soils systematically. The occasionally in or near the survey area. They are short system of taxonomic classification used in the United in duration and cause variable and spotty damage. States is based mainly on the kind and character of Every few years in summer or autumn, a tropical soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within depression or the remnant of a hurricane that has the profile. After the soil scientists classified and moved inland causes extremely heavy rainfall for 1 to named the soils in the survey area, they compared the 3 days. individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could How This Survey Was Made confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and research. This survey was made to provide information about While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some the soils in Halifax County. The information includes a of the soils in the area are generally collected for description of the soils and their location and a laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. The discussion of the suitability, limitations, and data from these analyses and tests and from field- management of the soils for specified uses. Soil observed characteristics and soil properties are used scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape to predict behavior of the soils under different uses. of slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of Interpretations are field tested through observation of crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the the soils in different uses under different levels of kinds of bedrock. They studied many soil profiles. A management. Some interpretations are modified to fit soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or local conditions, and some new interpretations are horizons, in a soil. It extends from the surface down developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled into the material from which the soil formed. from other sources, such as research information, Soils occur in an orderly pattern that results from production records, and field experience of specialists. the combined influence over time of climate, parent For example, data on crop yields under defined levels material, relief, and plants and animals. Each kind of of management are assembled from farm records and soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape or from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of with a segment of the landscape. By observing the soil. soils and relating their position to specific segments of Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of the landscape, soil scientists develop a concept, or time, but they are not predictable from year to year. model, of how the soils were formed. This model For example, soil scientists can predict with a enables the soil scientists to predict with a relatively high degree of accuracy that a given soil will considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil at a have a high water table within certain depths in most specific location on the landscape. years, but they cannot assure that a high water table Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge will be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. into one another as their characteristics gradually Soil boundaries are drawn on aerial photographs change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, and each delineation is identified as a specific map soil scientists must determine the boundaries between unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, the soils. They can observe only a limited number of roads, and rivers, all of which help in accurately soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, locating boundaries. supplemented by an understanding of the soil- landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify Map Unit Composition predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and identified and named according to the taxonomic amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a reaction, and other features that enable them to taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for identify the soils. After describing the soils and the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, determining their properties, the soil scientists the soils are natural objects. In common with other assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in Halifax County, North Carolina 15
their properties. Thus, the range of some observed inclusions. They generally occupy small areas and properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a cannot be shown separately on the soil maps because taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions of class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including contrasting soils are identified in the map unit areas of soils of other taxonomic classes. descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils observed and consequently are not mentioned in the for which it is named and some soils that belong to descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so other taxonomic classes. In the detailed soil map units, complex that it was impractical to make enough these latter soils are called inclusions or included soils. observations to identify all of the kinds of soils on the In the general soil map units, they are called minor landscape. soils. The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way Most inclusions have properties and behavioral diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data. patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the management. These are called noncontrasting landscape into segments that have similar use and (similar) inclusions. They may or may not be management requirements. The delineation of such mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Other landscape segments on the map provides sufficient inclusions, however, have properties and behavior information for the development of resource plans, but divergent enough to affect use or require different onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive management. These are contrasting (dissimilar) uses in areas that are less than 2 to 5 acres in size.
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General Soil Map Units
The general soil map shows broad areas that have yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each loam. map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural The Pacolet soils are gently sloping. The surface landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major layer is yellowish brown sandy loam about 8 inches soils and some minor soils. It is named for the major thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 35 soils. The soils making up one unit can occur in inches. The upper part of the subsoil is red clay, and another but in a different pattern. the lower part is red clay loam. The substratum The general soil map can be used to compare the extends to a depth of about 63 inches. It is mottled suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas white, reddish yellow, and red saprolite of sandy clay of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, loam. areas where the soils are not suitable can be The minor soils include Helena, Chewacla, and identified. Wehadkee soils. Helena soils are at the head of Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable drainageways and along drainageways. Chewacla and for planning the management of a farm or field or for Wehadkee soils are on flood plains. selecting a site for a road or a building or other Most of the gently sloping areas are used as structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from cropland. The moderately sloping areas are used as place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other cropland or woodland. The moderately steep areas are characteristics that affect management. mainly used as woodland. The slope, a hazard of erosion, and permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and management of the 1. Wedowee-Pacolet Wedowee and Pacolet soils. Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; 2. Tatum-Herndon on piedmont uplands Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained soils This map unit is in the western part of Halifax that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey subsoil; County. The landscape is characterized by upland on piedmont uplands ridges and side slopes that are dissected by numerous drainageways. This map unit is in the southwestern part of Halifax This map unit makes up about 15 percent of the County. The landscape is characterized by upland county. It is about 66 percent Wedowee soils, 18 ridges and side slopes that are dissected by numerous percent Pacolet soils, and 16 percent soils of minor drainageways. extent. This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the The Wedowee soils are gently sloping to county. It is about 47 percent Tatum soils, 22 percent moderately steep. The surface layer is dark brown Herndon soils, and 31 percent soils of minor extent. sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends The Tatum soils are gently sloping to moderately to a depth of about 36 inches. In sequence downward, steep. The surface layer is about 6 inches thick. It is it is yellowish brown sandy loam, strong brown clay strong brown silty clay loam that has yellowish red that has yellowish red mottles, strong brown clay that mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 35 has brownish yellow and red mottles, and strong inches. It is red silty clay that has brownish yellow brown clay loam that has brownish yellow, white, and mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of about red mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of 50 inches. It is mottled yellow, light gray, weak red, and about 63 inches. It is mottled strong brown, brownish red saprolite of silt loam. Soft bedrock is at a depth of 18 Soil Survey
about 50 inches. It is mottled light gray and red, yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay strongly weathered slate rock. loam. The Herndon soils are gently sloping and The Emporia soils are nearly level to moderately moderately sloping. The surface layer is dark grayish sloping. The surface layer is brown fine sandy loam brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface about 10 inches thick. The subsurface layer is layer is light yellowish brown silt loam about 4 inches yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 45 The subsoil extends to a depth of about 58 inches. The inches. In sequence downward, it is strong brown silty upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown sandy clay clay, strong brown silty clay that has red mottles, loam, and the lower part is yellowish brown clay that yellowish red silty clay that has yellow mottles, and has gray, red, and brownish yellow mottles. The mottled strong brown, yellowish red, yellow, and red substratum extends to a depth of about 67 inches. It is silty clay loam. The substratum extends to a depth of mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red about 61 inches. It is mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish clay loam that has thin strata of sandy loam. white, and red saprolite of silt loam. The minor soils include Chewacla, Wehadkee, and The minor soils include Lignum, Chewacla, and Nankin soils. Chewacla and Wehadkee soils are on Wehadkee soils. Lignum soils are on broad flats, at the flood plains. Nankin soils are on the higher knobs and head of drainageways, and along drainageways. ridges. Chewacla and Wehadkee soils are on flood plains. Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas Most of the gently sloping areas are used as are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas cropland. The moderately sloping areas are used as are used as cropland or woodland. The slope, a cropland or woodland. The moderately steep areas are hazard of erosion, and permeability in the subsoil are mainly used as woodland. The slope, a hazard of the main limitations affecting the use and management erosion, the depth to soft bedrock, the shrink-swell of the Wedowee and Emporia soils. The Emporia soils potential, and permeability in the subsoil are the main also have a perched water table and a shrink-swell limitations affecting the use and management of the potential. Tatum soils. The slope, a hazard of erosion, and permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and management of the Herndon 4. Dothan-Fuquay soils. Nearly level and gently sloping, well drained soils that have a sandy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on 3. Wedowee-Emporia uplands of the Fall Line This map unit is in the central part of Halifax Nearly level to moderately steep, well drained soils County, in the Fall Line region. The landscape is that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy characterized by broad, smooth, upland ridges. subsoil; on uplands of the Fall Line This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the This map unit is in the central part of Halifax county. It is about 37 percent Dothan soils, 27 percent County, in the Fall Line region. The landscape is Fuquay soils, and 36 percent soils of minor extent. characterized by upland ridges and side slopes. The Dothan soils are nearly level and gently This map unit makes up about 10 percent of the sloping. The surface layer is brown loamy sand about county. It is about 35 percent Wedowee soils, 34 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown percent Emporia soils, and 31 percent soils of minor loamy sand about 8 inches thick. The subsoil extends extent. to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence downward, The Wedowee soils are gently sloping to it is yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has moderately steep. The surface layer is dark brown yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules, sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends yellowish brown sandy clay that has yellowish red to a depth of about 36 inches. In sequence downward, mottles and common plinthite nodules, red sandy clay it is yellowish brown sandy loam, strong brown clay that has yellowish red mottles and common plinthite that has yellowish red mottles, strong brown clay that nodules, and reticulately mottled red, yellowish red, has brownish yellow and red mottles, and strong and pinkish gray sandy loam that has pockets of brown clay loam that has brownish yellow, white, and sandy clay loam. red mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of The Fuquay soils are nearly level and gently about 63 inches. It is mottled strong brown, brownish sloping. The surface layer is brown sand about 9 Halifax County, North Carolina 19
Figure 3.—A generalized landscape of Halifax County showing the relative location of some important soils and depth to the seasonal high water table. inches thick. The subsurface layer is light yellowish 5. Emporia-Goldsboro-Gritney brown loamy sand about 16 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 70 inches. In sequence Nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained and downward, it is yellowish brown sandy loam that has moderately well drained soils that have a loamy strong brown mottles; light yellowish brown sandy surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on loam that has very pale brown mottles; yellowish uplands of the Coastal Plain brown sandy clay loam that has red and light brownish gray mottles and common plinthite nodules; This map unit is in the central part of Halifax reticulately mottled red, light brownish gray, and strong County. The landscape is characterized by broad, brown sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay smooth, upland ridges, flats, and depressions with and common plinthite nodules; and reticulately mottled side slopes adjacent to drainageways and flood plains red, light brownish gray, and strong brown sandy loam (fig. 3). that has pockets of clay loam and common plinthite This map unit makes up about 28 percent of the nodules. county. It is about 34 percent Emporia soils, 12 The minor soils include Bibb, Chastain, Emporia, percent Goldsboro soils, 11 percent Gritney soils, and Goldsboro, and Wedowee soils. Bibb and Chastain 43 percent soils of minor extent. soils are on flood plains. Emporia and Wedowee soils The Emporia soils are nearly level to moderately are on side slopes and the narrower ridges. Goldsboro sloping and are well drained. The surface layer is soils are on flats, in depressions, and along brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The drainageways. subsurface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam Most of this map unit is used as cropland. A hazard about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of of soil blowing, the droughtiness of the sandy surface about 58 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is layer, a water table that is perched above the plinthic yellowish brown sandy clay loam, and the lower part is layer, and the permeability in the lower part of the yellowish brown clay that has gray, red, and brownish subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and yellow mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of management of the Dothan and Fuquay soils. about 67 inches. It is mottled yellowish brown, gray, 20 Soil Survey
strong brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of county. It is about 32 percent Grantham soils, 26 sandy loam. percent Exum soils, and 42 percent soils of minor The Goldsboro soils are nearly level and are extent. moderately well drained. The surface layer is brown The Grantham soils are poorly drained. The surface fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil layer is very dark gray loam about 8 inches thick. The extends to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence subsurface layer is about 4 inches thick. It is light downward, it is brownish yellow sandy clay loam; brownish gray loam that has yellow mottles. The yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong subsoil extends to a depth of about 75 inches. In brown mottles; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that sequence downward, it is light brownish gray loam that has strong brown and gray mottles; mottled yellowish has brownish yellow and strong brown mottles; light brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam; and gray loam that has brownish yellow and strong brown mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red mottles; light brownish gray loam that has light gray, sandy clay loam. brownish yellow, and red mottles; and light brownish The Gritney soils are gently sloping to moderately gray clay loam that has brownish yellow and strong sloping and are moderately well drained. The surface brown mottles. layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6 The Exum soils are moderately well drained. The inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about surface layer is gray silt loam about 9 inches thick. The 57 inches. In sequence downward, it is yellowish subsurface layer is light yellowish brown silt loam brown sandy clay loam; yellowish brown clay that has about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of yellowish red mottles; mottled yellowish brown, light about 62 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is gray, red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown yellowish brown silt loam. The next part is yellowish clay; and mottled yellowish brown, light gray, red, brown loam that has light brownish gray mottles. The brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown clay that lower part is yellowish brown loam that has light has pockets of sandy clay loam. The substratum brownish gray and strong brown mottles. extends to a depth of about 60 inches. It is mottled The minor soils include Nahunta, Aycock, Gritney, yellowish brown, light gray, red, brownish yellow, and Emporia, Chastain, and Bibb soils. Nahunta soils are dark yellowish brown clay loam. in areas intermingled with the Grantham soils. Aycock The minor soils include Bonneau, Chastain, Bibb, soils are on the higher knobs and ridges. Gritney and and Rains soils. Bonneau soils are in areas Emporia soils are on side slopes and the narrower intermingled with the Emporia and Gritney soils. ridges. Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood plains. Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood plains. Rains soils Most drained areas of this map unit are used as are on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. cropland. Areas of poorly drained soils that are not Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas artificially drained are used as woodland. A high water are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas table and permeability in the subsoil are the main are used as cropland or woodland. The slope, a limitations affecting the use and management of the hazard of erosion, a perched water table, the shrink- Grantham and Exum soils. swell potential, and permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and management of the Emporia and Gritney soils. A high water table is 7. Noboco-Goldsboro-Gritney the main limitation affecting the use and management of the Goldsboro soils. Nearly level to moderately sloping, well drained and moderately well drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a loamy or clayey subsoil; on 6. Grantham-Exum uplands of the Coastal Plain This map unit is in the southeastern part of Halifax Nearly level, poorly drained and moderately well County. The landscape is characterized by broad, drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a smooth, upland ridges, flats, and depressions with loamy subsoil; on uplands of the Coastal Plain side slopes adjacent to drainageways and flood plains. This map unit is in the southeastern part of Halifax This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the County. The landscape is characterized by broad, county. It is about 18 percent Noboco soils, 17 percent smooth, upland flats and depressions. Goldsboro soils, 16 percent Gritney soils, and 49 This map unit makes up about 7 percent of the percent soils of minor extent. Halifax County, North Carolina 21
The Noboco soils are nearly level and are well 8. Roanoke-Dogue drained. The surface layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsurface Nearly level, poorly drained and moderately well layer is about 8 inches thick. It is very pale brown fine drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a sandy loam that has brownish yellow mottles. The clayey subsoil; on fluvial terraces subsoil extends to a depth of about 64 inches. In sequence downward, it is yellowish brown sandy clay This map unit generally occurs along the Roanoke loam; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has River and its major tributaries and commonly occurs in yellowish red and pale yellow mottles; yellowish brown areas adjacent to the State-Altavista general soil map sandy clay loam that has light gray, yellowish red, and unit. The landscape is characterized by broad, smooth strong brown mottles; and yellowish brown sandy clay flats and depressions. The map unit may be loam that has light gray, yellowish red, and red mottles occasionally flooded for brief periods. and pockets of sandy clay. This map unit makes up about 6 percent of Halifax The Goldsboro soils are nearly level and are County. It is about 31 percent Roanoke soils, 29 moderately well drained. The surface layer is brown percent Dogue soils, and 40 percent soils of minor fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extent. extends to a depth of about 72 inches. In sequence The Roanoke soils are poorly drained. The surface downward, it is brownish yellow sandy clay loam; layer is very dark gray loam about 5 inches thick. The yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has strong subsurface layer is about 3 inches thick. It is grayish brown mottles; yellowish brown sandy clay loam that brown loam that has yellowish brown mottles. The has gray and strong brown mottles; mottled yellowish subsoil extends to a depth of about 52 inches. It is brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam; and gray clay that has light yellowish brown and strong mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong brown, and red brown mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of sandy clay loam. about 70 inches. It is mottled light brownish gray and The Gritney soils are gently sloping to moderately yellowish red loam. sloping and are moderately well drained. The surface The Dogue soils are moderately well drained. The layer is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6 surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about inches thick. The subsurface layer is light yellowish 57 inches. In sequence downward, it is yellowish brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends brown sandy clay loam; yellowish brown clay that to a depth of about 53 inches. In sequence downward, has yellowish red mottles; mottled yellowish brown, it is yellow loam; brownish yellow clay loam that has light gray, red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish strong brown mottles; brownish yellow clay that has brown clay; and mottled yellowish brown, light gray, strong brown and light gray mottles; mottled brownish red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown clay yellow, strong brown, and light gray clay; and mottled that has pockets of sandy clay loam. The substratum strong brown and light gray sandy clay loam that extends to a depth of about 60 inches. It is mottled has pockets of sandy clay. The substratum extends to yellowish brown, light gray, red, brownish yellow, and a depth of about 62 inches. It is mottled yellow, dark yellowish brown clay loam. brownish yellow, strong brown, and light gray sandy The minor soils include Emporia, Bonneau, Rains, clay loam. and Bethera soils. Emporia soils are on side slopes The minor soils include Chastain, Bibb, Wahee, and and the narrower ridges. Bonneau soils are in areas Winton soils. Chastain and Bibb soils are on flood intermingled with the Noboco soils. Rains and Bethera plains. Wahee soils are in areas intermingled with the soils are on flats, in depressions, and along Roanoke soils. Winton soils are on bluffs along the drainageways. Roanoke River and on side slopes adjacent to Most of the nearly level and gently sloping areas drainageways and flood plains. are used as cropland. The moderately sloping areas Most of this map unit is used as woodland. A are used as cropland or woodland. A high water table high water table and permeability in the subsoil are is the main limitation affecting the use and the main limitations affecting the use and management management of the Noboco and Goldsboro soils. of the Roanoke and Dogue soils. In addition, the The slope, a hazard of erosion, a perched water table, Roanoke soils have a hazard of occasional the shrink-swell potential, and permeability in the flooding and the Dogue soils have a shrink-swell subsoil are the main limitations affecting the use and potential. management of the Gritney soils. 22 Soil Survey
9. State-Altavista The landscape is characterized by nearly level, broad, smooth flats that are dissected by slightly higher, Nearly level and gently sloping, well drained and nearly level ridges in some areas. The map unit may moderately well drained soils that have a loamy be frequently or occasionally flooded for brief to long surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on fluvial terraces periods. This map unit makes up about 2 percent of Halifax This map unit generally occurs along the Roanoke County. It is about 54 percent Chewacla soils, 25 River, Fishing Creek, and the larger streams in Halifax percent Riverview soils, and 21 percent soils of minor County and commonly occurs in areas adjacent to the extent. Chewacla-Riverview general soil map unit. The The Chewacla soils are somewhat poorly drained. landscape is characterized by broad, smooth ridges, The surface layer is dark brown loam about 4 inches flats, and depressions. The map unit may be rarely thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 flooded, and some areas along Fishing Creek may be inches. In sequence downward, it is dark yellowish flooded more often. brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles, dark This map unit makes up about 10 percent of the yellowish brown clay loam that has grayish brown and county. It is about 49 percent State soils, 10 percent strong brown mottles, dark brown loam that has gray Altavista soils, and 41 percent soils of minor extent. mottles, strong brown clay loam that has gray mottles, The State soils are nearly level and gently sloping and mottled gray, strong brown, and red clay loam. and are well drained. The surface layer is dark The substratum extends to a depth of about 72 inches. yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 6 inches thick. It is mottled dark brown and gray loam. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 53 inches. The The Riverview soils are well drained. The surface upper part of the subsoil is strong brown sandy clay layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 6 inches loam, and the lower part is strong brown fine sandy thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 32 loam. The substratum extends to a depth of about 75 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is strong brown inches. It is very fine sandy loam. It is strong brown in fine sandy loam, and the lower part is strong brown the upper part and yellowish brown in the lower part. clay loam. The substratum extends to a depth of about The Altavista soils are nearly level and are 50 inches. In sequence downward, it is strong brown moderately well drained. The surface layer is dark fine sandy loam, brown fine sandy loam, dark brown brown fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The loam, and strong brown fine sandy loam. subsurface layer is brownish yellow fine sandy loam The minor soils include Wehadkee soils. These soils about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of are in depressions and areas of back swamps. about 50 inches. The upper part of the subsoil is Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The strong brown sandy clay loam. The next part is strong hazard of frequent or occasional flooding and a high brown sandy clay loam that has gray and red mottles. water table are the main limitations affecting the use The lower part is mottled reddish yellow, gray, and and management of the Chewacla and Riverview strong brown fine sandy loam. The substratum soils. extends to a depth of about 62 inches. It is mottled reddish yellow, gray, and strong brown sandy loam that has thin strata of sandy clay loam. 11. Chastain-Bibb The minor soils include Chastain, Bibb, Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils. These soils are on flood plains. Nearly level, poorly drained soils that have a loamy Most of this map unit is used as cropland. A hazard surface layer and a clayey or sandy subsoil; on flood of erosion and a high water table are the main plains limitations affecting the use and management of the State soils. The hazard of rare flooding and a high This map unit is along major creeks and streams on water table are the main limitations affecting the use the Coastal Plain. The landscape is characterized by and management of the Altavista soils. nearly level, broad, smooth flats. The map unit may be frequently flooded for brief to very long periods. This map unit makes up about 6 percent of Halifax 10. Chewacla-Riverview County. It is about 49 percent Chastain soils, 33 percent Bibb soils, and 18 percent soils of minor Nearly level, somewhat poorly drained and well extent. drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a The surface layer of the Chastain soils is very dark loamy subsoil; on flood plains grayish brown clay loam about 5 inches thick. The This map unit is adjacent to the Roanoke River. subsoil extends to a depth of about 54 inches. In Halifax County, North Carolina 23
sequence downward, it is grayish brown silty clay that upper part of the substratum is light brownish gray fine has strong brown mottles, gray clay that has strong sandy loam that has yellowish brown mottles. The next brown mottles, gray clay that has strong brown and part is gray fine sandy loam. The lower part is dark yellowish red mottles, and dark gray clay that has gray coarse sand. strong brown mottles. The substratum extends to a The minor soils include Altavista, Roanoke, and depth of about 72 inches. It is light brownish gray silty Tomotley soils. These soils are on the higher terraces clay that has dark gray and strong brown mottles. adjacent to rivers and streams. The surface layer of the Bibb soils extends to a Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The depth of about 10 inches. The upper part of the hazard of frequent flooding and a high water table are surface layer is dark grayish brown loam, and the the main limitations affecting the use and management lower part is grayish brown fine sandy loam. The of the Chastain and Bibb soils. substratum extends to a depth of about 66 inches. The
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Detailed Soil Map Units
The map units on the detailed soil maps represent An undifferentiated group is made up of two or the soils in the survey area at a mapping scale of more dominant soils that could be mapped individually 1:24,000. The map unit descriptions in this section, but are mapped as one unit because similar along with the soil maps, can be used to determine the interpretations can be made for use and management. suitability and potential of the dominant soils within the The pattern and proportion of the soils in a mapped map unit for specific uses. They also can be used to area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only plan the management needed for those uses. More one of the major soils, or it can be made up of all of information on each map unit is given under the them. Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” frequently flooded, is an undifferentiated group in this The map units on the detailed soil maps represent survey area. areas on the landscape and consist mainly of the Most map units include small scattered areas of dominant soils for which the units are named. soils other than those for which the map unit is named. Symbols identifying the soils precede the map unit Some of these included soils have properties that names in the map unit descriptions. The descriptions differ substantially from those of the major soils. Such include general facts about the soils and give the differences could significantly affect use and principal hazards and limitations to be considered in management of the soils in the map unit. The included planning for specific uses. soils are identified in each map unit description. Some Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make small areas of strongly contrasting soils may be up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the identified by a special symbol on the soil maps. surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of a series have major horizons that are similar in of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give composition, thickness, and arrangement. properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, Soils of one series can differ in texture of the and suitabilities for many uses. The Glossary defines surface layer or of the underlying material. They also many of the terms used in describing the soils. can differ in slope, wetness, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil AaA—Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent This nearly level, very deep, phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil slopes, rarely flooded. moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, maps are named as phases of soil series. The name in depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature or terraces along the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and features that affect use or management. For example, the larger streams in the county. Individual areas are Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded, is long and narrow and range from about 5 to 50 acres in a map unit of the Tatum series that identifies surface size. texture, degree of erosion, and slope group as the Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of dominant soil features affecting use or management. the layers of this soil are as follows— Some map units are made up of two or more major soils. These map units are called soil complexes or Surface layer: undifferentiated groups. 0 to 8 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam A soil complex consists of two or more contrasting Subsurface layer: soils, or miscellaneous land areas, in such an intricate 8 to 12 inches—brownish yellow fine sandy loam pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and Subsoil: proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all 12 to 23 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam areas. Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent 23 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that slopes, is an example. has gray and red mottles 26 Soil Survey
36 to 50 inches—mottled reddish yellow, gray, and Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for strong brown fine sandy loam dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be selected on more suitable soils. Substratum: The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on 50 to 62 inches—mottled reddish yellow, gray, and loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland strong brown sandy loam that has thin strata of ordination symbol is 9A. sandy clay loam Important soil properties— AyA—Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil is on Permeability: Moderate broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal Plain. Available water capacity: Moderate Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from Surface runoff: Slow about 10 to 30 acres in size. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from the layers of this soil are as follows— December through April Surface layer: Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam State, Tomotley, and Dogue soils. The well drained State soils are in the slightly higher areas. The poorly Subsurface layer: drained Tomotley soils are in the slightly lower areas. 6 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Dogue soils have a clayey subsoil. They are Subsoil: intermingled with the Altavista soil in some areas. 10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown loam that has Some areas along Fishing Creek may be more than reddish yellow mottles rarely flooded (fig. 4). Also included are small areas of 26 to 42 inches—yellowish brown loam that has soils that have major properties, use, and reddish yellow, yellowish red, and red mottles management similar to those of the Altavista soil but 42 to 60 inches—yellowish brown loam that has have more silt in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions reddish yellow, yellowish red, red, and gray make up about 15 percent of this map unit. mottles Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest 60 to 74 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish is mainly used as woodland or pasture. brown, red, and gray clay loam In cultivated areas of this Altavista soil, the major crops are corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, and small Important soil properties— grain. The hazard of flooding and the high water table Permeability: Moderately slow are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation Available water capacity: High may be delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage Surface runoff: Slow systems may be needed to remove excess water. Hazard of water erosion: Moderate Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, High water table: At a depth of 3.5 to 6.0 feet from and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and January through April conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are 3 percent, conservation practices, such as no-till Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, Exum and Nahunta soils. The moderately well drained field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and Exum soils and the somewhat poorly drained Nahunta diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and soils are on flats, in depressions, and along control erosion. drainageways. Also included are small areas of soils In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for that have major properties, use, and management loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant similar to those of the Aycock soil but have a surface species is the main limitation affecting use and layer of fine sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up management. Intensive site preparation, such as about 10 percent of this map unit. chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest control the competition from undesirable plant species. is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for In cultivated areas of this Aycock soil, the major loblolly pine is 96 feet. crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and tobacco. The The hazard of flooding and the high water table are hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting the main limitations affecting building site development cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Halifax County, North Carolina 27
Figure 4.—Flooding along Fishing Creek in an area of Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, rarely flooded.
maintain tilth. In areas where slopes are 3 percent, species is the main limitation affecting use and conservation practices, such as no-till planting, management. Intensive site preparation, such as stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and control the competition from undesirable plant species. diversions, can also help to conserve water and Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for control erosion. loblolly pine is 84 feet. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for The high water table and the moderately slow loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations 28 Soil Survey
affecting building site development and septic tank Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing is mainly used as cropland or pasture. drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing In drained and cultivated areas of this Bethera soil, foundations, and land shaping so that surface water the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain. and runoff are directed away from dwellings can The high water table and the slow or moderately slow minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations drainage system around the septic tank absorption affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during field may be needed to minimize problems caused by wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be wetness and prevent the contamination of ground needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption outlets and the permeability can restrict the use of field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A many drainage systems. specially designed septic system may be needed. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow symbol is 8A. are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to This BaA—Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. remove excess water, but a lack of suitable outlets can nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soil is on broad, restrict the use of many drainage systems. Intensive smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and along site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce the are irregular in shape and generally range from about seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition 10 to 200 acres in size. A few areas are as much as from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands 500 acres in size. carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems, Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of and periodically removing windthrown trees may be the layers of this soil are as follows— needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site Surface layer: index for loblolly pine is 92 feet where the soil is 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam drained. Based on a 50-year site index, the mean site index for sweetgum is 95 feet where the soil is Subsoil: undrained. 7 to 13 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has The high water table and the slow permeability in reddish yellow mottles the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building 13 to 35 inches—gray clay that has reddish yellow site development and septic tank absorption fields in mottles areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to 35 to 52 inches—gray silty clay that has light yellowish footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land brown and reddish yellow mottles shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed 52 to 63 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has away from dwellings can minimize some of the light gray and reddish yellow mottles problems caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system around the septic tank absorption field may be Important soil properties— needed to minimize problems caused by wetness and Permeability: Slow or moderately slow prevent the contamination of ground water. A lack of Available water capacity: High suitable outlets may be a problem in some areas. Surface runoff: Very slow Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field Hazard of water erosion: Slight can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A High water table: Within a depth of 1.5 feet from specially designed septic system may be needed. December through April The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas and VIw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol Lynchburg, Grantham, and Rains soils. These soils is 10W in drained areas. Based on sweetgum as the have a loamy subsoil. The somewhat poorly drained indicator species, it is 8W in undrained areas. Lynchburg soils are in the slightly higher areas. Grantham and Rains soils are intermingled with the Bethera soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make BcA—Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent up about 20 percent of this map unit. slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial terraces along Halifax County, North Carolina 29
Fishing Creek. Individual areas are irregular in shape species are the main limitations affecting woodland. and range from about 10 to 50 acres in size. Seedling mortality is a concern during dry periods. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, the layers of this soil are as follows— and applying herbicides, can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and Surface layer: reduce the competition from undesirable plant species. 0 to 12 inches—brown loamy fine sand Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Subsurface layer: loblolly pine is 80 feet. 12 to 18 inches—brownish yellow loamy fine sand The high water table is the main limitation affecting building site development and septic tank absorption Subsoil: fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems 18 to 31 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and 31 to 39 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam land shaping so that surface water and runoff are 39 to 53 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam directed away from dwellings can minimize problems Substratum: caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system 53 to 74 inches—yellow loamy fine sand that has around the septic tank absorption field may be needed yellow mottles to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of ground water. A specially Important soil properties— designed septic system may be needed. Permeability: Moderately rapid The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly Available water capacity: Low pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination Surface runoff: Slow symbol is 8S. Hazard of water erosion: Slight High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from November through April BoB—Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes. This nearly level and gently sloping, very Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of deep, well drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland State and Tarboro soils. These soils are intermingled ridges of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are with the Bojac soil in some areas. State soils have irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 300 more clay in the subsoil. The somewhat excessively acres in size. drained Tarboro soils are sandy throughout. Also Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of included are small areas of soils that have major the layers of this soil are as follows— properties, use, and management similar to those of Surface layer: the Bojac soil but have a sandy surface layer that is 0 to 9 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand more than 20 inches thick. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 20 percent of this map unit. Subsurface layer: Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest 9 to 23 inches—pale brown loamy fine sand is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Subsoil: In cultivated areas of this Bojac soil, the major 23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and soybeans. The 31 to 36 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, a has yellowish red and light yellowish brown hazard of soil blowing, the low available water mottles capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are the 36 to 54 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that main limitations affecting cropland. Irrigation may be has red and gray mottles needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage 54 to 66 inches—mottled red, gray, and yellowish young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing brown sandy clay loam crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and Important soil properties— legumes in the cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture. Permeability: Moderate Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split Available water capacity: Moderate applications. Surface runoff: Slow In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Hazard of water erosion: Slight loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from surface layer and competition from undesirable plant December through March 30 Soil Survey
Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of and Bibb soils both occur, and in others only one of Emporia, Noboco, and Fuquay soils. Emporia and the soils occurs. Individual areas are long and broad Noboco soils do not have a sandy surface layer that is and range from about 50 to 300 acres in size. more than 20 inches thick. They are intermingled with Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of the Bonneau soil in some areas. Fuquay soils have the layers of this Chastain soil are as follows— more than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the Surface layer: subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 13 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam percent of this map unit. Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Subsoil: is mainly used as woodland or pasture. 5 to 12 inches—grayish brown silty clay that has In cultivated areas of this Bonneau soil, the major strong brown mottles crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, and 12 to 25 inches—gray clay that has strong brown corn. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface mottles layer, a hazard of soil blowing, and the leaching of 25 to 36 inches—gray clay that has strong brown and plant nutrients are the main limitations affecting yellowish red mottles cropland. Irrigation may be needed during dry periods. 36 to 54 inches—dark gray clay that has strong brown Blowing sand may damage young plants. Planting mottles winter cover crops, managing crop residue, Substratum: conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and 54 to 72 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that has including close-growing grasses and legumes in the dark gray and strong brown mottles cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture. Fertilizers, particularly Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of nitrogen, should be used in split applications. the layers of this Bibb soil are as follows— In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Surface layer: loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown loam surface layer is the main limitation affecting use and 5 to 10 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam management. Seedling mortality is a concern during dry periods. When dry, the sandy layers are soft and Substratum: may limit the use of equipment. Based on a 50-year 10 to 20 inches—light brownish gray fine sandy loam site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80 that has yellowish brown mottles feet. 20 to 36 inches—gray fine sandy loam The high water table is the main limitation affecting 36 to 66 inches—dark gray coarse sand building site development and septic tank absorption Important soil properties of this Chastain soil— fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and Permeability: Slow land shaping so that surface water and runoff are Available water capacity: Moderate directed away from dwellings can minimize problems Surface runoff: Very slow caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept Hazard of water erosion: Slight runoff from the higher areas can also minimize High water table: Within a depth 1.0 foot from problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank November through May absorption fields. A specially designed septic system Important soil properties of this Bibb soil— may be needed. The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination and moderately rapid in the lower part symbol is 8S. Available water capacity: Moderate Surface runoff: Very slow Hazard of water erosion: Slight CbA—Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent High water table: At a depth of 0.5 to 1.0 foot from These nearly level, very slopes, frequently flooded. December through April deep, poorly drained soils are on flood plains of the Coastal Plain. Because these soils react similarly to Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of most kinds of use and management, they were not Chewacla and Riverview soils. The somewhat poorly separated in mapping. Typically, this map unit is about drained Chewacla soils and the well drained Riverview 50 percent Chastain soil, 30 percent Bibb soil, and 20 soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on natural levees percent other soils. In some mapped areas Chastain along the larger streams or in the slightly higher areas. Halifax County, North Carolina 31
Also included are small areas of soils that have major Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of properties, use, and management similar to those of the layers of this soil are as follows— the Chastain and Bibb soils. These soils have a loamy Surface layer: subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam of this map unit. Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map Subsoil: unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture. 4 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam The hazard of flooding and the high water table are that has brown mottles the main limitations affecting cropland in areas of 14 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that these Chastain and Bibb soils. A lack of suitable has grayish brown and strong brown mottles outlets may restrict the use of artificial drainage 26 to 38 inches—dark brown loam that has gray systems. mottles In wooded areas, these soils are primarily 38 to 47 inches—strong brown clay loam that has gray unmanaged. The hazard of flooding, the high water mottles table, competition from undesirable plant species, a 47 to 60 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red hazard of windthrow, and the high content of clay in clay loam the upper 10 inches of the Chastain soil are the main Substratum: limitations affecting woodland. The use of equipment 60 to 72 inches—mottled dark brown and gray loam may be restricted to periods when the soils are dry. The lack of suitable outlets may restrict the use of Important soil properties— artificial drainage systems. Intensive site preparation, Permeability: Moderate such as chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to Available water capacity: High establish seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, Surface runoff: Slow and reduce the competition from undesirable plant Hazard of water erosion: Slight species. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding damage to High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from surficial root systems, and periodically removing November through April windthrown trees may be needed. Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet periods because of the Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the Chastain, Bibb, Wehadkee, and Riverview soils. The Chastain soil. Logging during the drier periods helps to poorly drained Chastain, Bibb, and Wehadkee soils prevent rutting of the surface layer and possible root are in depressions and the slightly lower areas. damage from compaction. Based on a 50-year site Chastain soils have a clayey subsoil, and Bibb soils curve, the mean site index for sweetgum is 95 feet in have a sandy substratum. The well drained Riverview areas of the Chastain soil and 90 feet in areas of the soils are in the slightly higher areas. Dissimilar Bibb soil. inclusions make up about 20 percent of this map unit. The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest the very slow permeability in the Chastain soil are the is mainly used as cropland or pasture. main limitations affecting building site development In cultivated areas of this Chewacla soil, the major and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this map crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of flooding unit. Because of the hazard of frequent flooding, sites and the high water table are the main limitations for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during be selected on more suitable soils. wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be The land capability subclass is VIIw in areas of the needed to remove excess water. Planting winter cover Chastain soil and Vw in areas of the Bibb soil. Based crops, managing crop residue, and conservation on sweetgum as the indicator species, the woodland tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. ordination symbol is 8W in areas of both soils. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, table, competition from undesirable plant species, and occasionally flooded. This nearly level, very deep, a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations somewhat poorly drained soil is on flood plains along affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be the Roanoke River. Individual areas are long and restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 200 drainage systems may be needed to remove excess acres in size. water. Intensive site preparation, such as bedding and 32 Soil Survey
applying herbicides, can help to establish seedlings, Surface layer: reduce the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam that has strong competition from undesirable plant species. Thinning brown and yellowish red mottles stands carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root 3 to 7 inches—grayish brown silt loam that has dark systems, and periodically removing windthrown trees yellowish brown, strong brown, and red mottles may be needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the Subsoil: mean site index for yellow-poplar is 96 feet. 7 to 21 inches—light brownish gray silty clay loam that The hazard of flooding and the high water table are has dark yellowish brown and strong brown the main limitations affecting building site development mottles and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. 21 to 28 inches—gray clay loam that has strong brown Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for and red mottles dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be 28 to 33 inches—gray clay loam that has red mottles selected on more suitable soils. The land capability subclass is IIIw. Based on Substratum: yellow-poplar as the indicator species, the woodland 33 to 44 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has ordination symbol is 7W. yellowish brown mottles 44 to 50 inches—gray sandy loam 50 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam CwA—Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 Important soil properties of this Chewacla soil— percent slopes, frequently flooded. These nearly level, very deep, somewhat poorly drained and poorly Permeability: Moderate drained soils are on flood plains along the major rivers Available water capacity: High of the Coastal Plain and occur throughout the Surface runoff: Slow Piedmont. Because these soils react similarly to most Hazard of water erosion: Slight kinds of use and management, they were not High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from separated in mapping. Typically, this map unit is about November through April 40 percent Chewacla soil, 35 percent Wehadkee soil, Important soil properties of this Wehadkee soil— and 25 percent other soils. In some mapped areas Chewacla and Wehadkee soils both occur, and in Permeability: Moderate others only one of the soils occurs. Individual areas Available water capacity: High are long and irregular in shape and range from about Surface runoff: Very slow 25 to 200 acres in size. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from the layers of this Chewacla soil are as follows— November through May Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Surface layer: Riverview, Bibb, and Chastain soils. The well drained 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam Riverview soils are on natural levees along the larger Subsoil: streams or in the slightly higher areas. The poorly 4 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam drained Bibb and Chastain soils are intermingled with that has brown mottles the Chewacla and Wehadkee soils in some areas. 14 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that Chastain soils have a clayey subsoil, and Bibb soils has grayish brown and strong brown mottles have a sandy substratum. Dissimilar inclusions make 26 to 38 inches—dark brown loam that has gray up about 15 percent of this map unit. mottles Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map 38 to 47 inches—strong brown clay loam that has gray unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture. mottles The hazard of flooding and the high water table are 47 to 60 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red the main limitations affecting cropland in areas of clay loam these Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. A lack of suitable outlets may restrict the use of artificial Substratum: drainage systems. 60 to 72 inches—mottled dark brown and gray loam In wooded areas, these soils are primarily Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of unmanaged. The hazard of flooding, the high water the layers of this Wehadkee soil are as follows— table, competition from undesirable plant species, and Halifax County, North Carolina 33
a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations Important soil properties— affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be Permeability: Moderately slow restricted to periods when the soils are dry. The lack of Available water capacity: Moderate suitable outlets may restrict the use of artificial Surface runoff: Slow drainage systems. Intensive site preparation, such as Hazard of water erosion: Slight chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and January through March reduce the competition from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding damage to surficial Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of root systems, and periodically removing windthrown Wahee, Roanoke, and Altavista soils. The somewhat trees may be needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, poorly drained Wahee soils and the poorly drained the mean site index for yellow-poplar is 96 feet in Roanoke soils are in the slightly lower areas. Altavista areas of the Chewacla soil and 100 feet in areas of the soils have a loamy subsoil. They are intermingled with Wehadkee soil. the Dogue soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions The hazard of flooding and the high water table are make up about 10 percent of this map unit. the main limitations affecting building site development Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest and septic tank absorption fields in areas of these is mainly used as cropland or pasture. soils. Because of the hazard of frequent flooding, sites In cultivated areas of this Dogue soil, the major for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should crops are soybeans, cotton, corn, and small grain. The be selected on more suitable soils. high water table and the moderately slow permeability The land capability subclass is IVw in areas of the in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting Chewacla soil and VIw in areas of the Wehadkee soil. cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet Based on yellow-poplar as the indicator species, the periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to woodland ordination symbol is 7W in areas of the remove excess water, but the permeability can restrict Chewacla soil and 8W in areas of the Wehadkee soil. the use of many drainage systems. Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, and conservation DgA—Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. In This nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained areas where slopes are 3 percent, conservation soil is on broad, smooth flats, in depressions, and practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop along drainageways on fluvial terraces along the rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed Roanoke River and its major tributaries. Individual waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to conserve water and control erosion. to 150 acres in size. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant the layers of this soil are as follows— species is the main limitation affecting use and management. Intensive site preparation, such as Surface layer: chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam control the competition from undesirable plant species. Subsurface layer: Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown loam loblolly pine is 90 feet. The high water table, the moderately slow Subsoil: permeability in the subsoil, and a moderate shrink- 8 to 13 inches—yellow loam swell potential are the main limitations affecting 13 to 17 inches—brownish yellow clay loam that has building site development and septic tank absorption strong brown mottles fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems 17 to 31 inches—brownish yellow clay that has strong next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and brown and light gray mottles land shaping so that surface water and runoff are 31 to 40 inches—mottled brownish yellow, strong directed away from dwellings can minimize problems brown, and light gray clay caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system 40 to 53 inches—mottled strong brown and light gray around the septic tank absorption field may be needed sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent Substratum: the contamination of ground water. Increasing the size 53 to 62 inches—mottled yellow, brownish yellow, of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize strong brown, and light gray sandy clay loam the permeability limitation. Placing extra reinforcement 34 Soil Survey
in footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy and in the upper part of the subsoil. Dissimilar material can minimize the damage caused by the inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest septic system may be needed. is mainly used as woodland or pasture. The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on In cultivated areas of this Dothan soil, the major loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, soybeans, tobacco, ordination symbol is 9A. and small grain (fig. 5). A water table that is perched above the plinthic zone during wet periods, the droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, and a DoA—Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes. hazard of soil blowing are the main limitations affecting This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil is on cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet broad, smooth, upland ridges in the Fall Line region of periods, and irrigation may be needed during dry the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular periods. Blowing sand may damage young plants. in shape and range from about 15 to 250 acres in size. Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and the layers of this soil are as follows— including close-growing grasses and legumes in the cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain Surface layer: tilth, and conserve moisture. 0 to 9 inches—brown loamy sand In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy Subsurface layer: surface layer and competition from undesirable plant 9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand species are the main limitations affecting woodland. Subsoil: Seedling mortality is a hazard during dry periods. 17 to 37 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, has yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules and applying herbicides, helps to control the 37 to 45 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay that has competition from undesirable plant species. Based on yellowish red mottles and common plinthite a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly nodules pine is 88 feet. 45 to 61 inches—red sandy clay that has yellowish red The perched water table and the moderately slow mottles and common plinthite nodules permeability in the lower part of the subsoil are the 61 to 72 inches—reticulately mottled pinkish gray, red, main limitations affecting building site development and yellowish red sandy loam that has pockets of and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. sandy clay loam Installing drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so Important soil properties— that surface water and runoff are directed away from Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. and moderately slow in the lower part Installing a drainage system around the septic tank Available water capacity: Moderate absorption field may be needed to minimize problems Surface runoff: Slow caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of Hazard of water erosion: Slight ground water. Increasing the size of the septic tank High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from absorption field can help to minimize the permeability January through April limitation. A specially designed septic system may be needed. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine Goldsboro and Fuquay soils. The moderately well as the indicator species, the woodland ordination drained Goldsboro soils have less than 5 percent symbol is 9A. plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. They are on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. Fuquay soils have a sandy surface layer that is more than 20 inches DoB—Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes. thick. They are intermingled with the Dothan soil in This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on some areas. Also included are small areas of soils that upland ridges in the Fall Line region of the upper have major properties, use, and management similar Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape to those of the Dothan soil. These soils have less than and range from about 15 to 250 acres in size. 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil or have Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of few or common ironstone concretions on the surface the layers of this soil are as follows— Halifax County, North Carolina 35
Figure 5.—An area of Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil is well suited to peanuts.
Surface layer: Important soil properties— 0 to 9 inches—brown loamy sand Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil Subsurface layer: and moderately slow in the lower part 9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand Available water capacity: Moderate Surface runoff: Medium Subsoil: Hazard of water erosion: Moderate 17 to 37 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from has yellowish red mottles and few plinthite nodules January through April 37 to 45 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay that has yellowish red mottles and common plinthite Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of nodules Nankin and Fuquay soils. Nankin soils have less than 45 to 61 inches—red sandy clay that has yellowish red 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil; have mottles and common plinthite nodules common or many ironstone concretions in and on the 61 to 72 inches—reticulately mottled pinkish gray, red, surface layer and in the upper part of the subsoil; have and yellowish red sandy loam that has pockets of a clayey subsoil; and are on the slightly higher knobs. sandy clay loam Fuquay soils have a sandy surface layer that is more 36 Soil Survey
than 20 inches thick. They are intermingled with the The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly Dothan soil in some areas. Also included are small pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination areas of soils that have major properties, use, and symbol is 9A. management similar to those of the Dothan soil. These soils have less than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil; have a thinner subsoil; or have few or EmA—Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil common ironstone concretions on the surface and in slopes. is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the upper the upper part of the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape make up about 15 percent of this map unit. and range from about 10 to 150 acres in size. Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of is mainly used as woodland or pasture. the layers of this soil are as follows— In cultivated areas of this Dothan soil, the major crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, soybeans, tobacco, Surface layer: and small grain. The hazard of water erosion, a water 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam table that is perched above the plinthic zone during Subsurface layer: wet periods, the droughtiness of the thick, sandy 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam surface layer, and a hazard of soil blowing are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be Subsoil: delayed during wet periods, and irrigation may be 17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage 43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray, young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing red, and brownish yellow mottles crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing Substratum: windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and 58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong legumes in the cropping system help to control runoff, brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of water erosion, and soil blowing, maintain tilth, and sandy loam conserve moisture. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour Important soil properties— farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately water and control erosion. slow in the lower part In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Available water capacity: Moderate loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy Surface runoff: Slow surface layer and competition from undesirable plant Hazard of water erosion: Slight species are the main limitations affecting woodland. High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from Seedling mortality is a concern during dry periods. November through April Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to control the Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of competition from undesirable plant species. Based on Goldsboro and Bonneau soils. The moderately well a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly drained Goldsboro soils are on flats, in depressions, pine is 88 feet. and along drainageways. Bonneau soils have a sandy The perched water table and the moderately slow surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick. They permeability in the lower part of the subsoil are the are intermingled with the Emporia soil in some areas. main limitations affecting building site development Also included are small areas of soils that have major and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. properties, use, and management similar to those of Installing drainage systems next to footings, the Emporia soil but have a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. that surface water and runoff are directed away from Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major higher areas can also minimize problems caused by crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, tobacco, and wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. soybeans. A water table that is perched during wet Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field periods is the main limitation affecting cropland. can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. specially designed septic system may be needed. Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, Halifax County, North Carolina 37
and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and Important soil properties— conserve moisture. Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant slow in the lower part species is the main limitation affecting use and Available water capacity: Moderate management. Intensive site preparation, such as Surface runoff: Medium chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Hazard of water erosion: Moderate control the competition from undesirable plant species. High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for November through April loblolly pine is 75 feet. The perched water table, the slow or moderately Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and Gritney, Marlboro, and Bonneau soils. The moderately a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main well drained Gritney soils have a clayey subsoil. They limitations affecting building site development and are on shoulders and side slopes. Marlboro soils have septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. a clayey subsoil. Marlboro and Bonneau soils are Installing drainage systems next to footings, intermingled with the Emporia soil in some areas. adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so Bonneau soils have a sandy surface layer that is more that surface water and runoff are directed away from than 20 inches thick. In some areas eroded soils that dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. have a surface layer of sandy clay loam are Installing a drainage system around the septic tank intermingled with the Emporia soil. Also included are absorption field may be needed to minimize problems small areas of soils that have major properties, use, caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of and management similar to those of the Emporia soil ground water. Increasing the size of the septic tank but have a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make absorption field can help to minimize the permeability up about 12 percent of this map unit. limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest foundations and backfilling with sandy material can is mainly used as pasture or woodland. minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system crops are cotton, tobacco, peanuts, corn, and may be needed. soybeans. The hazard of erosion and a water table The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine that is perched during wet periods are the main as the indicator species, the woodland ordination limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be symbol is 7A. delayed during wet periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing crop residue help to control EmB—Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Coastal rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help from about 5 to 100 acres in size. to conserve water and control erosion. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for the layers of this soil are as follows— loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant species is the main limitation affecting use and Surface layer: management. Intensive site preparation, such as 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Subsurface layer: control the competition from undesirable plant species. 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 75 feet. Subsoil: The perched water table, the slow or moderately 17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and 43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray, a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main red, and brownish yellow mottles limitations affecting building site development and Substratum: septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. 58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong Installing drainage systems next to footings, brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so sandy loam that surface water and runoff are directed away from 38 Soil Survey
dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. areas. In some areas eroded soils having a surface Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the layer of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the higher areas can also minimize problems caused by Emporia soil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. percent of this map unit. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest can help to minimize the permeability limitation. is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and In cultivated areas of this Emporia soil, the major foundations and backfilling with sandy material can crops are peanuts, tobacco, cotton, and corn. The minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and slope, the hazard of erosion, and a water table that is swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system perched during wet periods are the main limitations may be needed. affecting cropland. Planting winter cover crops and The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly managing crop residue help to control runoff and pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation practices, symbol is 7A. such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve EmC—Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent water and control erosion. slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep, well In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for drained soil is on upland side slopes of the Coastal loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range species is the main limitation affecting use and from about 10 to 75 acres in size. management. Intensive site preparation, such as Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to the layers of this soil are as follows— control the competition from undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Surface layer: loblolly pine is 75 feet. 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam The perched water table, the slow or moderately Subsurface layer: slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, the 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam slope, and a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main limitations affecting building site development Subsoil: and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. 17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam Installing drainage systems next to footings, 43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray, adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so red, and brownish yellow mottles that surface water and runoff are directed away from Substratum: dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. 58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of higher areas can also minimize problems caused by sandy loam wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field Important soil properties— can help to minimize the permeability limitation. Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the Designing dwellings so that they conform to the upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately natural slope and land shaping can help to overcome slow in the lower part the slope limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in Available water capacity: Moderate footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy Surface runoff: Rapid material can minimize the damage caused by the Hazard of water erosion: Severe shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from septic system may be needed. November through April The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of ordination symbol is 7A. Gritney, Winton, and Bonneau soils. The moderately well drained Gritney soils have a clayey subsoil and are on shoulders. The moderately well drained Winton ErB—Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 soils are in the steeper areas. Bonneau soils have a percent slopes. This map unit consists of areas of sandy surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick. Emporia soil and Urban land that are too small and too They are intermingled with the Emporia soil in some intermingled to be mapped separately at the selected Halifax County, North Carolina 39
scale. Typically, this map unit is about 40 percent This map unit is used as urban land. It is not used Emporia soil, 30 percent Urban land, and 30 percent as cropland or woodland. other soils. It occurs most extensively in and around The perched water table, the slow or moderately Roanoke Rapids but also occurs in Enfield. Individual slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil, and areas are irregular in shape and range from about 15 a moderate shrink-swell potential are the main to 300 acres in size. limitations affecting building site development and Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of septic tank absorption fields in areas of the Emporia the layers of this Emporia soil are as follows— soil. Installing drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so Surface layer: that surface water and runoff are directed away from 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. Subsurface layer: Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam higher areas can also minimize problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. Subsoil: Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field 17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam can help to minimize the permeability limitation. 43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray, Placing extra reinforcement in footings and red, and brownish yellow mottles foundations and backfilling with sandy material can Substratum: minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and 58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of may be needed. sandy loam This map unit is not assigned a land capability subclass or a woodland ordination symbol. Important soil properties of this Emporia soil— Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately EwB—Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 This map unit consists of areas of slow in the lower part percent slopes. Emporia and Wedowee soils that are too small and too Available water capacity: Moderate intermingled to be mapped separately at the selected Surface runoff: Medium scale. These gently sloping, very deep, well drained Hazard of water erosion: Moderate soils are on upland ridges and side slopes in the Fall High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from Line region of the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas November through April are irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 150 acres in size. Urban land consists of areas where the original soil Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of has been covered by concrete, asphalt, buildings, or the layers of this Emporia soil are as follows— other impervious surfaces. Slopes are modified for the land use and commonly range from about 0 to 3 Surface layer: percent. 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Subsurface layer: Goldsboro, Lynchburg, Rains, Turbeville, Marlboro, 10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Bonneau, Wehadkee, Chastain, Bibb, and Chewacla soils. The moderately well drained Goldsboro, Subsoil: somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg, and poorly 17 to 43 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam drained Rains soils are on flats, in depressions, and 43 to 58 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray, along drainageways. Turbeville and Marlboro soils red, and brownish yellow mottles have a clayey subsoil. Turbeville, Marlboro, and Substratum: Bonneau soils are intermingled with the Emporia soil 58 to 67 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong in some areas. Bonneau soils have a sandy surface brown, and red clay loam that has thin strata of layer that is more than 20 inches thick. The poorly sandy loam drained Wehadkee, Chastain, and Bibb soils and the somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils are on flood Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of plains. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 percent the layers of this Wedowee soil are as follows— of this map unit. 40 Soil Survey
Surface layer: corn, and soybeans. The hazard of erosion and a 0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam water table that is perched in the Emporia soil during wet periods are the main limitations affecting cropland. Subsoil: Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. 7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Planting winter cover crops and managing crop 10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish residue help to control runoff and erosion and maintain red mottles tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting, 19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field yellow and red mottles borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and 26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has diversions, can also help to conserve water and brownish yellow, white, and red mottles control erosion. Substratum: In wooded areas, these soils are managed primarily 36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish for loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay species is the main limitation affecting use and loam management. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Important soil properties of this Emporia soil— control the competition from undesirable plant species. Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate in the Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for upper part of the subsoil and slow or moderately loblolly pine is 75 feet in areas of the Emporia soil and slow in the lower part 87 feet in areas of the Wedowee soil. Available water capacity: Moderate The perched water table, the permeability in the Surface runoff: Medium subsoil, and a moderate shrink-swell potential in the Hazard of water erosion: Moderate Emporia soil are the main limitations affecting building High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 4.5 feet from site development and septic tank absorption fields in November through April areas of this map unit. Installing drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and Important soil properties of this Wedowee soil— land shaping so that surface water and runoff are Permeability: Moderate directed away from dwellings can minimize problems Available water capacity: Moderate caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept Surface runoff: Medium runoff from the higher areas can also minimize Hazard of water erosion: Moderate problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet absorption fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize the permeability Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and Goldsboro and Bonneau soils. The moderately well foundations and backfilling with sandy material can drained Goldsboro soils have a loamy subsoil and are minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system Bonneau soils have a loamy subsoil and a sandy may be needed. surface layer that is more than 20 inches thick. They The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly are intermingled with the Emporia and Wedowee soils pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination in some areas. In some areas soils that have a cobbly symbol is 7A in areas of the Emporia soil and 9A in or gravelly surface layer or eroded soils that have a areas of the Wedowee soil. surface layer of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Emporia and Wedowee soils. Also included are This small areas of soils that have major properties, use, ExA—Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained soil is and management similar to those of the Emporia and on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and Wedowee soils. These soils have more than 5 percent along drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual ironstone concretions or plinthite, by volume, in the areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 20 to 150 acres in size. percent of this map unit. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest the layers of this soil are as follows— is mainly used as pasture or woodland. In cultivated areas of these Emporia and Wedowee Surface layer: soils, the major crops are cotton, tobacco, peanuts, 0 to 9 inches—gray silt loam Halifax County, North Carolina 41
Subsurface layer: field may be needed to minimize problems caused by 9 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam wetness and prevent the contamination of ground water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption Subsoil: field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A 15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam specially designed septic system may be needed. 25 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on brownish gray mottles loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland 33 to 62 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light ordination symbol is 8A. brownish gray and strong brown mottles Important soil properties— This Permeability: Moderately slow FuB—Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes. nearly level and gently sloping, very deep, well drained Available water capacity: High soil is on broad, smooth, upland ridges in the Fall Line Surface runoff: Slow region of the upper Coastal Plain. Individual areas are Hazard of water erosion: Slight irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 100 High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 feet from acres in size. December through April Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of the layers of this soil are as follows— Nahunta, Grantham, and Aycock soils. The somewhat Surface layer: poorly drained Nahunta soils and the poorly drained 0 to 9 inches—brown sand Grantham soils are in the slightly lower areas. The well drained Aycock soils are in the slightly higher areas. Subsurface layer: Also included are small areas of soils that have major 9 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand properties, use, and management similar to those of Subsoil: the Exum soil but have a surface layer of fine sandy 25 to 36 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam that has loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 17 percent strong brown mottles of this map unit. 36 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest that has very pale brown mottles is mainly used as cropland or pasture. 42 to 51 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that In cultivated areas of this Exum soil, the major has light brownish gray and red mottles and crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, and soybeans. The common plinthite nodules high water table is the main limitation affecting 51 to 62 inches—reticulately mottled red, light cropland. Artificial drainage systems may be needed brownish gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam to remove excess water. Planting winter cover crops, that has pockets of sandy clay and common managing crop residue, and conservation tillage help plinthite nodules to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. 62 to 70 inches—reticulately mottled red, light In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for brownish gray, and strong brown sandy loam that loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant has pockets of clay loam and common plinthite species is the main limitation affecting woodland. nodules Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, can help to establish Important soil properties— seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil reduce the competition from undesirable plant species. and slow in the lower part Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Available water capacity: Low loblolly pine is 82 feet. Surface runoff: Slow The high water table and the moderately slow Hazard of water erosion: Slight permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from affecting building site development and septic tank January through March absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of foundations, and land shaping so that surface water Emporia and Dothan soils. Emporia soils have less and runoff are directed away from dwellings can than 5 percent plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil and minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a have a subsoil that is thinner than that of the Fuquay drainage system around the septic tank absorption soil. Emporia and Dothan soils are intermingled with 42 Soil Survey
the Fuquay soil in some areas. Dothan soils have a of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in sandy surface layer that is less than 20 inches thick. shape and range from about 10 to 100 acres in size. Also included are small areas of soils that have major Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of properties, use, and management similar to those of the layers of this soil are as follows— the Fuquay soil. These soils have less than 5 percent Surface layer: plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. Dissimilar 0 to 7 inches—brown fine sandy loam inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Subsoil: is mainly used as woodland or pasture. 7 to 18 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam In cultivated areas of this Fuquay soil, the major 18 to 25 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, and tobacco. has strong brown mottles The droughtiness of the thick, sandy surface layer, a 25 to 35 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that hazard of soil blowing, the low available water has gray and strong brown mottles capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are the 35 to 52 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, and main limitations affecting cropland. Irrigation may be strong brown sandy clay loam needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage 52 to 72 inches—mottled yellowish brown, gray, strong young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing brown, and red sandy clay loam crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing Important soil properties— windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and legumes in the cropping system help to control soil Permeability: Moderate blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture. Available water capacity: Moderate Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split Surface runoff: Slow applications. Hazard of water erosion: Slight In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 2.5 feet from loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy December through April surface layer is the main limitation affecting use and Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of management. Seedling mortality is a hazard during Emporia, Noboco, Lynchburg, and Rains soils. The dry periods. When dry, the sandy layers are soft and well drained Emporia and Noboco soils are in the may limit the use of equipment. Based on a 50-year slightly higher areas. The somewhat poorly drained site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80 Lynchburg soils and the poorly drained Rains soils are feet. in the slightly lower areas. Also included are soils The perched water table and the slow permeability having a clayey subsoil that are intermingled with the in the lower part of the subsoil are the main limitations Goldsboro soil in some areas. Dissimilar inclusions affecting building site development and septic tank make up about 10 percent of this map unit. absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing is mainly used as woodland or pasture. foundations, and land shaping so that surface water In cultivated areas of this Goldsboro soil, the major and runoff are directed away from dwellings can crops are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, and corn. The minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing high water table is the main limitation affecting diversions that intercept runoff from the higher areas cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet can also minimize problems caused by wetness that periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to affect septic tank absorption fields. Increasing the size remove excess water. Planting winter cover crops, of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize managing crop residue, and conservation tillage help the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. system may be needed. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for The land capability subclass is IIs. Based on loblolly loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination species is the main limitation affecting use and symbol is 8S. management. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to GoA—Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 control the competition from undesirable plant species. percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep, Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth, loblolly pine is 88 feet. upland flats, in depressions, and along drainageways The high water table is the main limitation affecting Halifax County, North Carolina 43
building site development and septic tank absorption intermingled with the Grantham soil in some areas. fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems Also included are small areas of soils that have major next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and properties, use, and management similar to those of land shaping so that surface water and runoff are the Grantham soil but are very poorly drained. directed away from dwellings can minimize problems Dissimilar inclusions make up about 13 percent of this caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system map unit. around the septic tank absorption field may be needed Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent is mainly used as cropland or pasture. the contamination of ground water. A specially In drained and cultivated areas of this Grantham designed septic system may be needed. soil, the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on grain. The high water table and the moderately slow loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations ordination symbol is 9A. affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable GrA—Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. outlets and the permeability can restrict the use of This nearly level, very deep, poorly drained soil is on many drainage systems. broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, and along In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from are irregular in shape and range from about 50 to 500 undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow acres in size. are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil the layers of this soil are as follows— is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to remove excess water, but the lack of suitable outlets Surface layer: can restrict the use of many drainage systems. 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, Subsurface layer: and bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce 8 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam that has the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition yellow mottles from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems, Subsoil: and periodically removing windthrown trees may be 12 to 17 inches—light brownish gray loam that has needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site brownish yellow and strong brown mottles index for loblolly pine is 86 feet. 17 to 21 inches—light gray loam that has brownish The high water table and the moderately slow yellow and strong brown mottles permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations 21 to 45 inches—light gray loam that has brownish affecting building site development and septic tank yellow and strong brown mottles absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing 45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam that has drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing light gray, brownish yellow, and red mottles foundations, and land shaping so that surface water 60 to 75 inches—light brownish gray clay loam that and runoff are directed away from dwellings can has brownish yellow and strong brown mottles minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a Important soil properties— drainage system around the septic tank absorption field may be needed to minimize problems caused by Permeability: Moderately slow wetness and prevent the contamination of ground Available water capacity: High water. The lack of suitable outlets may be a problem in Surface runoff: Very slow some areas. Increasing the size of the septic tank Hazard of water erosion: Slight absorption field can help to minimize the permeability High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from limitation. A specially designed septic system may be December through May needed. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas Exum, Nahunta, and Bethera soils. The moderately and VIw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as well drained Exum soils and the somewhat poorly the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol drained Nahunta soils are in the slightly higher areas. is 9W. Bethera soils have a clayey subsoil. They are 44 Soil Survey
GtB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent perched during wet periods, and the slow permeability slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, moderately in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting well drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing shape and range from about 25 to 350 acres in size. crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till the layers of this soil are as follows— planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and Surface layer: diversions, can also help to conserve water and 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam control erosion. Subsoil: In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant 14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay that has species is the main limitation affecting use and yellowish red mottles management. Intensive site preparation, such as 27 to 42 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown control the competition from undesirable plant species. clay Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for 42 to 57 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, loblolly pine is 84 feet. red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown The perched water table, the slow permeability in clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam the subsoil, and the moderate shrink-swell potential are the main limitations affecting building site Substratum: development and septic tank absorption fields in areas 57 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land clay loam shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed Important soil properties— away from dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff Permeability: Slow from the higher areas can also minimize problems Available water capacity: Moderate caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption Surface runoff: Medium fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption Hazard of water erosion: Severe field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from Placing extra reinforcement in footings and December through April foundations and backfilling with sandy material can minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system Emporia, Noboco, Marlboro, and Goldsboro soils. The may be needed. well drained Emporia and Noboco soils have a loamy The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on subsoil and are in the slightly higher and smoother loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland areas. Noboco and Marlboro soils have a subsoil that ordination symbol is 8A. is thicker than that of the Gritney soil. The well drained Marlboro soils are in the slightly smoother areas. Goldsboro soils have a loamy subsoil and are on flats, GtC—Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent in depressions, and along drainageways. In some slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep, areas eroded soils having a surface layer of sandy moderately well drained soil is on side slopes of the clay loam are intermingled with the Gritney soil. Also Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape included are small areas of soils that have major and range from about 25 to 50 acres in size. properties, use, and management similar to those of Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of the Gritney soil but have more silt in the subsoil. the layers of this soil are as follows— Dissimilar inclusions make up about 20 percent of this Surface layer: map unit. 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Subsoil: In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and 14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown clay that has peanuts. The hazard of erosion, a water table that is yellowish red mottles Halifax County, North Carolina 45
27 to 42 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, potential are the main limitations affecting building site red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown development and septic tank absorption fields in areas clay of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to 42 to 57 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam away from dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff Substratum: from the higher areas can also minimize problems 57 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption red, brownish yellow, and dark yellowish brown fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption clay loam field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. Important soil properties— Designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope and land shaping can help to overcome Permeability: Slow the slope limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in Available water capacity: Moderate footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy Surface runoff: Rapid material can minimize the damage caused by the Hazard of water erosion: Severe shrinking and swelling of clay. A specially designed High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from septic system may be needed. December through April The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Emporia soils. These well drained soils have a loamy ordination symbol is 8A. subsoil. They are in the smoother areas. In some areas eroded soils having a surface layer of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Gritney soil. Also GyB2—Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent This gently sloping, very deep, included are small areas of soils that have major slopes, eroded. moderately well drained soil is on upland ridges and properties, use, and management similar to those of side slopes of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are the Gritney soil but have more silt in the subsoil. irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 percent of this in size. map unit. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest the layers of this soil are as follows— is mainly used as cropland or pasture. In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major Surface layer: crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. The 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that slope, the hazard of erosion, a water table that is has red mottles perched during wet periods, and the slow permeability Subsoil: in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting 4 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay that has red cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet mottles periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing 15 to 26 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, and crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and light gray clay maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till 26 to 38 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, gray, and dark red clay that has pockets of sandy field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and clay loam diversions, can also help to conserve water and control erosion. Substratum: In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for 38 to 46 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant gray, and dark red sandy clay loam that has species is the main limitation affecting use and pockets of sandy clay management. Intensive site preparation, such as 46 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, red, light chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to gray, and dark red sandy clay control the competition from undesirable plant species. Important soil properties— Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 84 feet. Permeability: Slow The perched water table, the slow permeability in Available water capacity: Moderate the subsoil, the slope, and a moderate shrink-swell Surface runoff: Rapid 46 Soil Survey
Hazard of water erosion: Severe Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 3.0 feet from can help to minimize the permeability limitation. December through April Placing extra reinforcement in footings and foundations and backfilling with sandy material can Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and Emporia soils. These well drained soils have a loamy swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system subsoil. They are in the slightly higher and smoother may be needed. areas. In some areas noneroded soils have a surface The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on layer of sandy loam. Also included are small areas of loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland soils that have major properties, use, and ordination symbol is 8C. management similar to those of the Gritney soil but have more silt in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. HeA—Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep, moderately well drained Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest soil is at the head of drainageways and along is mainly used as woodland or pasture. drainageways of the Piedmont. Individual areas are In cultivated areas of this Gritney soil, the major irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres crops are corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and in size. peanuts. The hazard of erosion, a water table that is Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of perched during wet periods, the slow permeability in the layers of this soil are as follows— the subsoil, and poor tilth are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during Surface layer: wet periods. Planting winter cover crops and managing 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Subsurface layer: maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till 4 to 8 inches—very pale brown sandy loam planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and Subsoil: diversions, can also help to conserve water and 8 to 15 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay that has control erosion. red mottles In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for 15 to 20 inches—reddish yellow clay that has gray and loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant red mottles species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 20 to 26 inches—mottled gray, reddish yellow, and red inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting clay woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as 26 to 37 inches—gray clay that has white and reddish chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to yellow mottles control the competition from undesirable plant species. 37 to 48 inches—mottled gray, white, and reddish Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet yellow clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay periods because of the high content of clay in the loam upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier Substratum: periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer 48 to 62 inches—mottled gray, white, and reddish and possible root damage from compaction. Based on yellow saprolite of sandy clay loam a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80 feet. Important soil properties— The perched water table, the slow permeability in Permeability: Slow the subsoil, and a moderate shrink-swell potential are Available water capacity: Moderate the main limitations affecting building site development Surface runoff: Medium and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Installing drainage systems next to footings, High water table: At a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so January through April that surface water and runoff are directed away from dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. The somewhat poorly higher areas can also minimize problems caused by drained Chewacla soils and the poorly drained wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. Wehadkee soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on Halifax County, North Carolina 47
flood plains. Also included are soils having a loamy HrB—Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. subsoil that are intermingled with the Helena soil in This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 upland ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont. percent of this map unit. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest about 10 to 50 acres in size. is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of In cultivated areas of this Helena soil, the major the layers of this soil are as follows— crops are tobacco, soybeans, and corn. A water table Surface layer: that is perched during wet periods and the slow 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during Subsurface layer: wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain Subsoil: tilth and conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are 8 to 19 inches—strong brown silty clay 3 percent, conservation practices, such as no-till 19 to 31 inches—strong brown silty clay that has red planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, mottles field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and 31 to 39 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has diversions, can also help to conserve water and yellow mottles control erosion. 39 to 45 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red, In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for yellow, and red silty clay loam loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 Substratum: inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting 45 to 61 inches—mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as white, and red saprolite of silt loam chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Important soil properties— control the competition from undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Permeability: Moderate periods because of the high content of clay in the Available water capacity: Moderate upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier Surface runoff: Medium periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer Hazard of water erosion: Moderate and possible root damage from compaction. Based on Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 84 feet. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of The perched water table, the slow permeability in Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and the subsoil, and a high shrink-swell potential are the somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head main limitations affecting building site development of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty Installing drainage systems next to footings, clay loam or soils that have soft weathered bedrock adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so within a depth of 60 inches are intermingled with the that surface water and runoff are directed away from Herndon soil. Also included are small areas of soils dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. that have major properties, use, and management Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the similar to those of the Herndon soil but have a red higher areas can also minimize problems caused by subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. up about 5 percent of this map unit. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest can help to minimize the permeability limitation. is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and In cultivated areas of this Herndon soil, the major foundations and backfilling with sandy material can crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing may be needed. crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, ordination symbol is 8A. field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and 48 Soil Survey
diversions, can also help to conserve water and Surface runoff: Rapid control erosion. Hazard of water erosion: Severe In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of silty control the competition from undesirable plant species. clay loam or soils that have soft weathered bedrock Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet within a depth of 60 inches are intermingled with the periods because of the high content of clay in the Herndon soil. Also included are small areas of soils upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier that have major properties, use, and management periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer similar to those of the Herndon soil but have a red and possible root damage from compaction. Based on subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly up about 5 percent of this map unit. pine is 81 feet. Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the is mainly used as cropland or pasture. main limitation affecting building site development and In cultivated areas of this Herndon soil, the major septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field The slope and the hazard of erosion are the main can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover specially designed septic system may be needed. crops and managing crop residue help to control The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop symbol is 8A. rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help HrC—Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes. to conserve water and control erosion. This moderately sloping, very deep, well drained soil is In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for on side slopes of the Piedmont. Individual areas are loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 50 acres species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 in size. inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as the layers of this soil are as follows— chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to control the competition from undesirable plant species. Surface layer: Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam periods because of the high content of clay in the Subsurface layer: upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer and possible root damage from compaction. Based on Subsoil: a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly 8 to 19 inches—strong brown silty clay pine is 81 feet. 19 to 31 inches—strong brown silty clay that has red The moderate permeability in the subsoil and the mottles slope are the main limitations affecting building site 31 to 39 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has development and septic tank absorption fields in areas yellow mottles of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank 39 to 45 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red, absorption field can help to minimize the permeability yellow, and red silty clay loam limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to Substratum: the natural slope, land shaping, and installing the 45 to 61 inches—mottled light gray, yellow, pinkish septic tank absorption lines on the contour can help to white, and red saprolite of silt loam overcome the slope limitation. A specially designed septic system may be needed. Important soil properties— The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on Permeability: Moderate loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Available water capacity: Moderate ordination symbol is 8A. Halifax County, North Carolina 49
LgA—Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. that is perched during wet periods and the very slow This nearly level, deep, moderately well drained and permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations somewhat poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth, affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during upland flats, at the head of drainageways, and along wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing drainageways of the Piedmont. Individual areas are crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 100 tilth and conserve moisture. In areas where slopes are acres in size. 3 percent, conservation practices, such as no-till Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, the layers of this soil are as follows— field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and Surface layer: control erosion. 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown silt loam In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Subsurface layer: loblolly pine. The perched water table and competition 4 to 7 inches—light gray silt loam that has yellow from undesirable plant species are the main limitations mottles affecting woodland. The perched water table may restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil Subsoil: is dry. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, 7 to 13 inches—yellow silt loam that has brownish burning, and applying herbicides, helps to control the yellow and pale brown mottles competition from undesirable plant species. Based on 13 to 22 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly has gray mottles pine is 76 feet. 22 to 34 inches—brownish yellow silty clay that has The perched water table and the slow permeability light gray and strong brown mottles in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building 34 to 46 inches—mottled pale brown, gray, and strong site development and septic tank absorption fields in brown silty clay areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to Substratum: footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land 46 to 58 inches—mottled pale olive, pale yellow, and shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed white saprolite of silty clay loam away from dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff Soft bedrock: from the higher areas can also minimize problems 58 to 63 inches—mottled pale olive, pale yellow, and caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption white, strongly weathered slate rock fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption Important soil properties— field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic system may be needed. Permeability: Very slow The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on Available water capacity: Moderate loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Surface runoff: Slow ordination symbol is 7W. Hazard of water erosion: Slight High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 2.5 feet from December through May LyA—Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep, somewhat poorly Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in Chewacla and Wehadkee soils. The somewhat poorly depressions, and along drainageways of the Coastal drained Chewacla soils and the poorly drained Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range Wehadkee soils have a loamy subsoil. They are on from about 15 to 300 acres in size. flood plains. In some areas soils that have soft Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of weathered bedrock within a depth of 40 inches are the layers of this soil are as follows— intermingled with the Lignum soil. Also included are Surface layer: areas that have 15 percent rock fragments on the 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam surface and in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 percent of this map unit. Subsoil: Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest 8 to 19 inches—pale brown sandy clay loam that has is mainly used as cropland or pasture. light gray and brownish yellow mottles In cultivated areas of this Lignum soil, the major 19 to 50 inches—mottled gray, strong brown, and red crops are tobacco, corn, and soybeans. A water table sandy clay loam 50 Soil Survey
50 to 68 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland brownish yellow, strong brown, and red mottles ordination symbol is 9W. Important soil properties— Permeability: Moderate MrA—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil Available water capacity: Moderate slopes. is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal Surface runoff: Slow Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range Hazard of water erosion: Slight from about 5 to 100 acres in size. High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of November through April the layers of this soil are as follows— Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Surface layer: Goldsboro and Rains soils. The moderately well 0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam drained Goldsboro soils are in the slightly higher areas. The poorly drained Rains soils are in the slightly Subsoil: lower areas. Also included are soils having a clayey 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam subsoil that are intermingled with the Lynchburg soil in 16 to 48 inches—yellowish brown clay that has some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 17 yellowish red mottles percent of this map unit. 48 to 52 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest gray, yellowish red, and red mottles is mainly used as woodland or pasture. 52 to 66 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, In drained and cultivated areas of this Lynchburg yellowish red, and red clay soil, the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small 66 to 74 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, grain. The high water table is the main limitation yellowish red, and red clay affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during Important soil properties— wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable Permeability: Moderate outlets can restrict the use of many drainage systems. Available water capacity: High In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Surface runoff: Slow loblolly pine. The high water table and competition Hazard of water erosion: Slight from undesirable plant species are the main limitations High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be December through March restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to remove excess Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the Emporia and Goldsboro soils. Emporia soils have a use of many drainage systems. Intensive site loamy subsoil that is thinner than that of the Marlboro preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding, soil. They are intermingled with the Marlboro soil in can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling some areas. The moderately well drained Goldsboro mortality rate, and reduce the competition from soils are on flats, in depressions, and along undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site drainageways. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 30 curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 86 feet. percent of this map unit. The high water table is the main limitation affecting Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest building site development and septic tank absorption is mainly used as pasture or woodland. fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems In cultivated areas of this Marlboro soil, the major next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans, land shaping so that surface water and runoff are and small grain. The high water table is the main directed away from dwellings can minimize problems limitation affecting cropland. Cultivation may be caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system delayed during wet periods. Planting winter cover around the septic tank absorption field may be needed crops, managing crop residue, and conservation to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent tillage help to maintain tilth and conserve moisture. the contamination of ground water. The lack of suitable In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for outlets may be a problem in some areas. A specially loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant designed septic system may be needed. species is the main limitation affecting use and The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on management. Intensive site preparation, such as Halifax County, North Carolina 51
chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Marlboro soil. They are intermingled with the Marlboro control the competition from undesirable plant species. soil in some areas. The moderately well drained Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Gritney soils are on shoulders and in the more sloping loblolly pine is 82 feet. areas. The moderately well drained Goldsboro soils The high water table and the moderate permeability are on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building Also included are small areas of soils that have major site development and septic tank absorption fields in properties, use, and management similar to those of areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to the Marlboro soil but have a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest away from dwellings can minimize problems caused is mainly used as woodland or pasture. by wetness. Installing a drainage system around the In cultivated areas of this Marlboro soil, the major septic tank absorption field may be needed to crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans, minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent and small grain. The hazard of erosion and the high the contamination of ground water. Increasing the size water table are the main limitations affecting cropland. of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic Planting winter cover crops and managing crop system may be needed. residue help to control runoff and erosion and maintain The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting, as the indicator species, the woodland ordination stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field symbol is 8A. borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve water and control erosion. MrB—Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for This gently sloping, very deep, well drained slopes. loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Coastal species is the main limitation affecting use and Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range management. Intensive site preparation, such as from about 10 to 100 acres in size. chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of control the competition from undesirable plant species. the layers of this soil are as follows— Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Surface layer: loblolly pine is 82 feet. 0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam The high water table and the moderate permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting building Subsoil: site development and septic tank absorption fields in 7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown clay loam areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems next to 16 to 48 inches—yellowish brown clay that has footings, adequately sealing foundations, and land yellowish red mottles shaping so that surface water and runoff are directed 48 to 52 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light away from dwellings can minimize problems caused gray, yellowish red, and red mottles by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept runoff 52 to 66 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, from the higher areas can also minimize problems yellowish red, and red clay caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption 66 to 74 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, fields. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption yellowish red, and red clay field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A specially designed septic system may be needed. Important soil properties— The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly Permeability: Moderate pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination Available water capacity: High symbol is 8A. Surface runoff: Medium Hazard of water erosion: Moderate High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from NaA—Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This nearly level, very deep, somewhat poorly drained December through March soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of and along drainageways of the Coastal Plain. Emporia, Gritney, and Goldsboro soils. Emporia soils Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from have a loamy subsoil that is thinner than that of the about 15 to 300 acres in size. 52 Soil Survey
Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site the layers of this soil are as follows— curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 87 feet. The high water table and the moderately slow Surface layer: permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam affecting building site development and septic tank Subsoil: absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing 8 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown loam that has drainage systems next to footings, adequately sealing light brownish gray and yellowish brown mottles foundations, and land shaping so that surface water 19 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loam that has and runoff are directed away from dwellings can gray, brownish yellow, and strong brown mottles minimize problems caused by wetness. Installing a 25 to 42 inches—gray clay loam that has yellowish drainage system around the septic tank absorption brown and yellowish red mottles field may be needed to minimize problems caused by 42 to 56 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish wetness and prevent the contamination of ground yellow, very pale brown, and light gray mottles water. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption 56 to 69 inches—light gray clay loam that has field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. brownish yellow mottles The lack of suitable outlets can restrict the use of 69 to 75 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish many drainage systems. A specially designed septic yellow mottles system may be needed. The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on Important soil properties— loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Permeability: Moderately slow ordination symbol is 9W. Available water capacity: High Surface runoff: Slow Hazard of water erosion: Slight NkB—Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 High water table: At a depth of 1.0 to 1.5 feet from percent slopes. This nearly level and gently sloping, December through May very deep, well drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes in the Fall Line region of the upper Coastal Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range Exum and Grantham soils. The moderately well from about 10 to 200 acres in size. drained Exum soils are in the slightly higher areas. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of The poorly drained Grantham soils are in the slightly the layers of this soil are as follows— lower areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 23 percent of this map unit. Surface layer: Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest 0 to 9 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand is mainly used as cropland or pasture. that has common ironstone nodules (fig. 6) In drained and cultivated areas of this Nahunta soil, Subsoil: the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain. 9 to 14 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish The high water table and the moderately slow red and red mottles and common ironstone permeability in the subsoil are the main limitations nodules affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during 14 to 25 inches—yellowish red clay that has strong wet periods. Artificial drainage systems may be brown mottles and common ironstone nodules needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable 25 to 44 inches—red clay that has strong brown outlets and the permeability restrict the use of many mottles and common ironstone nodules drainage systems. 44 to 52 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red, In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for and red clay that has few ironstone nodules loblolly pine. The high water table and competition from undesirable plant species are the main limitations Substratum: affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be 52 to 64 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish red, restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial and red sandy clay loam that has pockets of drainage systems may be needed to remove excess sandy clay water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the Important soil properties— use of many drainage systems. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding, Permeability: Moderately slow can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling Available water capacity: Moderate mortality rate, and reduce the competition from Surface runoff: Medium Halifax County, North Carolina 53
Figure 6.—Ironstone nodules on Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes.
Hazard of water erosion: Moderate some areas. Dothan soils have more than 5 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet plinthite, by volume, in the subsoil. Also included are small areas of soils that have major properties, use, Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of and management similar to those of the Nankin soil Dothan and Emporia soils. These soils have a loamy but have a thicker subsoil. Soils in some areas do not subsoil. They are intermingled with the Nankin soil in have a gravelly surface layer or do not have common 54 Soil Survey
ironstone nodules in the subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions Subsoil: make up about 15 percent of this map unit. 18 to 30 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest 30 to 42 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that is mainly used as woodland or pasture. has yellowish red and pale yellow mottles In cultivated areas of this Nankin soil, the major 42 to 54 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that crops are tobacco, cotton, peanuts, corn, soybeans, has light gray, yellowish red, and strong brown and small grain. The hazard of erosion and the mottles moderately slow permeability in the subsoil are the 54 to 64 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam that main limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter has light gray, yellowish red, and red mottles and cover crops and managing crop residue help to control pockets of sandy clay runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation Important soil properties— practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed Permeability: Moderate waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help Available water capacity: Moderate to conserve water and control erosion. Surface runoff: Slow In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Hazard of water erosion: Slight loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant High water table: At a depth of 2.5 to 4.0 feet from species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 December through March inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Exum and Goldsboro soils. These moderately well control the competition from undesirable plant species. drained soils are on flats, in depressions, and along Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet drainageways. Exum soils have more silt in the subsoil periods because of the high content of clay in the than the Noboco soil. Also included are small areas of upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier soils that have major properties, use, and periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer management similar to those of the Noboco soil but and possible root damage from compaction. Based on have a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly about 5 percent of this map unit. pine is 80 feet. Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest The moderately slow permeability in the subsoil is is mainly used as woodland or pasture. the main limitation affecting building site development In cultivated areas of this Noboco soil, the major and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. crops are peanuts, cotton, corn, tobacco, and Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field soybeans. The high water table is the main limitation can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during specially designed septic system may be needed. wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination tilth and conserve moisture. symbol is 8A. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant species is the main limitation affecting use and NoA—Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent management. Intensive site preparation, such as slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the lower control the competition from undesirable plant species. Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size. loblolly pine is 90 feet. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of The high water table is the main limitation affecting the layers of this soil are as follows— building site development and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems Surface layer: next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and 0 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam land shaping so that surface water and runoff are Subsurface layer: directed away from dwellings can minimize problems 10 to 18 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam that caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system has brownish yellow mottles around the septic tank absorption field may be needed to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent Halifax County, North Carolina 55
the contamination of ground water. A specially In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for designed septic system may be needed. loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 as the indicator species, the woodland ordination inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting symbol is 9A. woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to control the competition from undesirable plant species. PaB—Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet This gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on periods because of the high content of clay in the upland ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont. upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer about 10 to 100 acres in size. and possible root damage from compaction. Based on Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of a 50-year site index curve, the mean site index for the layers of this soil are as follows— loblolly pine is 85 feet. Surface layer: The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam main limitation affecting building site development and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Subsoil: Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field 8 to 27 inches—red clay can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A 27 to 35 inches—red clay loam specially designed septic system may be needed. Substratum: The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly 35 to 63 inches—mottled white, reddish yellow, and pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination red saprolite of sandy clay loam symbol is 8A. Important soil properties— Permeability: Moderate PeB2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent This gently sloping, very deep, well Available water capacity: Moderate slopes, eroded. drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Surface runoff: Medium Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and Hazard of water erosion: Moderate range from about 10 to 50 acres in size. Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of the layers of this soil are as follows— Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are Surface layer: at the head of drainageways and along drainageways. 0 to 2 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam In some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer Subsoil: of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Pacolet 2 to 21 inches—red clay soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have 21 to 28 inches—mottled yellow, white, and red sandy major properties, use, and management similar to clay loam those of the Pacolet soil but have a yellow subsoil or a thicker subsoil. Soils in some areas have a surface Substratum: layer of gravelly sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions 28 to 64 inches—mottled yellow, white, brown, and red make up about 15 percent of this map unit. saprolite of sandy clay loam Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Important soil properties— is mainly used as woodland or pasture. In cultivated areas of this Pacolet soil, the major Permeability: Moderate crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. Available water capacity: Moderate The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting Surface runoff: Rapid cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing Hazard of water erosion: Severe crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and at the head of drainageways and along drainageways. control erosion. In some areas noneroded soils that have a surface 56 Soil Survey
layer of sandy loam are intermingled with the Pacolet Subsoil: soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have 7 to 15 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has major properties, use, and management similar to brownish yellow and reddish yellow mottles those of the Pacolet soil but have a yellow subsoil or a 15 to 28 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 brownish yellow and reddish yellow mottles percent of this map unit. 28 to 40 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest yellow and reddish yellow mottles is mainly used as woodland or pasture. 40 to 55 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish In cultivated areas of this Pacolet soil, the major yellow, reddish yellow, and yellowish red mottles crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. 55 to 72 inches—gray clay loam that has brownish The hazard of erosion and poor tilth are the main yellow and reddish yellow mottles limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover Important soil properties— crops and managing crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation Permeability: Moderate practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop Available water capacity: Moderate rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed Surface runoff: Slow waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help Hazard of water erosion: Slight to conserve water and control erosion. High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for November through April loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 Bethera and Lynchburg soils. Bethera soils have a inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting clayey subsoil. They are intermingled with the Rains woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as soil in some areas. The somewhat poorly drained chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Lynchburg soils are in the slightly higher areas. control the competition from undesirable plant species. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 7 percent of this Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet map unit. periods because of the high content of clay in the Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier is mainly used as cropland or pasture. periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer In drained and cultivated areas of this Rains soil, and possible root damage from compaction. Based on the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain. a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly The high water table is the main limitation affecting pine is 70 feet. cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the periods. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to main limitation affecting building site development and remove excess water, but a lack of suitable outlets can septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. restrict the use of many drainage systems. Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A loblolly pine. The high water table, competition from specially designed septic system may be needed. undesirable plant species, and a hazard of windthrow The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on are the main limitations affecting woodland. The use of loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil ordination symbol is 6C. is dry. Artificial drainage systems may be needed to remove excess water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the use of many drainage systems. RaA—Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent Intensive site preparation, such as chopping, burning, This nearly level, very deep, poorly drained slopes. and bedding, can help to establish seedlings, reduce soil is on broad, smooth, upland flats, in depressions, the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition and along drainageways of the Coastal Plain. from undesirable plant species. Thinning stands Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from carefully, avoiding damage to surficial root systems, about 10 to 500 acres in size. and periodically removing windthrown trees may be Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site the layers of this soil are as follows— index for loblolly pine is 90 feet. Surface layer: The high water table is the main limitation affecting 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam building site development and septic tank absorption Halifax County, North Carolina 57
fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems In cultivated areas of this Riverview soil, the major next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of flooding land shaping so that surface water and runoff are and the high water table are the main limitations directed away from dwellings can minimize problems affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system wet periods. Planting winter cover crops, managing around the septic tank absorption field may be needed crop residue, and conservation tillage help to maintain to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent tilth and conserve moisture. the contamination of ground water. The lack of suitable In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for outlets may be a problem in some areas. A specially loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding and competition designed septic system may be needed. from undesirable plant species are the main limitations The land capability subclass is IIIw. Based on affecting woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish ordination symbol is 9W. seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and reduce the competition from undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for RmA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, loblolly pine is 100 feet. This nearly level, very deep, occasionally flooded. The hazard of flooding and the high water table are well drained soil is on flood plains along the Roanoke the main limitations affecting building site development River and the major streams of the Piedmont and the and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Coastal Plain. Individual areas are long and narrow Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size. dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of selected on more suitable soils. the layers of this soil are as follows— The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on Surface layer: loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown loam ordination symbol is 11A. Subsoil: 6 to 15 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam RoA—Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 15 to 18 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam occasionally flooded. This nearly level, very deep, 18 to 32 inches—strong brown clay loam poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, in depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial Substratum: terraces along the Roanoke River and its major 32 to 38 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam tributaries. Individual areas are irregular in shape and 38 to 42 inches—brown fine sandy loam range from about 10 to 500 acres in size. 42 to 50 inches—dark brown loam Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of 50 to 63 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam the layers of this soil are as follows— Important soil properties— Surface layer: Permeability: Moderate 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray loam Available water capacity: High Subsurface layer: Surface runoff: Slow 5 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam that has yellowish Hazard of water erosion: Slight brown mottles High water table: At a depth of 3.0 to 5.0 feet from December through March Subsoil: 8 to 52 inches—gray clay that has light yellowish Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of brown and strong brown mottles Chewacla soils. These somewhat poorly drained soils are in depressions and along drainageways. Also Substratum: included are small areas of soils that have major 52 to 70 inches—mottled light brownish gray and properties, use, and management similar to those of yellowish red loam the Riverview soil but have more silt in the subsoil. Important soil properties— Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. Permeability: Very slow Most of the map unit is used as cropland. The rest Available water capacity: Moderate is mainly used as pasture or woodland. Surface runoff: Very slow 58 Soil Survey
Hazard of water erosion: Slight The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from and IVw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as November through May the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol is 10W in drained areas. Based on sweetgum as the Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of indicator species, it is 7W in undrained areas. Dogue, Wahee, and Tomotley soils. The moderately well drained Dogue soils and the somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils are in the slightly higher areas. SeA—Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent Tomotley soils have a loamy subsoil. They are slopes, rarely flooded. This nearly level, very deep, intermingled with the Roanoke soil in some areas. moderately well drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent of this in depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial map unit. terraces along Fishing Creek. Individual areas are Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 50 acres is mainly used as cropland or pasture. in size. In drained and cultivated areas of this Roanoke soil, Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain. the layers of this soil are as follows— The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the Surface layer: very slow permeability in the subsoil are the main 0 to 9 inches—dark brown loamy sand limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems Substratum: may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of 9 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand suitable outlets and the permeability restrict the use of 24 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown loamy sand many drainage systems. that has light gray mottles In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for 31 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown coarse sand loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water that has light gray mottles table, competition from undesirable plant species, the 36 to 63 inches—yellowish brown coarse sand that high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil, has light brownish gray mottles and a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations Important soil properties— affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial Permeability: Rapid drainage systems may be needed to remove excess Available water capacity: Very low water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the Surface runoff: Slow use of many drainage systems. Intensive site Hazard of water erosion: Slight preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding, High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 feet from can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling December through March mortality rate, and reduce the competition from undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of impassable during wet periods because of the high Altavista and Tarboro soils. Altavista soils have a content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil. loamy subsoil. They are intermingled with the Logging during the drier periods helps to prevent Seabrook soil in some areas. The somewhat rutting of the surface layer and possible root damage excessively drained Tarboro soils are in the slightly from compaction. Thinning stands carefully, avoiding higher areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 25 damage to surficial root systems, and periodically percent of this map unit. removing windthrown trees may be needed. Based on Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Some areas are pine is 98 feet where the soil is drained. Based on a excavated for sand. 50-year site curve, the mean site index for sweetgum In cultivated areas of this Seabrook soil, the major is 90 feet where the soil is undrained. crops are soybeans and corn. The hazard of flooding, The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the high water table, the droughtiness of the thick, the very slow permeability in the subsoil are the main sandy layer, a hazard of soil blowing, the low available limitations affecting building site development and water capacity, and the leaching of plant nutrients are septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may Because of the hazard of occasional flooding, sites for be delayed during wet periods, and irrigation may be dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be needed during dry periods. Blowing sand may damage selected on more suitable soils. young plants. Planting winter cover crops, managing Halifax County, North Carolina 59
crop residue, conservation tillage, establishing Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of windbreaks, and including close-growing grasses and Altavista soils. These moderately well drained soils are legumes in the cropping system help to control soil on flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. Also blowing, maintain tilth, and conserve moisture. included are small areas of soils that have major Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, should be used in split properties, use, and management similar to those of applications. the State soil but have a red subsoil. Soils in some In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for areas have more clay or more sand in the subsoil. loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent of this and the low available water capacity are the main map unit. limitations affecting woodland. The droughtiness may Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest cause seedling mortality during dry periods. When dry, is mainly used as woodland or pasture. the sandy layers are soft and may limit the use of In cultivated areas of this State soil, the major crops equipment. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, corn, and small grain. site index for loblolly pine is 81 feet. There are no significant limitations affecting cropland. The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and a Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, poor filtering capacity are the main limitations affecting and conservation tillage help to maintain tilth and building site development and septic tank absorption conserve moisture. fields in areas of this soil. Because of the hazard of In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for rare flooding, sites for dwellings and septic tank loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant absorption fields should be selected on more suitable species is the main limitation affecting use and soils. management. Intensive site preparation, such as The land capability subclass is IIIs. Based on chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland control the competition from undesirable plant species. ordination symbol is 8S. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 86 feet. The high water table is the main limitation affecting StA—State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent building site development and septic tank absorption slopes. This nearly level, very deep, well drained soil fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial terraces along next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and the larger land shaping so that surface water and runoff are streams in the county. Individual areas are irregular in directed away from dwellings can minimize problems shape and range from about 15 to 100 acres in size. caused by wetness. Installing a drainage system Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of around the septic tank absorption field may be needed the layers of this soil are as follows— to minimize problems caused by wetness and prevent the contamination of ground water. A specially Surface layer: designed septic system may be needed. 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam The land capability class is I. Based on loblolly pine Subsoil: as the indicator species, the woodland ordination 6 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam symbol is 9A. 15 to 44 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam 44 to 53 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam StB—State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Substratum: slopes. This gently sloping, very deep, well drained 53 to 66 inches—strong brown very fine sandy loam soil is on ridges on fluvial terraces along the Roanoke 66 to 75 inches—yellowish brown very fine sandy River, Fishing Creek, and the larger streams in the loam county. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from about 15 to 75 acres in size. Important soil properties— Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Permeability: Moderate the layers of this soil are as follows— Available water capacity: Moderate Surface layer: Surface runoff: Slow 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Hazard of water erosion: Slight High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from Subsoil: December through June 6 to 15 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam 60 Soil Survey
15 to 44 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam runoff from the higher areas can also minimize 44 to 53 inches—strong brown fine sandy loam problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. A specially designed septic system Substratum: may be needed. 53 to 66 inches—strong brown very fine sandy loam The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly 66 to 75 inches—yellowish brown very fine sandy pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination loam symbol is 9A. Important soil properties— Permeability: Moderate TaA—Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Available water capacity: Moderate This nearly level, very deep, somewhat excessively Surface runoff: Medium drained soil is on broad, smooth ridges on fluvial Hazard of water erosion: Moderate terraces along Fishing Creek. Individual areas are High water table: At a depth of 4.0 to 6.0 feet from irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 150 December through June acres in size. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of the layers of this soil are as follows— Altavista and Bojac soils. The moderately well drained Altavista soils are on flats, in depressions, and along Surface layer: drainageways. Bojac soils have a sandy subsoil. They 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand are intermingled with the State soil in some areas. In Substratum: some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer of 9 to 29 inches—strong brown loamy sand sandy clay loam are intermingled with the State soil. 29 to 60 inches—brownish yellow coarse sand Also included are small areas of soils that have major 60 to 82 inches—light yellowish brown coarse sand properties, use, and management similar to those of the State soil but have a red subsoil. Soils in some Important soil properties— areas have more clay in the subsoil. Dissimilar Permeability: Very rapid inclusions make up about 20 percent of this map unit. Available water capacity: Very low Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Surface runoff: Slow is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Hazard of water erosion: Slight In cultivated areas of this State soil, the major crops Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet are peanuts, cotton, soybeans, corn, and small grain. The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing Seabrook and Bojac soils. The moderately well crop residue help to maintain tilth and conserve drained Seabrook soils are on flats, in depressions, moisture. Conservation practices, such as no-till and along drainageways. Bojac soils have a loamy planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, subsoil. They are intermingled with the Tarboro soil in field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and some areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 diversions, can also help to conserve moisture and percent of this map unit. control erosion. Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Some areas are loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant excavated for sand (fig. 7). species is the main limitation affecting use and In cultivated areas of this Tarboro soil, the major management. Intensive site preparation, such as crops are peanuts, corn, and soybeans. The chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer, a hazard of soil control the competition from undesirable plant species. blowing, the low available water capacity, and the Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for leaching of plant nutrients are the main limitations loblolly pine is 86 feet. affecting cropland. Irrigation may be needed during dry The high water table is the main limitation affecting periods. Blowing sand may damage young plants. building site development and septic tank absorption Planting winter cover crops, managing crop residue, fields in areas of this soil. Installing drainage systems conservation tillage, establishing windbreaks, and next to footings, adequately sealing foundations, and including close-growing grasses and legumes in the land shaping so that surface water and runoff are cropping system help to control soil blowing, maintain directed away from dwellings can minimize problems tilth, and conserve moisture. Fertilizers, particularly caused by wetness. Installing diversions that intercept nitrogen, should be used in split applications. Halifax County, North Carolina 61
Figure 7.—An area of Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes, that has been mined for sand.
In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for absorption fields in areas of this soil. Locating all loblolly pine. The droughtiness of the thick, sandy layer septic tank drainage lines away from water sources and the low available water capacity are the main helps to prevent the contamination of nearby ground- limitations affecting woodland. The droughtiness may water supplies. Backfilling septic tank drainage lines cause seedling mortality during dry periods. When dry, with finer textured material may be needed. A specially the sandy layers are soft and may limit the use of designed septic system also may be needed. equipment. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean The land capability subclass is IIIs. Based on site index for loblolly pine is 72 feet. loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland A poor filtering capacity is the main limitation ordination symbol is 7S. affecting building site development and septic tank 62 Soil Survey
TbE—Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes. possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are This strongly sloping and moderately steep, deep, well necessary, culverts should be installed. When drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont. harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and Individual areas are long and narrow and range from logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site about 10 to 75 acres in size. preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of herbicides, helps to control the competition from the layers of this soil are as follows— undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet periods because of the high Surface layer: content of clay in the upper 10 inches of the soil. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam Logging during the drier periods helps to prevent Subsoil: rutting of the surface layer and possible root damage 5 to 26 inches—red silty clay from compaction. Based on a 50-year site curve, the 26 to 40 inches—red silty clay that has brownish mean site index for loblolly pine is 75 feet. yellow mottles The slope is the main limitation affecting building 40 to 49 inches—mottled brownish yellow and red silty site development and septic tank absorption fields in clay loam areas of this soil. Designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope and land shaping can Substratum: help to overcome the slope limitation. A specially 49 to 54 inches—mottled brownish yellow, light gray, designed septic system may be needed. and red saprolite of silt loam The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on Soft bedrock: loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland 54 to 63 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly ordination symbol is 7R. weathered slate rock Important soil properties— TmB2—Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent This gently sloping, deep, well Permeability: Moderate slopes, eroded. drained soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the Available water capacity: Moderate Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and Surface runoff: Rapid range from about 10 to 75 acres in size. Hazard of water erosion: Severe Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet the layers of this soil are as follows— Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Surface layer: dissimilar soils. Eroded soils having a surface layer of 0 to 6 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has silty clay loam and soils having soft weathered yellowish red mottles bedrock within a depth of 40 inches are intermingled with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also included are Subsoil: small areas of soils that have major properties, use, 6 to 20 inches—red silty clay that has brownish yellow and management similar to those of the Tatum soil but mottles have a yellow subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up 20 to 35 inches—red silty clay that has brownish about 10 percent of this map unit. yellow mottles Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest Substratum: is mainly used as pasture. The map unit is rarely used 35 to 50 inches—mottled yellow, light gray, weak red, as cropland. The slope is the main limitation affecting and red saprolite of silt loam the use and management of cropland. In wooded areas, this Tatum soil is managed Soft bedrock: primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of 50 to 62 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly erosion, competition from undesirable plant species, weathered slate rock and the high content of clay in the upper 10 inches of Important soil properties— the soil are the main limitations affecting woodland. The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging Permeability: Moderate roads and skid trails should be installed on the Available water capacity: Moderate contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent Surface runoff: Medium erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to Hazard of water erosion: Severe prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet Halifax County, North Carolina 63
Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and ordination symbol is 7A. somewhat poorly drained soils are on flats, at the head of drainageways, and along drainageways. In some areas noneroded soils that have a surface layer of silt TmC2—Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent This moderately sloping, deep, well loam or a gravelly surface layer are intermingled with slopes, eroded. drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont. the Tatum soil. Soils having soft weathered bedrock Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from within a depth of 40 inches and soils having soft about 10 to 75 acres in size. weathered bedrock below a depth of 60 inches are Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of intermingled with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also the layers of this soil are as follows— included are small areas of soils that have major properties, use, and management similar to those of Surface layer: the Tatum soil but have a yellow subsoil or a thicker 0 to 6 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 yellowish red mottles percent of this map unit. Subsoil: Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest 6 to 20 inches—red silty clay that has brownish yellow is mainly used as cropland or pasture. mottles In cultivated areas of this Tatum soil, the major 20 to 35 inches—red silty clay that has brownish crops are soybeans, tobacco, and corn. The hazard of yellow mottles erosion and poor tilth are the main limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing Substratum: crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and 35 to 50 inches—mottled yellow, light gray, weak red, maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till and red saprolite of silt loam planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, Soft bedrock: field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and 50 to 62 inches—mottled light gray and red, strongly diversions, can also help to conserve water and weathered slate rock control erosion. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Important soil properties— loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant Permeability: Moderate species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 Available water capacity: Moderate inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting Surface runoff: Rapid woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as Hazard of water erosion: Severe chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet control the competition from undesirable plant species. Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of periods because of the high content of clay in the Lignum soils. These moderately well drained and upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier somewhat poorly drained soils are at the head of periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer drainageways and along drainageways. Noneroded and possible root damage from compaction. Based on soils that have a surface layer of silt loam or a gravelly a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly surface layer, soils that have soft weathered bedrock pine is 75 feet. within a depth of 40 inches, and soils that have soft The moderate permeability in the subsoil, a weathered bedrock below a depth of 60 inches are moderate shrink-swell potential, and the depth to soft intermingled with the Tatum soil in some areas. Also bedrock are the main limitations affecting building site included are small areas of soils that have major development and septic tank absorption fields in areas properties, use, and management similar to those of of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank the Tatum soil but have a yellow subsoil or a thicker absorption field can help to minimize the permeability subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 10 limitation. Placing extra reinforcement in footings and percent of this map unit. foundations and backfilling with sandy material can Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and is mainly used as cropland or pasture. swelling of clay. Areas of the deeper, included soils In cultivated areas of this Tatum soil, the major may be better suited to absorption fields. A specially crops are soybeans and corn. The slope, the hazard of designed septic system may be needed. erosion, and poor tilth are the main limitations affecting The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing 64 Soil Survey
crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Subsoil: maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till 5 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, that has dark gray and strong brown mottles field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and 9 to 23 inches—light gray clay loam that has yellowish diversions, can also help to conserve water and brown and strong brown mottles control erosion. 23 to 31 inches—gray clay loam that has yellowish In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for brown mottles loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant 31 to 40 inches—gray sandy loam that has yellowish species and the high content of clay in the upper 10 brown mottles and pockets of sandy clay loam inches of the soil are the main limitations affecting Substratum: woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as 40 to 45 inches—mottled gray, yellow, and yellowish chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to brown fine sandy loam control the competition from undesirable plant species. 45 to 51 inches—light gray loamy sand that has yellow Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet and yellowish brown mottles periods because of the high content of clay in the 51 to 60 inches—light gray sand upper 10 inches of the soil. Logging during the drier periods helps to prevent rutting of the surface layer Important soil properties— and possible root damage from compaction. Based on Permeability: Moderate a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly Available water capacity: Moderate pine is 75 feet. Surface runoff: Slow The moderate permeability in the subsoil, the slope, Hazard of water erosion: Slight a moderate shrink-swell potential, and the depth to High water table: Within a depth of 1.0 foot from soft bedrock are the main limitations affecting building November through April site development and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of absorption field can help to minimize the permeability Roanoke soils. These soils have a clayey subsoil. They limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to are intermingled with the Tomotley soil in some areas. the natural slope and land shaping can help to Some areas along Fishing Creek may be more than overcome the slope limitation. Placing extra rarely flooded. Also included are small areas of soils reinforcement in footings and foundations and that have major properties, use, and management backfilling with sandy material can minimize the similar to those of the Tomotley soil but are somewhat damage caused by the shrinking and swelling of clay. poorly drained. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 15 Areas of the deeper, included soils may be better percent of this map unit. suited to absorption fields. A specially designed septic Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest system may be needed. is mainly used as woodland or pasture. The land capability subclass is IVe. Based on In drained and cultivated areas of this Tomotley soil, loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland the major crops are corn and soybeans. The hazard of ordination symbol is 7A. flooding and the high water table are the main limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems TtA—Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of This nearly level, very deep, slopes, rarely flooded. suitable outlets can restrict the use of many drainage poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth flats, in systems. depressions, and along drainageways on fluvial In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for terraces along the Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, and loblolly pine. The hazard of flooding, the high water the larger streams in the county. Individual areas are table, competition from undesirable plant species, and irregular in shape and range from about 50 to 150 a hazard of windthrow are the main limitations acres in size. affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial the layers of this soil are as follows— drainage systems may be needed to remove excess Surface layer: water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam use of many drainage systems. Intensive site Halifax County, North Carolina 65
preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding, soil in some areas. Also included are small areas of can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling soils that have major properties, use, and mortality rate, and reduce the competition from management similar to those of the Turbeville soil but undesirable plant species. Thinning stands carefully, have a yellow subsoil or a thinner subsoil. Dissimilar avoiding damage to surficial root systems, and inclusions make up about 10 percent of this map unit. periodically removing windthrown trees may be Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest needed. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site is mainly used as woodland, pasture, or urban land. index for loblolly pine is 97 feet. In cultivated areas of this Turbeville soil, the major The hazard of flooding and the high water table are crops are peanuts, tobacco, cotton, corn, and the main limitations affecting building site development soybeans. The hazard of erosion is the main limitation and septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. affecting cropland. Planting winter cover crops and Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for managing crop residue help to control runoff and dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation practices, selected on more suitable soils. such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, The land capability subclass is IIIw in drained areas contour farming, field borders, grassed waterways, and IVw in undrained areas. Based on loblolly pine as and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve the indicator species, the woodland ordination symbol water and control erosion. is 10W. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant species is the main limitation affecting use and TuB—Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent management. Intensive site preparation, such as This gently sloping, very deep, well drained slopes. chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to soil is on ridges on old fluvial terraces of the Roanoke control the competition from undesirable plant species. River in the area of Roanoke Rapids and Weldon. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from loblolly pine is 80 feet. about 20 to 150 acres in size. The moderate permeability in the subsoil and a Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of moderate shrink-swell potential are the main the layers of this soil are as follows— limitations affecting building site development and Surface layer: septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. 0 to 9 inches—brown fine sandy loam Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. Subsoil: Placing extra reinforcement in footings and 9 to 12 inches—mottled strong brown and yellowish foundations and backfilling with sandy material can red sandy clay loam minimize the damage caused by the shrinking and 12 to 17 inches—red clay loam swelling of clay. A specially designed septic system 17 to 24 inches—red clay may be needed. 24 to 44 inches—red clay that has brown mottles The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly 44 to 59 inches—dark red clay pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination 59 to 86 inches—dark red clay that has strong brown symbol is 8A. mottles Important soil properties— These nearly level to Permeability: Moderate Ud—Udorthents, loamy. moderately sloping, well drained and moderately well Available water capacity: Moderate drained soils are on uplands and fluvial terraces where Surface runoff: Medium natural soil material has been excavated or covered by Hazard of water erosion: Moderate earthy fill material. Individual areas are irregular in Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet shape and range from about 5 to 50 acres in size. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Udorthents generally occur in cut and fill areas or in Emporia and Gritney soils. Emporia soils have a loamy areas of borrow pits where soil material has been subsoil that is thinner than that of the Turbeville soil. removed and placed on an adjacent site. Other areas They are intermingled with the Turbeville soil in some of Udorthents include quarries, sand pits, landfills, and areas. The moderately well drained Gritney soils are recreational areas, such as playgrounds. Because of on shoulders. Eroded soils that have a surface layer of the variable nature of the soils, a typical pedon is not sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Turbeville given. 66 Soil Survey
Important soil properties— 13 to 31 inches—mottled light yellowish brown, light brownish gray, reddish yellow, and red clay Permeability: Moderate to slow 31 to 48 inches—light brownish gray clay that has Available water capacity: Low to high reddish yellow mottles Surface runoff: Medium to rapid Hazard of water erosion: Moderate to severe Substratum: High water table: Variable; commonly at a depth of 4 to 48 to 60 inches—light brownish gray clay that has 6 feet from December through March reddish yellow mottles Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Important soil properties— somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils on Permeability: Slow flats, in depressions, and along drainageways. Some Available water capacity: Moderate soils have a clayey or sandy subsoil. Dissimilar Surface runoff: Slow inclusions make up about 25 percent of this map unit. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest High water table: At a depth of 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet from is mainly used for urban development or as December through March recreational areas. The highly variable soil properties are the main limitation affecting the use and Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of management of cropland. Altavista, Dogue, and Roanoke soils. The moderately In wooded areas, this map unit is primarily well drained Altavista and Dogue soils are in the unmanaged. The highly disturbed areas and the slightly higher areas. Altavista soils have a loamy variable soil properties are the main limitations subsoil. The poorly drained Roanoke soils are in the affecting woodland. Intensive site preparation, such as slightly lower areas. Dissimilar inclusions make up chopping, burning, and bedding, can help to establish about 25 percent of this map unit. seedlings, reduce the seedling mortality rate, and Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest reduce competition from undesirable plant species. is mainly used as cropland or pasture. Because of the variability of this map unit, a mean site In drained and cultivated areas of this Wahee soil, index is not given. the major crops are corn, soybeans, and small grain. The high water table and the variability of the soil The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the properties are the main limitations affecting building slow permeability in the subsoil are the main site development and septic tank absorption fields in limitations affecting cropland. Cultivation may be areas of this map unit. Sites for dwellings and septic delayed during wet periods. Artificial drainage systems tank absorption fields should be selected on more may be needed to remove excess water, but a lack of suitable soils. suitable outlets and the permeability restrict the use of The land capability subclass is VIIs. This map unit is many drainage systems. not assigned a woodland ordination symbol. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. The high water table and competition from undesirable plant species are the main limitations WaA—Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, affecting woodland. The use of equipment may be This nearly level, very deep, rarely flooded. restricted to periods when the soil is dry. Artificial somewhat poorly drained soil is on broad, smooth drainage systems may be needed to remove excess flats, in depressions, and along drainageways on water, but the lack of suitable outlets can restrict the fluvial terraces along the Roanoke River and its major use of many drainage systems. Intensive site tributaries. Individual areas are irregular in shape and preparation, such as chopping, burning, and bedding, range from about 10 to 50 acres in size. can help to establish seedlings, reduce the seedling Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of mortality rate, and reduce the competition from the layers of this soil are as follows— undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site Surface layer: curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 86 feet. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam The hazard of flooding, the high water table, and the slow permeability in the subsoil are the main Subsurface layer: limitations affecting building site development and 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. Subsoil: Because of the hazard of rare flooding, sites for 7 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam that dwellings and septic tank absorption fields should be has light gray and reddish yellow mottles selected on more suitable soils. Halifax County, North Carolina 67
The land capability subclass is IIw. Based on diversions, can also help to conserve water and loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland control erosion. ordination symbol is 9W. In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant species is the main limitation affecting use and WeB—Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent management. Intensive site preparation, such as This gently sloping, very deep, well drained slopes. chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to soil is on upland ridges and side slopes of the control the competition from undesirable plant species. Piedmont. Individual areas are irregular in shape and Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for range from about 10 to 250 acres in size. loblolly pine is 87 feet. Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the the layers of this soil are as follows— main limitation affecting building site development and Surface layer: septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. 0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A Subsoil: specially designed septic system may be needed. 7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam The land capability subclass is IIe. Based on loblolly 10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish pine as the indicator species, the woodland ordination red mottles symbol is 9A. 19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish yellow and red mottles 26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has WeC—Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent brownish yellow, white, and red mottles slopes. This moderately sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of the Piedmont. Substratum: Individual areas are long and narrow and range from 36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish about 10 to 75 acres in size. yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of loam the layers of this soil are as follows— Important soil properties— Surface layer: Permeability: Moderate 0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam Available water capacity: Moderate Subsoil: Surface runoff: Medium 7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Hazard of water erosion: Moderate 10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet red mottles Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of 19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are yellow and red mottles at the head of drainageways and along drainageways. 26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has In some areas eroded soils that have a surface layer brownish yellow, white, and red mottles of sandy clay loam are intermingled with the Wedowee Substratum: soil. Also included are small areas of soils that have 36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish major properties, use, and management similar to yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay those of the Wedowee soil but have a red subsoil or a loam thicker subsoil. Dissimilar inclusions make up about 5 percent of this map unit. Important soil properties— Most of this map unit is used as cropland. The rest Permeability: Moderate is mainly used as woodland or pasture. Available water capacity: Moderate In cultivated areas of this Wedowee soil, the major Surface runoff: Rapid crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. Hazard of water erosion: Severe The hazard of erosion is the main limitation affecting Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet cropland. Planting winter cover crops and managing crop residue help to control runoff and erosion and Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of maintain tilth. Conservation practices, such as no-till Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are planting, stripcropping, crop rotations, contour farming, at the head of drainageways and along drainageways. field borders, grassed waterways, and terraces and In some areas soils that have a loamy subsoil are 68 Soil Survey
intermingled with the Wedowee soil. Also included are 19 to 26 inches—strong brown clay that has brownish small areas of soils that have major properties, use, yellow and red mottles and management similar to those of the Wedowee soil 26 to 36 inches—strong brown clay loam that has but have a red subsoil or a thicker subsoil. Dissimilar brownish yellow, white, and red mottles inclusions make up about 5 percent of this map unit. Substratum: Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest 36 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown, brownish is mainly used as cropland or pasture. yellow, pink, white, and red saprolite of sandy clay In cultivated areas of this Wedowee soil, the major loam crops are tobacco, corn, soybeans, and small grain. The slope and the hazard of erosion are the main Important soil properties— limitations affecting cropland. Planting winter cover Permeability: Moderate crops and managing crop residue help to control Available water capacity: Moderate runoff and erosion and maintain tilth. Conservation Surface runoff: Rapid practices, such as no-till planting, stripcropping, crop Hazard of water erosion: Severe rotations, contour farming, field borders, grassed Depth to high water table: More than 6.0 feet waterways, and terraces and diversions, can also help to conserve water and control erosion. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of In wooded areas, this soil is managed primarily for Helena soils. These moderately well drained soils are loblolly pine. Competition from undesirable plant at the head of drainageways and along drainageways. species is the main limitation affecting use and In some areas soils that have a loamy subsoil are management. Intensive site preparation, such as intermingled with the Wedowee soil. Also included are chopping, burning, and applying herbicides, helps to small areas of soils that have major properties, use, control the competition from undesirable plant species. and management similar to those of the Wedowee soil Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for but have a red subsoil or have a surface layer of loblolly pine is 87 feet. gravelly sandy loam. Dissimilar inclusions make up The moderate permeability in the subsoil and the about 10 percent of this map unit. slope are the main limitations affecting building site Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The rest development and septic tank absorption fields in areas is mainly used as pasture. The map unit is rarely used of this soil. Increasing the size of the septic tank as cropland. The slope is the main limitation affecting absorption field can help to minimize the permeability the use and management of cropland. limitation. Designing dwellings so that they conform to In wooded areas, this Wedowee soil is managed the natural slope, land shaping, and installing the primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of septic tank absorption lines on the contour can help to erosion, and competition from undesirable plant overcome the slope limitation. A specially designed species are the main limitations affecting woodland. septic system may be needed. The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging The land capability subclass is IIIe. Based on roads and skid trails should be installed on the loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent ordination symbol is 9A. erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if WeE—Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are slopes. This strongly sloping and moderately steep, necessary, culverts should be installed. When very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes of the harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and Piedmont. Individual areas are long and narrow and logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site range from about 15 to 50 acres in size. preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of herbicides, helps to control the competition from the layers of this soil are as follows— undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 87 feet. Surface layer: The slope is the main limitation affecting building 0 to 7 inches—dark brown sandy loam site development and septic tank absorption fields in Subsoil: areas of this soil. Designing dwellings so that they 7 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam conform to the natural slope and land shaping can 10 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish help to overcome the slope limitation. A specially red mottles designed septic system may be needed. Halifax County, North Carolina 69
The land capability subclass is VIe. Based on 15 to 25 percent. Dissimilar inclusions make up about loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland 10 percent of this map unit. ordination symbol is 9R. Most of this map unit is used as woodland. The map unit is rarely used as cropland or pasture. The slope is the main limitation affecting the use and management WnF—Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent of cropland. This steep, very deep, moderately well slopes. In wooded areas, this Winton soil is managed drained soil is on bluffs along the Roanoke River and primarily for loblolly pine. The slope, the hazard of on side slopes of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas erosion, and competition from undesirable plant are long and narrow and range from about 20 to 100 species are the main limitations affecting woodland. acres in size. The slope may limit the use of equipment. Logging Typically, the sequence, depth, color, and texture of roads and skid trails should be installed on the the layers of this soil are as follows— contour. Water bars and culverts can help to prevent Surface layer: erosion on sloping roads. Filter strips can help to 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy prevent stream sedimentation. Stream crossings, if loam possible, should not be used. If stream crossings are necessary, culverts should be installed. When Subsurface layer: harvesting is completed, logging roads, skid trails, and 5 to 9 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam logging decks should be seeded. Intensive site Subsoil: preparation, such as chopping, burning, and applying 9 to 14 inches—pale yellow sandy clay loam herbicides, helps to control the competition from 14 to 23 inches—brownish yellow sandy clay loam that undesirable plant species. Based on a 50-year site has strong brown mottles curve, the mean site index for loblolly pine is 80 feet. 23 to 38 inches—brownish yellow clay loam that has The slope, the perched water table, and the gray and strong brown mottles moderate permeability in the subsoil are the main 38 to 57 inches—mottled brownish yellow, gray, and limitations affecting building site development and strong brown clay loam septic tank absorption fields in areas of this soil. In the 57 to 63 inches—mottled strong brown and light gray less sloping areas, designing dwellings so that they sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy loam conform to the natural slope, land shaping, and installing the septic tank absorption lines on the Important soil properties— contour can help to overcome the slope limitation. Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow Installing drainage systems next to footings, Available water capacity: Moderate adequately sealing foundations, and land shaping so Surface runoff: Rapid that surface water and runoff are directed away from Hazard of water erosion: Severe dwellings can minimize problems caused by wetness. High water table: At a depth of 2.0 to 3.5 feet from Installing diversions that intercept runoff from the December through May higher areas can also minimize problems caused by wetness that affect septic tank absorption fields. Included with this unit in mapping are a few areas of Increasing the size of the septic tank absorption field Chewacla soils. These somewhat poorly drained soils can help to minimize the permeability limitation. A are on flood plains. In some areas soils that are well specially designed septic system may be needed. drained or have a clayey subsoil are intermingled with The land capability subclass is VIIe. Based on the Winton soil. Also included are small areas of soils loblolly pine as the indicator species, the woodland that have major properties, use, and management ordination symbol is 10R. similar to those of the Winton soil but have slopes of
71
Prime Farmland
In this section, prime farmland is defined and the erodible or saturated with water for long periods and soils in Halifax County that are considered prime are not frequently flooded during the growing season. farmland are listed. The slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent. Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important The following map units are considered prime farmland defined by the U.S. Department of farmland in Halifax County. The location of each map Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the unit is shown on the detailed soil maps. The extent of Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and each unit is given in table 4. The soil qualities that fiber. Because the acreage of high-quality farmland is affect use and management are described in the limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” This list does not that government at local, State, and Federal levels, as constitute a recommendation for a particular land use. well as individuals, must encourage and facilitate the Some soils that have a high water table qualify as wise use of our Nation’s prime farmland. prime farmland only in areas where this limitation has Prime farmland soils, as defined by the U.S. been overcome by drainage measures. The need for Department of Agriculture, are soils that are best these measures is indicated in parentheses after the suited to food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. map unit name in the following list. Onsite evaluation is Such soils have properties that favor the economic necessary to determine whether or not this limitation production of sustained high yields of crops. The soils has been overcome by corrective measures. need only to be treated and managed by acceptable The soils identified as prime farmland in Halifax farming methods. The moisture supply must be County are: adequate, and the growing season must be sufficiently long. Prime farmland soils produce the highest yields AaA Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent with minimal expenditure of energy and economic slopes, rarely flooded resources. Farming these soils results in the least AyA Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes damage to the environment. ChA Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, Prime farmland soils may presently be used as occasionally flooded (where drained) cropland, pasture, or woodland or for other purposes. DgA Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes They are used for food or fiber or are available for DoA Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes these uses. Urban or built-up land, public land, and DoB Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes water areas cannot be considered prime farmland. EmA Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent Urban or built-up land is any contiguous unit of land 10 slopes acres or more in size that is used for such purposes EmB Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent as housing, industrial, and commercial sites, sites for slopes institutions or public buildings, small parks, golf EwB Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent courses, cemeteries, railroad yards, airports, sanitary slopes landfills, sewage treatment plants, and water-control ExA Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes structures. Public land is land not available for farming GoA Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent in National forests, National parks, military slopes reservations, and State parks. GrA Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where Prime farmland soils usually receive an adequate drained) and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation GtB Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes or irrigation. The temperature and growing season are HeA Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes favorable. The acidity or alkalinity level of the soils is HrB Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes acceptable. The soils have few or no rocks and are LyA Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent permeable to water and air. They are not excessively slopes (where drained) 72
MrA Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent RaA Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes slopes (where drained) MrB Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent RmA Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, slopes occasionally flooded NaA Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes StA State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained) StB State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes NkB Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent TmB2 Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, slopes eroded NoA Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent TtA Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes slopes, rarely flooded (where drained) PaB Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes TuB Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent PeB2 Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes slopes, eroded WeB Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 73
Use and Management of the Soils
This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of Crops and Pasture the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural J. Wayne Short, district conservationist, and Bobby G. Brock, resources and the environment. Also, it can help to conservation agronomist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. prevent soil-related failures in land uses. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, In 1992, according to North Carolina Agricultural conservationists, engineers, and others collect Statistics, Halifax County had about 105,700 acres of extensive field data about the nature and behavioral cropland and 19,000 acres of pasture and hayland. characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Cotton was grown on about 39,400 acres, peanuts on erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that 25,470 acres, corn on 18,800 acres, soybeans on affect various soil uses and management. Field 13,400 acres, small grain on 12,500 acres, tobacco on experience and collected data on soil properties and 3,120 acres, and sorghum on 550 acres (7). The performance are used as a basis for predicting soil remaining acreage is idle land or is part of the behavior. conservation reserve program. Almost all of the Information in this section can be used to plan the pasture and hayland is planted to tall fescue. use and management of soils for crops and pasture; General management needed for crops and pasture as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture highways and other transportation systems, and parks plants best suited to the soils are identified; the system and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. of land capability classification used by the Natural It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations Resources Conservation Service is explained; and the of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent estimated yields of the main crops and hay and construction failures caused by unfavorable soil pasture plants are listed for each soil. properties. Planners of management systems for individual Generally, the soils in Halifax County that are well fields or farms should consider the detailed suited to crops also are well suited to urban uses. The information given in the description of each soil under data concerning specific soils in the county can be the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the used in planning future land use patterns. The tables. Specific information can be obtained from the potential for farming should be considered relative to local office of the Natural Resources Conservation any soil limitations and the potential for nonfarm Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension development. Service. Planners and others using soil survey information can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Cropland Management productivity and on the environment in all or part of the Soil erosion is a hazard affecting cropland and survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain pasture on soils that have slopes of more than 2 or create a land use pattern that is in harmony with percent, such as Emporia, Gritney, Marlboro, nature. Herndon, Pacolet, State, Tatum, Turbeville, and Contractors can use this survey to locate sources Wedowee soils. Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay, of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use Seabrook, and Tarboro soils are subject to soil it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very blowing. firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. The economic production of crops needs to include Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and protecting soil from erosion so that future production is others may also find this survey useful. The survey sustainable. Erosion is damaging for various reasons. can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and As topsoil is lost, soil productivity and tilth are reduced. locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, Costly and potentially harmful pesticides, fertilizers, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. and lime are removed from the field in addition to the 74 Soil Survey
valuable topsoil and organic matter. Erosion degrades using rippers, subsoilers, and chisels and planting water quality by increasing the amount of sediments deep-rooted grasses and legumes in rotation can and attached pollutants deposited in streams, lakes, effectively overcome the problem of pans. and reservoirs. Effectively controlling erosion helps to Soil blowing is commonly a hazard on soils that maintain soil productivity and improve water quality. have a sandy surface layer. Many tons of topsoil are The uncontrolled runoff of water is the primary lost annually from Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay, cause of soil erosion in Halifax County. For many soils, Seabrook, and Tarboro soils. The windblown material a lack of available water is the main factor limiting crop is carried into drainage ditches, generally during yields. The quantity of roots in the soil and soil texture March, April, and May. Young plants are the most greatly influence the amount of water a soil can hold. damaged by the windblown soil particles. Damage Proper resource management systems can reduce from soil blowing can be greatly minimized by using a soil loss and conserve moisture. conservation cropping system that includes cover Resource management systems provide a crops, crop residue management, close-growing protective surface cover, help to control runoff, and crops, and conservation tillage. Establishing increase the rate of water infiltration. Maintaining a windbreaks of tall-growing species of small grain can plant cover for an extended period of time helps to limit help to reduce the damage to young row crops caused the amount of soil lost through erosion. A conservation by the wind. Windbreaks are effective in large, open cropping system that includes a substantial plant areas. cover should be implemented. A plant cover can be Soil tilth is an important factor in crop production. It provided by crop residue, cover crops, or grasses influences the germination of seeds and water grown in rotation. infiltration. Soils that have good tilth have a granular Conservation tillage includes planting crops in a and porous surface layer. Organic matter promotes the cover of mulch and disturbing the surface as little as development of desirable soil structure. Conservation possible. It is recommended for any soil, especially for tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, cover soils that have an erosion problem. The sustained crops, and grass-based rotations slightly increase the practice of no-till farming that keeps ground cover on content of organic matter in soil. The sustained 80 percent or more of the surface can improve the practice of no-till farming that maintains a significant physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil ground cover can also increase the content of organic (fig. 8). matter. Terraces and diversions help to control erosion by Most of the soils in Halifax County have a surface intercepting the excess runoff of surface water and layer that is fine sandy loam, silt loam, or loam and safely diverting it to suitable outlets. Grassed has a low content of organic matter. Most of the soils waterways, which are generally planted to tall fescue, are subject to the formation of a surface crust after safely dispose of the water runoff. Field borders rainfall. Soils that have a fine textured surface layer, consisting of fescue help to filter sediments from water such as Aycock, Bethera, Chewacla, Dogue, Exum, runoff. These measures are practical and highly Grantham, Herndon, Lignum, Nahunta, Riverview, effective on soils that have a uniform slope pattern, Roanoke, Tatum, and Wahee soils, are especially such as Bonneau, Dothan, Emporia, Fuquay, Gritney, susceptible. Gritney, Pacolet, and Tatum soils are more Herndon, Marlboro, Pacolet, State, Tatum, Turbeville, sloping and may have an eroded surface layer, which and Wedowee soils. Contour tillage is an effective also tends to crust. Additions of crop residue, manure, conservation measure on the sloping soils in Halifax or mulch and conservation tillage help to prevent County when it is used with terraces and diversions. crusting and improve soil structure and tilth. In several of the soils in Halifax County, a Fall plowing is not recommended in Halifax County compacted plowpan can form between the topsoil and because a hard crust forms on most of the soils after the subsoil. The formation of a plowpan is affected by intense rains in fall. This crust slows the rate of water the amount of traffic across the field and the amount of infiltration, greatly increases runoff and erosion during tillage performed during wet periods. Plowpans winter, and exposes the soil to soil blowing in spring. A commonly occur in Aycock, Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, protective cover of crop residue helps to prevent Exum, Fuquay, Goldsboro, Lignum, Lynchburg, erosion. Noboco, and Nahunta soils. They reduce infiltration, Information on the design and applicability of root penetration, and permeability. The hazard of resource management systems for each kind of soil in erosion is increased on sloping soils that have the county can be obtained from the local office of the plowpans. A conservation tillage system that includes Natural Resources Conservation Service. Halifax County, North Carolina 75
Figure 8.—No-till cotton on Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, helps to control soil erosion and improve soil properties.
Drainage systems that include tile drainage and land smoothing. Land smoothing is needed for the successful Wetness is a management concern on about production of crops, such as corn, soybeans, and 30,000 acres in Halifax County that were formerly small grain. The loamy Chewacla, Rains, Lynchburg, wetlands and are currently cultivated. The poorly and Tomotley soils respond well to tile drainage. drained and somewhat poorly drained Bethera, Peanuts and tobacco can be grown if an adequate Chewacla, Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains, system of surface and subsurface drainage is installed Roanoke, Tomotley, and Wahee soils require drainage and maintained. Most of the wet soils in the county 76 Soil Survey
Figure 9.—Wetness is a major limitation affecting crop production in this area of Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.
respond well to artificial drainage, but the clayey Resources Conservation Service for identification of Bethera, Roanoke, and Wahee soils and the silty hydric soils and potential wetlands. Grantham and Nahunta soils respond slowly. The less Flooding is a problem on several soils that are used responsive soils require an extensive surface drainage for cropland or pasture. Chewacla and Riverview soils system that includes drains installed closer to each are on flood plains and are occasionally flooded. other, open channels, and land grading. Roanoke soils are on terraces and are occasionally Unless artificially drained, the poorly drained and flooded. Altavista, Seabrook, Tomotley, and Wahee somewhat poorly drained Bethera, Chewacla, soils are on terraces and are rarely flooded. Flooding Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains, Roanoke, may occur more often along Fishing Creek, which can Tomotley, and Wahee soils remain wet until late spring rise quickly if the upper watershed has received (fig. 9). If these soils are plowed when wet, clods form intense rainfall. The flooding is usually brief, lasting 1 when the soils dry and preparing a good seedbed is to 5 days. Flooding is less common along the Roanoke difficult. River because of the two reservoirs, Gaston Lake and Federal and State regulations require that any area Roanoke Rapids Lake. It tends to be of longer designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior duration, however, along the Roanoke River because approval. Contact the local office of the Natural extensive amounts of water are released from the Halifax County, North Carolina 77
reservoirs over a period of several weeks in order to shown in the table. The content can be higher in soils maintain lake levels. Flooding along the Roanoke River that have received high amounts of animal or has destroyed crops during the growing season. Crop manmade waste. Soils that have recently been production can be improved by providing artificial brought into cultivation may have a higher content of drainage, such as open ditches or subsurface organic matter in the surface layer than similar soils drainage tile, that can remove excess surface and that have been cultivated for a long time. Conservation subsurface water. tillage can increase the content of organic matter in the surface layer. A lower content of organic matter is Soil Fertility common where the surface layer has been partly or The soils in Halifax County do not have high completely removed by erosion or land smoothing. enough levels of natural fertility to economically Current soil tests should be used for specific organic produce crops. Economic yields require additions of matter determinations. On sandy soils that have less plant nutrients and lime according to the than 2 percent organic matter, the rapid leaching of recommendations of soil tests. herbicides can damage young plants or prevent the The soils in the county are naturally acid, and normal germination of seeds. Herbicide labels show additions of lime are needed for most crops. Liming specific application rates based on the content of requirements are a major concern on cropland. The organic matter and texture of the surface layer. acidity level in the soil affects the availability of many nutrients to plants and the activity of beneficial Pasture Management bacteria. Lime adds calcium (from calcitic lime) or Although tall fescue is the major grass grown for calcium and magnesium (from dolomitic lime). Lime pasture and hayland in Halifax County, other species neutralizes exchangeable aluminum and thus of grass, such as hybrid bermudagrass, common counteracts the adverse effects that high levels of bermudagrass, switchgrass, gamagrass, bluestems, aluminum can have on many of the important crops and bahiagrass, are better adapted to summer grown in the county. weather. Some of the native warm-season grasses A soil test is a guide to what amount and kind of thrive on all soils, except the very wettest. Livestock lime should be used. The desired pH levels may differ, producers should plant the species that is best depending on the soil properties and the crop to be adapted to the specific soil in areas of pasture and grown. hayland. Planting adapted species and using good Nitrogen fertilizer is required for most crops. It is management techniques, such as soil fertility tests, generally not required, however, for peanuts and proper annual fertilization, weed control, and rotational clover, in some rotations of soybeans, or for alfalfa that grazing, can produce higher yields from pasture and is established. A reliable soil test is not available for hayland. predicting nitrogen requirements. Appropriate rates of The very deep and deep, well drained and nitrogen application are described in the section moderately well drained Altavista, Aycock, Dogue, “Yields per Acre.” Emporia, Exum, Goldsboro, Gritney, Helena, Herndon, Soil tests can indicate the need for phosphorus and Marlboro, Nankin, Noboco, Pacolet, Riverview, State, potassium fertilizer. They are needed because Tatum, Turbeville, and Wedowee soils are suited to all phosphorus and potassium tend to build up in the soil. of the major grasses commonly grown in the survey area. On these soils, fescue, mixtures of fescue and Chemical Weed Control clover, common bermudagrass, and bahiagrass The use of herbicides for weed control is a common produce 6 to 9 animal unit months of grazing each practice on the cropland in Halifax County. It year and hybrid bermudagrass produces an average decreases the need for tillage and is an integral part of of 10 animal unit months of grazing each year. An modern farming. Selected soil properties, such as animal unit month is the amount of feed or forage content of organic matter and texture of the surface required by an animal unit for one month. layer, affect the rate of herbicide application. Estimates The very deep, sandy Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, of both of these properties were determined for the Fuquay, Seabrook, and Tarboro soils have moisture soils in the county. Table 14 shows a general range of limitations and are subject to the leaching of fertilizer. the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the They are not well suited to fescue. These soils are soils. The texture of the surface layer is shown in the best suited to warm-season grasses. These grasses USDA texture column in table 13. produce 5 to 9 animal unit months of grazing each In some areas the content of organic matter year. projected for the different soils is outside the range If adequately drained, the very deep, wet Bethera, 78 Soil Survey
Chewacla, Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Rains, Bojac, Bonneau, Dothan, Fuquay, Seabrook, and Roanoke, Tomotley, and Wahee soils are best suited to Tarboro soils, applications may be needed on these fescue or a mixture of fescue and legumes. These soils more than once during the growing season. plants produce 5 to 9 animal unit months of grazing For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the each year. irrigation system is adapted to the soils and the crops, An effective management program for pasture and that good-quality irrigation water is uniformly applied hayland includes summer grasses, such as as needed, and that tillage is kept to a minimum. bermudagrass and switchgrass; cool-season grasses, The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity such as fescue; and grass-legume mixtures. Proper of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are fencing for rotation grazing and an intensive likely to increase as new production technology is management program for fertilization can help to developed. The productivity of a given soil compared produce pasture that is available for grazing from with that of other soils, however, is not likely to March through December. change. Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown Yields per Acre in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed The average yields per acre that can be expected because the acreage of such crops is small. The local of the principal crops under a high level of office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service management are shown in table 5. In any given year, or of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in Service can provide information about the the table because of variations in rainfall and other management and productivity of the soils for those climatic factors. crops. The yields are based mainly on the experience and records of farmers, conservationists, and extension Land Capability Classification agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and Land capability classification shows, in a general the results of field trials and demonstrations also are way, the suitability of soils for use as cropland (9). considered. Crops that require special management are excluded. The management needed to obtain the indicated The soils are grouped according to their limitations for yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for and the crop. Management can include drainage, crops, and the way they respond to management. The erosion control, and protection from flooding; the criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- and generally expensive landforming that would yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each substitute for interpretations designed to show crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, suitability and limitations of groups of soils for and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures woodland and for engineering purposes. the smallest possible loss. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped A high level of management includes maintaining at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. proper soil reaction and fertility levels as indicated by Only class and subclass are used in this survey. standard soil tests. The application rate of nitrogen for Capability classes, the broadest groups, are corn on soils that have a yield potential of 125 to 150 designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The bushels per acre should be 140 to 160 pounds per numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and acre. If the yield potential for corn is only 100 bushels narrower choices for practical use. The classes are per acre or less, a rate of 100 to 120 pounds of defined as follows: nitrogen per acre should be used. The application of Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their nitrogen in excess of that required for potential yields use. generally is not recommended. The excess nitrogen Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce fertilizer that is not utilized by a crop is an the choice of plants or that require moderate unnecessary expense and causes a hazard of water conservation practices. pollution. If corn or cotton is grown after the harvest of Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce soybeans or peanuts, nitrogen rates can be reduced the choice of plants or that require special by about 20 to 30 pounds per acre. Because nitrogen conservation practices, or both. can be readily leached from sandy soils, such as Class IV soils have very severe limitations that Halifax County, North Carolina 79
reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful Oak-pine. This forest type covers 46,860 acres. It is management, or both. predominantly hardwoods, usually upland oaks. Pine Class V soils are not likely to erode, but they have species make up 25 to 50 percent of the stand. other limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their Commonly included trees are gum, hickory, and use. yellow-poplar. Class VI soils have severe limitations that make Oak-hickory. This forest type covers 77,193 acres. It them generally unsuitable for cultivation. is predominantly upland oaks or hickory, or both. Class VII soils have very severe limitations that Commonly included trees are yellow-poplar, elm, make them unsuitable for cultivation. maple, and black walnut. Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have Oak-gum-cypress. This forest type covers 49,221 limitations that nearly preclude their use for acres. It is bottom-land forest consisting predominantly commercial crop production. of tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, southern Capability subclasses are soil groups within one cypress, or a combination of these species. Commonly class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, included trees are cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, w, or s to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter hackberry, and maple. e shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion Elm-ash-cottonwood. This forest type covers 2,778 unless a close-growing plant cover is maintained; w acres. It is predominantly elm, ash, cottonwood, or a shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant combination of these species. Commonly included growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be trees are willow, sycamore, beech, and maple. partly corrected by artificial drainage); and s shows The landowner interested in timber production is that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow or faced with the challenge of producing greater yields droughty. from smaller areas. Meeting this challenge requires There are no subclasses in class I because the intensive management and silvicultural practices. soils of this class have few limitations. The soils in Many modern silvicultural techniques resemble those class V are subject to little or no erosion, but they have long practiced in agriculture. They include establishing, other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, weeding, and thinning a desirable young stand; woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. Class V propagating the more productive species and genetic contains only the subclasses indicated by w or s. varieties; providing short rotations and complete fiber The capability classification of each map unit utilization; controlling insects, diseases, and weeds; component is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map and improving tree growth by applications of fertilizer Units” and in table 5. and the installation of a drainage system. Although timber crops require decades to grow, the goal of intensive management is similar to the goal of Woodland Management and Productivity intensive agriculture. The goal is to produce the Albert B. Coffey, forester, Natural Resources Conservation greatest yield of the most valuable crop as quickly as Service, helped prepare this section. possible. Commercial forests cover about 250,000 acres, or Owners of woodland in Halifax County have many about 54 percent of the land area of Halifax County objectives. These objectives include producing timber; (12). Commercial forest is land that is producing or is conserving wildlife, soil, and water; preserving capable of producing crops of industrial wood and that aesthetic values; and providing opportunities for has not been withdrawn from timber production. recreational activities, such as commercial hunting. Loblolly pine is the most important timber species in Public demand for clean water and recreational areas the county because it grows fast, is adapted to the soil creates pressures and opportunities for owners of and climate, brings the highest average sale value per woodland. acre, and is easy to establish and manage (fig. 10). For purposes of forest inventory, the predominant One of the first steps in planning intensive forest types identified in Halifax County are as woodland management is to determine the potential described in the following paragraphs (12). productivity of the soil for several alternative tree Loblolly-shortleaf. This forest type covers 103,600 species. The most productive and valued trees are acres. It is predominantly loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, then selected for each soil type. Site and yield or other kinds of southern yellow pine (excluding information enables a forest manager to estimate longleaf pine and slash pine) or a combination of these future wood supplies. These estimates are the basis of species. Commonly included trees are oak, hickory, realistic decisions concerning expenses and profits and gum. 80 Soil Survey
Figure 10.—A well managed stand of loblolly pine on Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.
associated with intensive woodland management, land aeration, and root development. The net effects of the acquisition, or industrial investments. interaction of these soil properties and site The potential productivity of woodland depends on characteristics determine the potential site physiography, soil properties, climate, and the effects productivity. of past management. Specific soil properties and site Other site factors are also important. The gradient characteristics, including soil depth, texture, structure, and length of slopes affect water movement and and depth to the water table, affect forest productivity availability. The amount of rainfall and length of primarily by influencing available water capacity, growing season influence site productivity. Halifax County, North Carolina 81
This soil survey can be used by woodland slope, wetness, and susceptibility of the surface layer managers planning ways to increase the productivity to compaction. As slope gradient and length increase, of forest land. Some soils respond better to the use of wheeled equipment becomes more difficult. applications of fertilizer than others and some are On the steeper slopes, tracked equipment is needed. more susceptible to landslides and erosion after roads On the steepest slopes, even tracked equipment are built and timber is harvested. Some soils require cannot be operated and more sophisticated systems special reforestation efforts. In the section “Detailed are needed. The rating is slight if the use of equipment Soil Map Units,” the description of each map unit in the is restricted by wetness for less than 2 months and if survey area suitable for timber includes information special equipment is not needed. The rating is about productivity, limitations in harvesting timber, and moderate if slopes are so steep that wheeled management concerns in producing timber. Table 6 equipment cannot be operated safely across the summarizes this forestry information and rates the slope, if wetness restricts the use of equipment from 2 soils for a number of factors to be considered in to 6 months per year, or if special equipment is management. Slight, moderate, and severe are used needed to prevent or minimize compaction. The rating to indicate the degree of the major soil limitations to be is severe if slopes are so steep that tracked equipment considered in forest management. cannot be operated safely across the slope, if wetness Table 6 lists the ordination symbol for each soil. The restricts the use of equipment for more than 6 months first part of the ordination symbol, a number, indicates per year, or if special equipment is needed to prevent the potential productivity of a soil for the indicator or minimize compaction. Ratings of moderate or species in cubic meters per hectare per year. The severe indicate a need to choose the best suited larger the number, the greater the potential equipment and to carefully plan the timing of productivity. Potential productivity is based on the site harvesting and other management activities. index and the point where mean annual increment is Ratings of seedling mortality refer to the probability the greatest. of the death of naturally occurring or properly planted The second part of the ordination symbol, a letter, seedlings of good stock in periods of normal rainfall, indicates the major kind of soil limitation affecting use as influenced by kinds of soil or topographic features. and management. The letter R indicates a soil that has Seedling mortality is caused primarily by too much a significant limitation because of the slope. The letter water or too little water. The factors used in rating a W indicates a soil in which excessive water, either soil for seedling mortality are texture of the surface seasonal or year-round, causes a significant limitation. layer, depth to a high water table and the length of the The letter C indicates a soil that has a limitation period when the water table is high, and rooting depth. because of the kind or amount of clay in the upper part The mortality rate generally is highest on soils that of the profile. The letter S indicates a dry, sandy soil. have a sandy or clayey surface layer. The risk is slight The letter A indicates a soil having no significant if, after site preparation, expected mortality is less than restrictions or limitations affecting forest use and 25 percent; moderate if expected mortality is between management. If a soil has more than one limitation, 25 and 50 percent; and severe if expected mortality the priority is as follows: R, W, C, and S. exceeds 50 percent. Ratings of moderate or severe Ratings of erosion hazard indicate the probability indicate that it may be necessary to use containerized that damage may occur if site preparation or or larger than usual planting stock or to make special harvesting activities expose the soil. The risk is slight if site preparations, such as bedding, furrowing, and no particular preventive measures are needed under installing a surface drainage system. Reinforcement ordinary conditions; moderate if erosion-control planting is often needed if the risk is moderate or measures are needed for particular silvicultural severe. activities; and severe if special precautions are needed Ratings of windthrow hazard indicate the likelihood to control erosion for most silvicultural activities. that trees will be uprooted by the wind. A restricted Ratings of moderate or severe indicate the need for rooting depth is the main reason for windthrow. The construction of higher standard roads, additional rooting depth can be restricted by a high water table, a maintenance of roads, additional care in planning fragipan, or bedrock or by a combination of such harvesting and reforestation activities, or the use of factors as soil wetness, texture, structure, and depth. special equipment. The risk is slight if strong winds break trees but do not Ratings of equipment limitation indicate limits on the uproot them; moderate if strong winds blow a few trees use of forest management equipment, year-round or over and break many trees; and severe if moderate or seasonal, because of such soil characteristics as strong winds commonly blow trees over. Ratings of 82 Soil Survey
moderate or severe indicate that care is needed in Hunting and fishing are popular outdoor activities in thinning or that the stand should not be thinned at all. the county. Currently, the county has hunting seasons Special equipment may be needed to prevent damage for whitetail deer, rabbit, quail, dove, squirrel, duck, to shallow root systems in partial cutting operations. A and turkey. There is an annual bass fishing tournament plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees and at Lake Gaston. Rockfish, bream, crappie, perch, and the maintenance of a road and trail system may be catfish are other species inhabiting Lake Gaston, the needed. Roanoke River, Fishing Creek, Little Fishing Creek, The potential productivity of common trees on a soil and other streams in the county. is expressed as a site index and a volume number. Camp sites and hiking trails are available in the Common trees are listed in table 6 in the order of their county. Medoc Mountain State Park is in the observed occurrence. Generally, only two or three tree southwestern part of the county, near Hollister. species dominate. The first tree listed for each soil is Originally a vineyard, the park was established in the the indicator species for that soil. An indicator species early 1970’s. Medoc Mountain is not a mountain but a is a tree that is common in the area and that is granitic formation that has resisted the erosional generally the most productive on a given soil. forces that created the surrounding landscape. The For soils that are commonly used for timber park covers 2,300 acres and is bisected by Little production, the yield is predicted in cubic feet per acre Fishing Creek. It operates year-round and offers per year. It is predicted at the point where mean opportunities for hiking, picnicking, camping, annual increment culminates. The estimates of the canoeing, and fishing. The Roanoke Canal Trail is a 3- productivity of the soils in this survey are based mainly mile-long hiking trail along the banks of the Roanoke on loblolly pine and sweetgum (4, 6). River. The canal, which extends from Roanoke Rapids The site index is determined by taking height to Weldon, was originally built to enable ships to measurements and determining the age of selected bypass the rapids on the Roanoke River. trees within stands of a given species. This index is the Lake Gaston, located in the northwestern part of average height, in feet, that the trees attain in a the county, offers numerous opportunities for water specified number of years (50 years in this survey). activities, including swimming, boating, waterskiing, This index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, and fishing. The lake is 20,300 acres in size and has unmanaged stands. The productivity of a site can be 350 miles of shoreline. It is manmade and fed by the improved through management practices, such as Roanoke River. Residential areas have private access bedding, ditching, managing water, applying fertilizer, to the lake, but camping and rental properties also are and planting genetically improved species. available. State-operated boat ramps and several The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the marinas provide public boat launches. most important trees, expressed in cubic feet per acre The town of Halifax is a State historic site. per year. Numerous old homes and buildings have been Trees to plant are those that are used for restored and are located in a village setting. The town reforestation or, under suitable conditions, natural includes a visitors’ center and several antique and regeneration. They are suited to the soils and can craft stores. produce a commercial wood crop. The desired In table 7, the soils of the survey area are rated product, topographic position (such as a low, wet according to the limitations that affect their suitability area), and personal preference are three factors for recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil among many that can influence the choice of trees for features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the use in reforestation. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not considered in the ratings, but important in Recreation evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of the area, the size and shape of the area, and its The rural environment of Halifax County combined scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential with a network of major highways and an interstate water impoundment sites, and access to public sewer provide access to numerous historic sites and many lines. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank recreational areas. Because the county is located on effluent and the ability of the soil to support vegetation both the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont, it offers a also are important. Soils subject to flooding are limited variety of scenery and wildlife habitats, ranging from for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of the swamps in the eastern part of the county to the flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In upland ridges in the western part. planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of Halifax County, North Carolina 83
the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of Wildlife Habitat flooding is essential. In table 7, the degree of soil limitation is expressed John P. Edwards, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil Service, helped prepare this section. properties are generally favorable and that limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also design, or special maintenance. Severe means that affect the construction of water impoundments. The soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting combination of these measures. appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing The information in table 7 can be supplemented by plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment other information in this survey, for example, of desirable plants. interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table The landscapes in the survey area were formed by 10 and interpretations for dwellings without basements natural forces, such as the receding of oceans, the and for local roads and streets in table 9. cutting of channels by rivers and streams, erosion, Camp areas require site preparation, such as sedimentation, and deposition. Through the natural shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, processes of soil formation and development, four stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and distinct landforms, or regions, in Halifax County can be installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp described. These regions include the Piedmont, the areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some Coastal Plain, river and stream terraces, and flood vehicular traffic. The best soils have gentle slopes and plains. Each region is characterized by particular soils. are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of The soils produce a wide variety of plants. The plants use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, provide cover, food, and protection for wildlife. absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not Although plants, soils, and wildlife have an indirect dusty when dry. Strong slopes can greatly increase the relationship, soils and wildlife have a direct relationship cost of constructing campsites. because of human activities. Logging activities, Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most agriculture, and housing development impact all vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and species of wildlife. Changes in land use and parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm management can greatly impact populations of wildlife. when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to Depending on the species, these changes can have a flooding during the period of use, and do not have positive, neutral, or negative effect. For example, if a slopes that increase the cost of shaping sites or of forested area is clear cut, certain wildlife species, building access roads and parking areas. especially canopy birds, are negatively affected. This Playgrounds require soils that can withstand type of logging, however, generally has a positive intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level effect on early successional species, such as and are not wet or subject to flooding during the period sparrows, cotton rats, quail, and cottontail rabbit. of use. The surface is firm after rains and is not dusty The Piedmont region covers about 136,776 acres. when dry. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil The well drained, clayey Pacolet, Herndon, Tatum, and over bedrock should be considered. Wedowee soils are the dominant soils. Pacolet and Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding Wedowee soils are derived from granitic rocks, and should require little or no cutting and filling. The best Herndon and Tatum soils are derived from finer soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty grained slate rocks. These soils are on gently sloping when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than to moderately steep landscapes. The region borders once a year during the period of use. They have Lake Gaston and Roanoke Rapids Lake to the north moderate slopes. and Fishing Creek to the south and is west of North Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and Carolina Highway 48. Individual farms are scattered some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be throughout this area, but much of the cropland and required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are pasture has been abandoned and is regenerating firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not naturally or is replanted to loblolly pine. Red oak, white subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. oak, hickory, dogwood, sourwood, and muscadine They have moderate slopes. The suitability of the soil grape are dominant on the steeper slopes. This region for tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. is primarily used as woodland habitat. Wildlife species 84 Soil Survey
attracted to this area are songbirds, woodpeckers, diverse landscape that offers a wide variety of habitat whitetail deer, gray squirrel, gray fox, rabbit, and adjacent to the flood plains. Deer, turkey, and bear use raccoon. Lake Gaston has limited value as wildlife areas of this region for feeding in late evening and habitat because it is heavily used for recreational early morning. An edge habitat occurs where wetter purposes. soils finger into State soils. It provides food and cover The Coastal Plain region covers about 219,050 for whitetail deer, quail, and cottontail rabbit. acres. Emporia, Goldsboro, Gritney, and Rains soils The region of flood plains covers about 37,400 are the dominant soils. The well drained Emporia, acres. It occurs along the first bottoms of the Roanoke moderately well drained Goldsboro, and poorly River, Fishing Creek, Deep Creek, Beech Swamp, and drained Rains soils are derived from loamy, coastal Marsh Swamp. This region is bordered by the terraces plain sediments. The moderately well drained Gritney to the east and occurs along major creeks and soils are derived from clayey, coastal plain sediments. streams throughout the Coastal Plain. Bibb, Chastain, Landscapes range from nearly level to moderately Chewacla, Riverview, and Wehadkee soils are the sloping. South of Tillery and southeast of Scotland dominant soils. They are derived from fluvial Neck, large areas of the moderately well drained sediments. The somewhat poorly drained Chewacla Exum and poorly drained Grantham soils are and well drained Riverview soils are loamy and occur dominant. These soils are on nearly level landscapes, in broad, nearly level areas. The poorly drained Bibb, are derived from loamy, coastal plain sediments, and Chastain, and Wehadkee soils are in depressional have a high content of silt. The Coastal Plain region areas. Bibb and Wehadkee soils are loamy, and includes the Fall Line. It is bordered by North Carolina Chastain soils are clayey. Large stands of mixed Highway 48 to the west, by the Roanoke River to the hardwoods, red oak, white oak, hickory, red maple, north, by Fishing Creek to the south, and by the river beech, tulip poplar, dogwood, and loblolly pine grow and stream terraces to the east. The Coastal Plain well on Chewacla and Riverview soils. Tupelo and region is primarily agricultural. It is dissected by cypress grow better on the wetter, frequently flooded numerous streams and broad flood plains. Because Bibb, Chastain, and Wehadkee soils (fig. 11). This fields commonly are more than 200 acres in size, the region supports species of woodland and wetland amount of edge habitat available for wildlife is limited. wildlife, such as turkey, bear, whitetail deer, beaver, Fields commonly are plowed to the edge of flood mink, muskrat, and ducks. Populations of turkey and plains and slopes. As a result, buffer strips used for bear thrive in this region because it has little feeding and nesting are not available. Populations of development. Large, relatively open tracts of mast- turkey and bear cannot thrive in this region because of bearing trees and scattered stands of mature loblolly agricultural practices and human activities, but many pine are used for roosting and hibernating. Populations other species of woodland, wetland, and openland of wood ducks also thrive because tupelo and cypress wildlife are abundant. provide excellent sites for nesting and brooding. The region of terraces covers about 74,800 acres. It By dividing Halifax County into four broad regions, it occurs along the Roanoke River and Fishing Creek is possible to indicate the location of the largest but is separated from the rivers by the region of flood populations of wildlife, their distribution, and the plains. This region is bordered by the Coastal Plain elements that affect their growth. Creating habitat is region to the west. It is characterized by broad, nearly necessary for successfully managing wildlife. The level and gently sloping ridges and broad, smooth, placement of field borders, food strips, no-till farming, nearly level flats and depressions. State, Tomotley, and and the vegetative management of waterways and Roanoke soils are the dominant soils. The well drained drainage ditches are essential for good openland State and poorly drained Tomotley soils formed from wildlife. Management for woodland wildlife includes loamy fluvial sediments. The poorly drained Roanoke habitat preservation, selective cutting or thinning of soils are derived from clayey fluvial sediments. State mast-producing trees, reforestation programs, soils are mainly used for agriculture and the prescribed burning, and the seeding of logging decks production of loblolly pine, but good stands of mast- and roads with such wildlife plants as bahiagrass, producing hardwoods, such as red oak, white oak, VA-70 lespedeza, Korean lespedeza, Kobe lespedeza, hickory, beech, dogwood, and red maple, are and autumn-olive. Management for wetland wildlife scattered throughout the mapped areas. Tomotley and includes habitat preservation, the placement of ponds, Roanoke soils, where not cleared for agriculture, and the use of 3-log drainage systems for the produce loblolly pine, sweetgum, American holly, and management of beaver ponds. greenbrier. This region has an abundance of openland, The Natural Resources Conservation Service can woodland, and wetland wildlife because it has a provide more information on measures used to Halifax County, North Carolina 85
Figure 11.—An area of cypress trees on Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded, that provides excellent wildlife habitat.
increase wildlife populations while leaving large tracts maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in of land in cultivation. It can assist landowners in determining the intensity of management needed for developing a wildlife management plan. Soils each element of the habitat. The ratings in table 8 are information and interpretations are important in intended to be used as a guide and are not site making proper land use decisions. specific. Onsite investigation is needed for individual In table 8, the soils in the survey area are rated management plans. according to their potential for providing habitat for The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils maintained. Few or no limitations affect management that are suitable for establishing, improving, or and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of 86 Soil Survey
fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine and established, improved, or maintained in most places. cedar. Moderately intensive management is required for Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. limitations are severe for the designated element or Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants maintained in most places, but management is difficult are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be cattail, rushes, reeds, and sedges. expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat Shallow water areas have an average depth of less is impractical or impossible. than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the created by dams, levees, or other water-control following paragraphs. structures. Soil properties and features affecting Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples and features that affect the growth of grain and seed of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface areas, and ponds. layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil in the following paragraphs. moisture also are considerations. Examples of grain Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. pasture, and areas that are overgrown with grasses, Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, include quail, meadowlark, field sparrow, mourning available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, dove, groundhog, whitetail deer, cottontail rabbit, and flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture red fox. also are considerations. Examples of grasses and Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and and alfalfa. associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, songbirds, properties and features that affect the growth of these gray squirrel, gray fox, raccoon, whitetail deer, and plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the black bear. surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and Engineering soil moisture also are considerations. Examples of wild herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, This section provides information for planning land beggarweed, and pokeberry. uses related to urban development and to water Hardwood trees and woody understory produce management. Soils are rated for various uses and the nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the for building site development, sanitary facilities, growth of hardwoods and shrubs are depth of the root construction materials, and water management. The zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Examples ratings are based on observed performance of the of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, soils and on the estimated data and test data in the apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and “Soil Properties” section. blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are Information in this section is intended for land use suitable for planting on soils rated good are autumn- planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for olive and crabapple. planning site investigations prior to design and Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil construction. The information, however, has limitations. properties and features that affect the growth of For example, estimates and other data generally apply coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. of the root zone, available water capacity, and Because of the map scale, small areas of different Halifax County, North Carolina 87
soils may be included within the mapped areas of a without basements, small commercial buildings, local specific soil. roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The The information is not site specific and does not limitations are considered slight if soil properties and eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils site features are generally favorable for the indicated or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; the design and construction of engineering works. moderate if soil properties or site features are not Government ordinances and regulations that favorable for the indicated use and special planning, restrict certain land uses or impose specific design design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or criteria were not considered in preparing the minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or information in this section. Local ordinances and site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to regulations should be considered in planning, in site overcome that special design, significant increases in selection, and in design. construction costs, and possibly increased Soil properties, site features, and observed maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies performance were considered in determining the may be required where the soil limitations are severe. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a survey, determinations were made about grain-size maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a high water observed performance of the soils. The ease of table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected to bedrock, soil texture, and slope. The time of the year about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand that excavations can be made is affected by the depth and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations. to a high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls or corrosivity, the shrink-swell potential, available water banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting and depth to the water table. engineering uses. Dwellings and small commercial buildings are This information can be used to evaluate the structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed potential of areas for residential, commercial, soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are estimates of construction conditions; evaluate made for small commercial buildings without alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, basements, for dwellings with basements, and for pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate dwellings without basements. The ratings are based alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank on soil properties, site features, and observed absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; of footings. Depth to a high water table, depth to plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, bedrock, and flooding affect the ease of excavation terraces, and other structures for soil and water and construction. Landscaping and grading that conservation; and predict performance of proposed require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not small structures and pavements by comparing the considered. performance of existing similar structures on the same Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface or similar soils. and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. The information in the tables, along with the soil They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and this survey, can be used to make additional a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally interpretations. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a soil properties, site features, and observed special meaning in soil science and are defined in the performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, depth to a Glossary. high water table, flooding, and slope affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from Building Site Development the engineering classification of the soil), the shrink- Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations swell potential, and depth to a high water table affect that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and the traffic-supporting capacity. 88 Soil Survey
Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established absorption fields, including excessively slow and maintained. The ratings are based on soil absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside properties, site features, and observed performance of seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can the soils. Soil reaction, depth to a high water table, be polluted if highly permeable sand is less than 4 feet depth to bedrock, and the available water capacity in below the base of the absorption field, if slope is the upper 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, excessive, or if the water table is near the surface. wetness, slope, and the amount of sand, clay, or There must be unsaturated soil material beneath the organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many after vegetation is established. Soil tests are essential local ordinances require that this material be of a to determine liming and fertilizer needs. Help in certain thickness. making soil tests or in deciding what soil additive, if Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to any, to use can be obtained from the office of the hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the Fishing Creek Soil and Water Conservation District or solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly the local office of the North Carolina Cooperative level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Extension Service. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Sanitary Facilities impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides Table 10 shows the degree and the kind of soil is required to minimize seepage and contamination of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ground water. The animal waste lagoons commonly sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations used in farming operations are not considered in the are considered slight if soil properties and site features ratings. They are generally deeper than the lagoons are generally favorable for the indicated use and referred to in the table and rely on anaerobic bacteria limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if to decompose waste materials. soil properties or site features are not favorable for the Table 10 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes indicated use and special planning, design, or up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features excavated to provide material for the embankments. are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, special design, significant increases in construction and observed performance of the soils. Considered in costs, and possibly increased maintenance are the ratings are slope, permeability, depth to a high required. water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, and content of Table 10 also shows the suitability of the soils for organic matter. use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good Excessive seepage resulting from rapid indicates that soil properties and site features are permeability in the soil or a water table that is high favorable for the use and that good performance and enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution soil properties and site features are moderately results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater favorable for the use and one or more soil properties overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter or site features make the soil less desirable than the is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon soils rated good; and poor indicates that one or more because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope or bedrock soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the can cause construction problems and large stones use and overcoming the unfavorable properties can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is alteration. disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste site features, and observed performance of the soils. is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin Permeability, depth to a high water table, depth to layer of soil from a source away from the site. bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy Bedrock interferes with installation. vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- Halifax County, North Carolina 89
water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting should be considered. suitability within their profile. The table showing The ratings in table 10 are based on soil properties, engineering index properties provides detailed site features, and observed performance of the soils. information about each soil layer. This information can Permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to a water table, help to determine the suitability of each layer for use slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized and soil reaction affect trench landfills. Unless with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of The ratings are based on soil properties, site the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper features, and observed performance of the soils. The trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. The ease of excavation is affected by depth to a high Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is water table and slope. How well the soil performs in used to cover compacted solid waste in an area place after it has been compacted and drained is sanitary landfill. The soil material may be obtained determined by its strength (as inferred from the offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the engineering classification of the soil) and the shrink- waste. swell potential. Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope Soils rated good contain significant amounts of affect the ease of removing and spreading the sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of material. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are The depth to a high water table is more than 3 feet. difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil Soils rated fair have more than 35 percent silt- and blowing. clay-sized particles and have a plasticity index of less After soil material has been removed, the soil than 10. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, material remaining in the borrow area must be thick slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to enough over bedrock or the water table to permit the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25 generally has the best workability, more organic percent. They are wet and have a water table at a matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from depth of less than 1 foot. These soils have layers of the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet final cover. thick. Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for Construction Materials commercial use with a minimum of processing. They Table 11 gives information about the soils as a are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils for each use vary widely. In table 11, only the are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and probability of finding material in suitable quantity is topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect soil properties and site features that affect the removal excavation of the material. of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source compaction, minor processing, and other standard of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as construction practices are assumed. Each soil is indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. the thickness of suitable material, and the content of Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification place and used in road embankments in another are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 properties. feet high and less exacting in design than higher A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of embankments. clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is The ratings are for the soil material below the as much as 12 percent silty fines. This material must surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed be at least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and weight, large stones. All other soils are rated as an 90 Soil Survey
improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, increase in construction costs, and possibly increased such as slate and weathered granite saprolite, are not maintenance are required. considered to be sand and gravel. This table also gives the restrictive features that Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation affect each soil for drainage, irrigation, terraces and can be established and maintained. The upper 40 diversions, and grassed waterways. inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low area. seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by seepage potential is determined by the permeability of such properties as soil reaction, available water the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, storage capacity of the reservoir area. Ponds that are depth to a water table, soil texture, and thickness of less than about 2 acres in size are not shown on the suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is soil maps because of the scale of mapping. affected by slope, depth to a water table, rock Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised fragments, depth to bedrock, and toxic material. structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a high, constructed to impound water or to protect land depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes source of material for embankment fill. The ratings of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will excavation is difficult. be uniformly mixed and compacted during Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that construction. have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or depth greater than the height of the embankment can soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are affect performance and safety of the embankment. not so wet that excavation is difficult. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less determine these properties. than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large Soil material in embankments must be resistant to amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable 15 percent, or have a high water table at or near the compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features surface. include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high The surface layer of most soils is generally content of stones or boulders, organic matter, mica, or preferred for topsoil because of its content of organic salts or sodium. The depth to a high water table affects matter. Organic matter greatly increases the the amount of usable material. It also affects absorption and retention of moisture and releases a trafficability. variety of plant nutrients as it decomposes. Drainage is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and Water Management effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to Table 12 gives information on the soil properties bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water and site features that affect water management. The movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond depth of standing water if the soil is subject to reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and ponding, slope, and susceptibility to flooding. levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks properties and site features are generally favorable for are affected by depth to bedrock, slope, and the the indicated use and limitations are minor and are hazard of cutbanks caving. Availability of drainage easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site outlets is not considered in the ratings. features are not favorable for the indicated use and Federal and State regulations require that any area special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil approval. Contact the local office of the Natural properties or site features are so unfavorable or so Resources Conservation Service for identification of difficult to overcome that special design, significant hydric soils and potential wetlands. Halifax County, North Carolina 91
Irrigation is the controlled application of water to affect the construction of terraces and diversions. supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The Maintenance of terraces and diversions is adversely design and management of an irrigation system are affected by a restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard affected by depth to a high water table, the need for of soil blowing or water erosion, an excessively coarse drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake texture, and restricted permeability. rate, permeability, hazard of erosion, and slope. The Grassed waterways are natural or constructed performance of a system is affected by the availability channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct of suitable irrigation water, the depth of the root zone, surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. and soil reaction. Wetness and slope affect the construction of grassed Terraces and diversions are embankments or a waterways. A hazard of soil blowing, a low available combination of channels and ridges constructed water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted across a slope to help control erosion and conserve permeability adversely affect the growth and moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope and wetness maintenance of the grass after construction.
93
Soil Properties
Data relating to soil properties are collected during less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, by estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, volume, an appropriate modifier is added, for example, are explained on the following pages. “gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (3) and the benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are system adopted by the American Association of State followed (11). During the survey, many shallow borings Highway and Transportation Officials (2). are made and examined to identify and classify the The Unified system classifies soils according to soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples properties that affect their use as construction are taken from some typical profiles and tested in the material. Soils are classified according to grain-size laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in plasticity, and compaction characteristics. diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, Estimates of soil properties are based on field and content of organic matter. Sandy and gravelly soils examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the are identified as SW, SP, SM, SC, GW, GP, GM, and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of GC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting observations, verify properties that cannot be engineering properties of two groups can have a dual estimated accurately by field observation, and help to classification, for example, SP-SM. characterize key soils. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables those properties that affect roadway construction and include the range of grain-size distribution and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified physical and chemical properties of the major layers of in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and given. plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other Engineering Index Properties extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of Table 13 gives estimates of the engineering visual inspection. classification and of the range of index properties for If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, soils have layers of contrasting properties within the A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an upper 5 or 6 feet. additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each subgrade material can be indicated by a group index layer is indicated. The range in depth and information number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the on other properties of each layer are given for each best subgrade material to 20, or higher, for the soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their poorest. Morphology.” Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are Texture is given in the standard terms used by the indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are weight basis. The percentages are estimates defined according to percentages, by weight, of sand, determined mainly by converting volume percentage silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than in the field to weight percentage. 2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 94 Soil Survey
inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 fields. millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on Available water capacity refers to the quantity of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the plants. The capacity for water storage in each major field. soil layer is stated in inches of water per inch of soil. Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The affect the retention of water and the depth of the root estimates are based on test data from the survey area zone. The most important properties are content of or from nearby areas and on field examination. organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important Physical and Chemical Properties factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Table 14 shows estimates of some characteristics Available water capacity is not an estimate of the and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates quantity of water actually available to plants at any are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey given time. It is the difference between the amount of area. The estimates are based on field observations soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount at and on test data for these and similar soils. wilting point. Clay as a soil separate, or component, consists of Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For content of clay in each major soil layer is given as a many soils, values have been verified by laboratory percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops than 2 millimeters in diameter. and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of fertility and physical condition of the soil. They corrosion. determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil change occurs mainly because of the interaction of dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and clay minerals with water and varies with the amount kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the operations. load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on estimated moist bulk density of each major soil measurements of similar soils. horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special potential, available water capacity, total pore space, design is often needed. and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a The shrink-swell potential classes are based on the soil indicates the pore space available for water and change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6 matter, and soil structure. percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is sometimes Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit used. water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil movement of water through the soil when the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six saturated. They are based on soil characteristics factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss Halifax County, North Carolina 95
by sheet and rill erosion. Losses are expressed in tons because of coarse fragments on the surface or per acre per year. These estimates are based primarily because of surface wetness. on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the 14, the estimated content of organic matter is value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil erosion by water. material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum The content of organic matter in a soil can be average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water maintained or increased by returning crop residue to that can occur over a sustained period without the soil. Organic matter affects the available water affecting crop productivity. The rate is expressed in capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of tons per acre per year. nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their resistance to soil Soil and Water Features blowing in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the susceptibility to soil blowing. Soils are grouped Table 15 gives estimates of various soil and water according to the following distinctions: features. The estimates are used in land use planning 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine that involves engineering considerations. sands. These soils are generally not suitable for crops. Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult from precipitation. Soils are assigned to one of four to establish. groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine of water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material. precipitation from long-duration storms. These soils are very highly erodible. Crops can be The four hydrologic soil groups are: grown if intensive measures to control soil blowing are Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low used. runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy mainly of deep or very deep, well drained to loams, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive soils have a high rate of water transmission. measures to control soil blowing are used. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of silty clay loams. These soils are erodible. Crops can be moderately deep to very deep, moderately well grown if intensive measures to control soil blowing are drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine used. texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, a moderate rate of water transmission. and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when clay. These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a be grown if measures to control soil blowing are used. layer that impedes the downward movement of water 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. clays, and hemic soil material. These soils are slightly Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These soil blowing are used. consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the loams that are less than 35 percent clay. These soils surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate ordinary measures to control soil blowing are used. of water transmission. 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are If a soil listed in table 15 is assigned to two less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. hydrologic groups, the first letter is for drained areas These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be and the second is for undrained areas. grown if ordinary measures to control soil blowing are Flooding, the temporary covering of the surface by used. flowing water, is caused by overflowing streams, by 8. Soils that are not subject to soil blowing runoff from adjacent slopes, or by inflow from high 96
tides. Shallow water standing or flowing for short stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is periods after rainfall is not considered flooding. allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A Standing water in swamps and marshes or in a closed perched water table is water standing above an depression is considered ponding. unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, Table 15 gives the frequency and duration of water table is separated from a lower one by a dry flooding and the time of year when flooding is most zone. likely. Two numbers in the column showing depth to the Frequency, duration, and probable dates of water table indicate the normal range in depth to a occurrence are estimated. Frequency generally is saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. expressed as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. The first numeral in the range indicates the highest None means that flooding is not probable. Rare means water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual indicates that the water table is above the surface of weather conditions (the chance of flooding is nearly 0 the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table percent to 5 percent in any year). Occasional means is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of that flooding occurs infrequently under normal weather 6 feet for less than a month. conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a any year). Frequent means that flooding occurs often depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil under normal weather conditions (the chance of borings and on observations during soil mapping. The flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration rock is specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is is expressed as very brief (less than 2 days), brief (2 soft or fractured, excavations can be made with to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), and very long trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the (more than 1 month). The time of year that floods are rock is hard or massive, blasting or special equipment most likely to occur is expressed in months. About generally is needed for excavation. two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs during Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced the stated period. electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or The information on flooding is based on evidence in weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and content of organic matter with increasing depth; and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion little or no horizon development. of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium Also considered is local information about the content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil. Special site examination and design may be soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on needed if the combination of factors results in a severe the extent of flooding based on soil data is less hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that specific than that provided by detailed engineering intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that flood frequency levels. are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a layer. saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field in table 15 are the depth to the high water table; the capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation kind of water table, that is, perched or apparent; and extract. the months of the year that the water table commonly For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed is highest. A water table that is seasonally high for less as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, than 1 month is not indicated in table 15. acidity, and the amount of sulfates in the saturation An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water extract. in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water 97
Formation of the Soils
This section describes the factors of soil formation which affects other soil properties, such as natural soil and relates them to the soils in the survey area. drainage and permeability. The physical and chemical composition of parent material has an important effect Factors of Soil Formation on the kind of soil that forms. Many of the differences among the soils of Halifax Soils are formed by processes of the environment County indicate differences in parent material. Many of acting upon geologic materials, such as metamorphic, the soils formed in coastal plain sediments, which igneous, and sedimentary rocks and fluvial stream were deposited by the ocean that covered much of the sediments. The characteristics of a soil are determined survey area thousands of years ago. Other soils by the combined influence of parent material, climate, formed in alluvium or fluvial sediments, which were plant and animal life, relief, and time. These five factors recently deposited by streams. In the Piedmont region, are responsible for the profile development and the soils formed in material that was weathered in chemical properties that differentiate soils (5). place from igneous or metamorphic rocks. Coastal plain sediments are materials deposited by Parent Material the ocean and are thus heavily influenced by water Parent material is the raw material acted on by soil- action. They typically have particles of various sizes, forming processes. It largely determines soil texture, including sand, silt, and clay, but do not have the larger
Figure 12.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the Coastal Plain. Nahunta soils are fine-silty and are somewhat poorly drained. Gritney soils are clayey and are moderately well drained. Emporia soils are fine-loamy and are well drained. 98 Soil Survey
Figure 13.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the terraces. Roanoke soils are clayey and are poorly drained. Altavista soils are fine-loamy and are moderately well drained. Bojac soils are coarse-loamy and are well drained.
rock fragments, such as stones and cobbles. The the western part of Halifax County (fig. 15). Pacolet, composition of the sediments depends on the material Helena, and Wedowee soils formed primarily in deposited by the ocean. For example, Emporia and saprolite weathered from coarse grained, felsic Goldsboro soils formed in loamy, coastal plain crystalline rocks, such as porphyritic granite. These sediments that have a high content of sand; Exum and soils generally have a loamy surface layer and a Nahunta soils formed in loamy, coastal plain clayey subsoil. Tatum, Lignum, and Herndon soils sediments that have a high content of silt; and Gritney formed in saprolite weathered from fine grained, felsic and Marlboro soils formed in clayey, coastal plain crystalline rocks, such as Carolina slates. These soils sediments (fig. 12). have more silt throughout than the soils weathered Recent alluvium or fluvial sediments are soil from granite. materials deposited by floodwater along streams and large rivers. The texture of the soil materials varies, Climate depending on the speed of the floodwater, the duration Climate, particularly precipitation and temperature, of flooding, and the distance between the materials affects soil development. Water is necessary for and the streambank. State, Altavista, Tomotley, and biological activity. It also dissolves minerals and Bojac soils formed in loamy fluvial sediments; Dogue, transports them through the soil profile. Temperature Wahee, and Roanoke soils formed in clayey fluvial influences the kinds of organisms living in and on the sediments; and Tarboro and Seabrook soils formed in soil and their growth. It also largely determines the sandy fluvial sediments (fig. 13). Soils that formed in speed and extent of chemical and physical reactions in recent alluvium in areas where the hazard of flooding the soil. is frequent have weakly expressed horizons because Halifax County has a warm, humid climate. This the soil-forming processes are interrupted by each climate promotes the rapid decomposition of organic new deposition. These soils also can be highly matter and favors chemical reactions in the soil. The stratified. The sandy Bibb soils, clayey Chastain soils, abundant rainfall results in the leaching of soluble and loamy Riverview, Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils bases from the soil and the movement of finer textured formed on active flood plains (fig. 14). mineral particles downward. Therefore, nearly all of the Soils that formed in residuum occur extensively in soils in the county are acid, highly weathered, and Halifax County, North Carolina 99
highly leached. Variations in climate within the county Grantham, and Rains soils. The wet soils have a dark are slight and generally do not can cause any surface layer that has a relatively high content of significant local variation among soils. organic matter. Bacteria, fungi, and other relatively simple micro- Plant and Animal Life organisms aid in weathering soil and in decomposing The vegetation under which a soil forms influences organic matter. Larger plants and animals produce soil properties, such as color, structure, reaction, and organic matter and translocate elements and material content and distribution of organic matter. Vegetation within the soil. The activities of fungi and micro- extracts water from the soil, recycles nutrients, and organisms occur only in the upper few inches of soils adds organic matter to the soil. in the survey area. Earthworms and other small Originally, pine forests covered most of the uplands invertebrates produce a slow but continuous cycle of on the Coastal Plain and hardwood forests covered mixing within this thin surface layer. Rodents have had the Piedmont region. Baldcypress, water tupelo, and little effect on the formation of soils in the county. other hardwoods were dominant on flood plains and along drainageways in the survey area. These trees Relief took up elements from the subsoil and deposited them Relief influences soil formation mainly through its on the surface. The decay of twigs, trunks, branches, effect on runoff, erosion, drainage, aeration, and and leaves added organic matter to the surface layer. exposure to sun and wind. Soils in Halifax County The length of time that organic matter remains in range from nearly level to steep. Exum, Bonneau, the soil largely depends upon soil drainage. In the well Goldsboro, Marlboro, and other nearly level and gently drained Emporia and Bonneau soils, organic matter is sloping soils have a profile that is thicker than that of oxidized at such a rapid rate that very little organic moderately sloping to moderately steep soils, such as matter accumulates on the surface. The breakdown of Gritney, Wedowee, Tatum, and Winton soils. Relief organic matter is slower in wet soils, such as Bethera, also largely determines natural drainage and greatly
Figure 14.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the flood plains. Bibb soils are coarse-loamy and are poorly drained. Chewacla soils are fine-loamy and are somewhat poorly drained. Riverview soils are fine- loamy and are well drained. 100 Soil Survey
Figure 15.—A comparison of texture and depth to the seasonal high water table for three soils of the Piedmont. Tatum soils are deep to soft bedrock and are well drained. Lignum soils are also deep to soft bedrock and are moderately well drained. Wedowee soils are very deep to bedrock and are well drained.
influences the accumulation of organic matter in the soil-forming processes are interrupted by new soil. depositions of material. Time The length of time that soil material has been Processes of Horizon Differentiation exposed to the soil-forming processes influences the nature of the soil that forms. A sequence of horizons The formation of a succession of layers, or requires a long time to develop in a natural soil. horizons, in soil is the result of one or more of the soil- Horizons are more strongly developed in older soils forming processes. These processes are the than in younger soils. accumulation of organic matter; the leaching of Noboco, Fuquay, and Goldsboro soils are some of carbonates and other soluble material; the chemical the oldest soils in Halifax County. They formed on weathering, mainly by hydrolysis, of primary minerals nearly level, broad, smooth, upland ridges and flats. into silicate clay minerals; the translocation of silicate These soils have well developed horizons. They clay and some silt-sized particles from one horizon to formed in coastal plain sediments on landscapes that another; and the reduction and transfer of iron. have remained essentially unchanged for thousands of Several of these processes have been active in the years. formation of most of the soils in Halifax County. The Wedowee and Tatum soils are soils of intermediate interaction of the first four processes is indicated in the age in the county. They formed on gently sloping to strongly expressed horizons in Turbeville and Noboco steep upland ridges and side slopes. These soils soils. All five processes have probably been active in formed in highly weathered saprolite. They have well the formation of the moderately well drained developed horizons but have a subsoil that is thinner Goldsboro and Exum soils. than that of the older soils. Some organic matter has accumulated in all of the The youngest soils in the county include Bibb, soils in the survey area. Most of the soils contain Chastain, Chewacla, and Wehadkee soils. They moderate amounts of organic matter in the surface formed in recent alluvium. These soils can be stratified layer. The content of organic matter ranges from low, and have weakly expressed horizons because the as in Bonneau soils, to high, as in Wehadkee soils. Halifax County, North Carolina 101
The translocation of clay minerals is an important colored mottles in an essentially gray matrix in the process in the development of many soils in the subsoil. Nodules or concretions of iron or manganese survey area. As clay minerals are removed from the A also commonly form as a result of this process. horizon, they accumulate as clay films on the faces of As silicate clay forms from primary minerals, some peds, in pores, and in root channels in the B horizon. iron is commonly released as hydrated oxides. These The reduction and transfer of iron have occurred in oxides are generally red. Even if they occur in small all of the soils that are not characterized by good amounts, they give the soil material a brownish color. natural drainage. This process, known as gleying, is They are largely responsible for the strong brown, evidenced by a gray matrix color and mottles. Some of yellowish brown, or reddish brown colors that are the iron may be reoxidized and segregated and thus dominant in the subsoil of many soils in the survey form yellowish brown, strong brown, or other brightly area.
103
Classification of the Soils
The system of soil classification used by the typifies the great group. An example is Typic National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Hapludults. (10). Beginning with the broadest, these categories FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, on the basis of physical and chemical properties and and series. Classification is based on soil properties other characteristics that affect management. observed in the field or inferred from those Generally, the properties are those of horizons below observations or on laboratory measurements. Table 16 plow depth where there is much biological activity. shows the classification of the soils in the survey area. Among the properties and characteristics considered The categories are defined in the following are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature paragraphs. regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by forming processes and the degree of soil formation. terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine- Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults. example is Ultisol. SERIES. The series consists of soils that have SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders, similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, genesis and are important to plant growth or consistence, and mineral and chemical composition properties that reflect the most important variables and arrangement in the profile. There can be some within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a variation in the texture of the surface layer or of the suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, substratum within a series. The Emporia series is an meaning humid climate, plus ult, from Ultisol). example of fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great Hapludults in Halifax County. groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, arrangement, and degree of development of Soil Series and Their Morphology pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and base status. Each great group is In this section, each soil series recognized in the identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix survey area is described. The descriptions are that indicates a property of the soil. An example is arranged in alphabetic order. Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizon Characteristics of the soil and the material in which development, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a that occurs in humid climates). small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic the series in the survey area is described. The location subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or of the typical pedon is described, and coordinates are extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the identified by longitude and latitude. The detailed great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. description of each soil horizon follows standards in Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, the “Soil Survey Manual” (13). Many of the technical or great groups. Extragrades have some properties terms used in the descriptions are defined in “Soil that are not representative of the great group but do Taxonomy” (10). Unless otherwise stated, colors in the not indicate transitions to any other known kind of descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon soil. Each subgroup is identified by one or more description is the range of important characteristics of adjectives preceding the name of the great group. the soils in the series. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that The map units of each soil series are described in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” 104 Soil Survey
Altavista Series The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy fine sand, fine The Altavista series consists of moderately well sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. drained soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are fine- to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults. of 2 or less are within 30 inches of the surface. Typical pedon of Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.1 miles or brown may occur in the lower part of the horizon. northwest of Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about Texture is sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam. 0.5 mile southwest on a farm path, about 500 feet The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 northwest of the farm path, in a field; Norfleet USGS to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 09 minutes 58 of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 20 minutes 07 shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is seconds W. loamy sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) fine sandy The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma many very fine and fine roots; neutral; abrupt of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in smooth boundary. shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is E—8 to 12 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) fine sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. friable; many fine and few medium roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—12 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy Aycock Series clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of The Aycock series consists of well drained soils peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. Bt2—23 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are fine- clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults. structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of Typical pedon of Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) slopes; about 1.7 miles northeast of North Carolina iron depletions and few fine distinct red (2.5YR Highway 125 on Secondary Road 1003, about 0.8 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; moderately mile northwest on a farm path, about 40 feet south of acid; gradual wavy boundary. the farm path, in a field; Scotland Neck USGS BC—36 to 50 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), gray topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 11 minutes 52 (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 28 minutes 51 sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky seconds W. structure; very friable; areas with gray and brown Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow medium granular structure; very friable; common colors are iron accumulations; strongly acid; fine and few medium roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. abrupt smooth boundary. C—50 to 62 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), gray E—6 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; very loam with thin strata of sandy clay loam; massive; friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear friable; areas with gray and brown colors are iron smooth boundary. depletions and areas with yellow colors are iron Bt1—10 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; boundary. friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more films on faces of peds; few fine distinct reddish than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; extremely acid unless limed. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, Bt2—26 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Halifax County, North Carolina 105
friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; films on faces of peds; few fine distinct reddish weak medium granular structure; friable; many yellow (7.5YR 6/8), common medium distinct very fine and fine and common coarse roots; yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and few fine prominent strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; BEg—7 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Bt3—42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; common fine and few coarse roots; few faint clay friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct films on faces of peds; few fine distinct gray (10YR reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron 6/1) iron depletions; common medium distinct accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and yellowish red (5YR boundary. 5/8) and common medium prominent red (2.5YR Btg1—13 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; medium subangular blocky structure; firm; clear smooth boundary. moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; Bt4—60 to 74 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), common distinct clay films on faces of peds; many yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), red (2.5YR 4/6), and medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; weak medium few fine prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; gradual wavy boundary. areas with gray colors are iron depletions and Btg2—35 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; areas with brown and red colors are iron moderate medium subangular blocky structure; accumulations; strongly acid. very firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. peds; few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR The soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid unless 6/4) and many medium distinct reddish yellow limed. (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Btg3—52 to 63 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam or silt loam. structure; very firm; moderately sticky, slightly The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 plastic; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions in shades of fine faint light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and common fine brown or yellow may occur throughout the horizon, distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron except in the upper part. Iron depletions in shades of accumulation; very strongly acid. gray may occur below a depth of 30 inches. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of brown or red may The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. occur throughout the horizon. Texture is loam, silty clay The soils are moderately acid to extremely acid unless loam, or clay loam. limed. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0 Bethera Series to 2. The Eg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y The Bethera series consists of poorly drained soils or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma that formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains of 0 to 2. It is fine sandy loam, silt loam, or clay loam. (fig. 16). Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are The BEg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Paleaquults. 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of iron Typical pedon of Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent accumulation in shades of brown, yellow, or red occur slopes; about 1.0 mile west-northwest of Scotland in most pedons. Texture is sandy loam, sandy clay Neck on North Carolina Highway 903/125, about 0.25 loam, loam, or clay loam. mile north of the road, in a wooded area; Scotland The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral Neck USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. 08 minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 26 Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses minutes 18 seconds W. of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown 106 Soil Survey
may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay, clay, or Bojac Series silty clay. The Bojac series consists of well drained soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range from Bibb Series 0 to 3 percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults. The Bibb series consists of poorly drained soils that Typical pedon of Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 formed in sandy fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent slopes; about 1.9 miles south-southeast of percent. These soils are coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, Roseneath on U.S. Highway 258, about 1.2 miles east thermic Typic Fluvaquents. on a farm path, about 50 feet south of the farm path, in Typical pedon of Bibb loam in an area of Chastain a field; Draughn USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently degrees 02 minutes 38 seconds N. and long. 77 flooded; about 0.9 mile east-southeast of Pierces degrees 30 minutes 55 seconds W. Crossroads on North Carolina Highway 903, about 800 feet north of the road, in a wooded area; Ap—0 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine Darlington USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; abrupt degrees 21 minutes 19 seconds N. and long. 77 smooth boundary. degrees 38 minutes 49 seconds W. E—12 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; Ag1—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clear wavy boundary. loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Bt1—18 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine common fine and medium roots; very strongly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky acid; abrupt smooth boundary. structure; very friable; few faint clay bridges Ag2—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine between sand grains; very strongly acid; clear sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; smooth boundary. friable; common fine and medium roots; very Bt2—31 to 39 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Cg1—10 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. medium and few coarse roots; few fine distinct Bt3—39 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy structure; very friable; few faint clay bridges boundary. between sand grains; very strongly acid; gradual Cg2—20 to 36 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy wavy boundary. loam; massive; very friable; few medium and C—53 to 74 inches; yellow (2.5Y 7/6) loamy fine sand; coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy single grained; loose; common medium distinct boundary. yellow (10YR 7/8) masses of iron accumulation; Cg3—36 to 66 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse very strongly acid. sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid. The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 65 The soils are strongly acid or very strongly acid inches. The soils are moderately acid to very strongly unless limed. acid unless limed. The Ag horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, neutral in hue and has value of 3 to 7 and chroma of 1 value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. or 2. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral to 7, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loamy sand, loamy fine in hue and has value of 3 to 7 and chroma of 1 or 2. sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or brown may occur. The upper part of the horizon to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It generally is sandy loam, generally is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. fine sandy loam, or loam. Thin layers of sandy clay Thin strata of coarser textured material may also loam or clay loam may also occur. occur. The lower part of the horizon is coarse sand, The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma fine sandy loam. of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in Halifax County, North Carolina 107
shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, gravelly sand, sand, fine sand, or gravelly loamy sand. value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is sand, fine sand, loamy Bonneau Series sand, or loamy fine sand. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 The Bonneau series consists of well drained soils to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or does not have a that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains dominant matrix color and is in shades of red, yellow, (fig. 17). Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. These soils brown, or gray. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less are loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults. and masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, Typical pedon of Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 yellow, or brown may occur in the lower part of the percent slopes; about 4.6 miles north of Enfield on horizon. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy Secondary Road 1001, about 0.5 mile west on a farm clay loam, or sandy clay. path, about 50 feet south of the farm path, in a field; Enfield USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 14 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 40 Chastain Series minutes 03 seconds W. The Chastain series consists of poorly drained soils Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to sand; moderate medium granular structure; very 1 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, acid, thermic friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt Typic Fluvaquents. smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Chastain clay loam in an area of E—9 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy fine Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, sand; moderate medium granular structure; very frequently flooded; about 0.8 mile south-southeast of friable; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Secondary Road 1003 on Secondary Road 1109, Bt1—23 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine about 0.3 mile east on a farm path, about 0.2 mile sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky southeast on the farm path, about 200 feet southeast structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces of the farm path, in a wooded area; Dawson of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Crossroads USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 Bt2—31 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine degrees 08 minutes 05 seconds N. and long. 77 sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky degrees 36 minutes 57 seconds W. structure; friable; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish Ag—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) red (5YR 4/6) and common medium faint light clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron structure; friable; many fine, medium, and coarse accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. boundary. Bg1—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Bt3—36 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; many fine, medium, structure; friable; few distinct clay films on faces of and coarse roots; common medium distinct strong peds; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; depletions and many medium distinct red (2.5YR very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; Bg2—12 to 25 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; weak gradual wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; Bt4—54 to 66 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8), gray (N 6/0), moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; and few medium and coarse roots; common weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses few faint clay films on faces of peds; areas with of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual gray colors are iron depletions and areas with red wavy boundary. and brown colors are iron accumulations; very Bg3—25 to 36 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; weak medium strongly acid. subangular blocky structure; very firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few coarse and medium The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. roots; many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR The soils are moderately acid to extremely acid unless 5/8) and few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) limed. 108 Soil Survey
masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; Bw1—4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gradual wavy boundary. silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Bg4—36 to 54 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) clay; weak structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; common fine flakes of mica; few medium faint moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine distinct brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron acid; gradual wavy boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Bw2—14 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR boundary. 4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Cg—54 to 72 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; silty clay; massive; very firm; moderately sticky, many fine flakes of mica; common medium faint slightly plastic; many medium faint dark gray grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and (10YR 4/1) iron depletions and few medium common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly accumulation; very strongly acid. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw3—26 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to very common fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid unless limed. common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron The A or Ag horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y or is depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 boundary. to 6. Where it has value of 3, the horizon is less than 6 Bw4—38 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay inches thick. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is silty clay loam, boundary. clay loam, silty clay, or clay. Bw5—47 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1), strong brown The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is (7.5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam; weak neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few to 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; areas with masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, gray colors are iron depletions and areas with red or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, silty and brown colors are iron accumulations; very clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. C—60 to 72 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and gray Chewacla Series (7.5YR 5/1) loam; massive; friable; many fine flakes of mica; areas with gray colors are iron The Chewacla series consists of somewhat poorly depletions and areas with brown colors are iron drained soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. accumulations; very strongly acid. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, The thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to more mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts. than 60 inches. The soils are slightly acid to very Typical pedon of Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent strongly acid unless limed. slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.0 mile east- The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value southeast of Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. 1.3 miles east-southeast on a farm path, about 1.0 The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 mile south-southwest on the farm path, about 0.5 mile to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma southeast of the farm path, in a wooded area; Palmyra of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 06 shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is minutes 56 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 15 sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty minutes 50 seconds W. clay loam, or silt loam. A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak The Bg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or medium granular structure; friable; common very 2.5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine flakes of chroma of 1 or 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of Halifax County, North Carolina 109
red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and light gray (N 7/0) loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; loam, or silt loam. firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; common distinct The C or Cg horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Iron depletions areas with gray colors are iron depletions and with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron areas with brown colors are iron accumulations; accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. occur. Texture is loamy sand, loam, sandy loam, or BC—40 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and sandy clay loam. light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of Dogue Series peds; few fine flakes of mica; areas with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with brown The Dogue series consists of moderately well colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid; drained soils that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. gradual wavy boundary. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are C—53 to 62 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6), brownish clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults. yellow (10YR 6/6), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and Typical pedon of Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam; massive; very slopes; about 1.5 miles east of Pender on North friable; few fine flakes of mica; areas with gray Carolina Highway 561, about 0.7 mile south-southwest colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow on a logging road, about 75 feet southeast of the and brown colors are iron accumulations; very logging road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS strongly acid. topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 17 minutes 39 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 14 The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 seconds W. inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless limed. A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. many very fine and fine and common medium The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, fine sandy E—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam, loam, or silt loam. loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; The BE or BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, common very fine and fine and few medium roots; value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is clay loam, strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sandy clay loam, or loam. BE—8 to 13 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) loam; weak The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR medium subangular blocky structure; friable; to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and medium lower part has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is neutral in roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 8. Iron Bt1—13 to 17 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; common clay, or clay. fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 3 wavy boundary. to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and Bt2—17 to 31 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay; masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, sandy clay slightly sticky, nonplastic; common distinct clay loam, clay loam, or sandy clay. films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y or is common medium distinct light gray (N 7/0) iron neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 3 depletions and many medium distinct strong to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. or brown may occur. Texture is loamy sand, sandy Bt3—31 to 40 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), loam, or sandy clay loam. 110 Soil Survey
Dothan Series The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. The content of plinthite is greater than 5 percent below The Dothan series consists of well drained soils a depth of 24 to 60 inches (fig. 18). The soils are that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. moderately acid to very strongly acid unless limed. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. These soils are fine- The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults. of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Typical pedon of Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 slopes; about 1.5 miles northeast of Ringwood on to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sand, loamy sand, Secondary Road 1214, about 0.8 mile northwest on loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Secondary Road 1215, about 500 feet east on a farm The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 path, about 100 feet northeast of the farm path, in a to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma field; Ringwood USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in degrees 13 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 77 shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower degrees 49 minutes 58 seconds W. part of the horizon in some pedons. Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand; The Btv horizon generally has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, weak fine granular structure; very friable; common value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is reticulately fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt patterned in shades of red, yellow, brown, and gray. It smooth boundary. may also have hue of 2.5YR or 5YR below a depth of E—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy 40 inches. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; sandy clay. few fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth The BC horizon is reticulately patterned in shades boundary. of red, yellow, brown, and gray. It is sandy loam, sandy Bt—17 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam, or sandy clay. sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few plinthite nodules; few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Emporia Series 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly The Emporia series consists of well drained soils acid; gradual wavy boundary. that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. Btv1—37 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. These soils are sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults. structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; Typical pedon of Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 compact in place; few faint clay films on faces of percent slopes; about 1.4 miles east-southeast of peds; common plinthite nodules; common medium Darlington on Secondary Road 1001, about 0.3 mile distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron south on a farm path, about 200 feet east of the farm accumulation; red colors are relict redoximorphic path, in a field; Darlington USGS topographic features; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 18 minutes 25 seconds N. Btv2—45 to 61 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay; and long. 77 degrees 41 minutes 35 seconds W. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; compact in place; few Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy faint clay films on faces of peds; common plinthite loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; nodules; common medium distinct yellowish red many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; red colors smooth boundary. are relict redoximorphic features; strongly acid; EB—10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine gradual wavy boundary. sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky BC—61 to 72 inches; reticulately patterned red (2.5YR structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and pinkish gray mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (7.5YR 7/2) sandy loam that has pockets of sandy Bt1—17 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; areas with gray colors are iron structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few depletions and areas with red colors are iron faint clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; accumulations; red and gray colors are relict gradual wavy boundary. redoximorphic features; moderately acid. Bt2—43 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Halifax County, North Carolina 111
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; logging road, about 50 feet west of the logging road, in firm; slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few fine a wooded area; Scotland Neck USGS topographic roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 12 minutes 23 seconds N. many coarse distinct gray (N 6/0) iron depletions and long. 77 degrees 29 minutes 02 seconds W. and many coarse prominent red (10R 4/6) and Ap—0 to 9 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak fine common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR granular structure; very friable; common very fine 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. C—58 to 67 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), gray E—9 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt (N 6/0), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and red (10R loam; moderate medium granular structure; very 4/6 and 2.5YR 4/8) clay loam that has thin strata friable; few very fine and common fine and of sandy loam; massive; firm; areas with gray medium roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy colors are iron depletions and areas with brown boundary. and red colors are iron accumulations; very Bt1—15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt strongly acid. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to very medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of strongly acid unless limed. peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value Bt2—25 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand, medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or peds; common medium distinct light brownish gray loam. (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; The EB or BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, gradual wavy boundary. value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is fine sandy Bt3—33 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam, sandy loam, or loam. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The lower films on faces of peds; many coarse distinct light part has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) less commonly occur below a depth of 36 inches. masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. or brown may also occur. Texture is dominantly sandy The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam but ranges to limed. sandy clay or clay in the lower part of the horizon. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 5Y and value of 2 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very fine sandy loam, red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, or silt loam. loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, or clay. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron Exum Series depletions with chroma of 2 or less are within 30 inches of the surface and do not occur in the upper 10 The Exum series consists of moderately well inches of the Bt horizon. Masses of iron accumulation drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. lower part of the horizon. The horizon is dominantly silt These soils are fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. In some Paleudults. pedons it is silty clay or clay below a depth of 40 Typical pedon of Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent inches. slopes; about 2.4 miles northwest of Hills Crossroads The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or on Secondary Road 1117, about 0.4 mile southwest 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of on a logging road, about 0.4 mile southeast on the iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown 112 Soil Survey
may occur. Texture is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty colors are iron accumulations; red, brown, and clay loam. gray colors are relict redoximorphic features; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. BC—62 to 70 inches; reticulately patterned red (2.5YR Fuquay Series 4/8), light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam that has pockets of The Fuquay series consists of well drained soils clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of Slopes range from 0 to 4 percent. These soils are peds; common plinthite nodules; areas with gray loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults. colors are iron depletions and areas with red and Typical pedon of Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent brown colors are iron accumulations; red, brown, slopes; about 1.25 miles north of Darlington on and gray colors are relict redoximorphic features; Secondary Road 1615, about 0.5 mile west-northwest very strongly acid. on Secondary Road 1612, about 0.3 mile south on a farm path, about 75 feet west of the farm path, in a The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. field; Darlington USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 The content of plinthite is greater than 5 percent below degrees 20 minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 77 a depth of 35 to 60 inches. The soils are moderately degrees 43 minutes 29 seconds W. acid to very strongly acid unless limed. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single neutral in hue and has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0 grained; loose; few very fine and fine roots; to 3. moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 E—9 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, fine sand, loamy loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very fine sand, or loamy sand. friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 Bt1—25 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma sandy loam; medium fine subangular blocky of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) part of the horizon in some pedons. Texture is sandy masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. gradual wavy boundary. The Btv horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of Bt2—36 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) 4 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8 or is reticulately patterned sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky in shades of red, brown, yellow, and gray. Texture is structure; very friable; few faint clay films on faces sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. of peds; common medium distinct very pale brown The BC horizon is reticulately patterned in shades (10YR 7/4) masses of iron accumulation; very of red, brown, yellow, and gray. It is sandy loam, sandy strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. clay loam, or clay loam. Btv1—42 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few Goldsboro Series faint clay films on faces of peds; common plinthite The Goldsboro series consists of moderately well nodules; many coarse distinct light brownish gray drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and many coarse coastal plains (fig. 19). Slopes range from 0 to 2 prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic accumulation; gray and red colors are relict Aquic Paleudults. redoximorphic features; very strongly acid; gradual Typical pedon of Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 wavy boundary. percent slopes; about 0.4 mile south of the intersection Btv2—51 to 62 inches; reticulately patterned red of Secondary Roads 1206 and 1001 on Secondary (2.5YR 4/8), light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and Road 1001, about 0.3 mile east on a farm path, about strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam that 660 feet northwest of the farm path, in a field; Enfield has pockets of sandy clay; moderate medium USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 11 subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky, minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 40 nonplastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; minutes 48 seconds W. common plinthite nodules; areas with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with red and brown Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; Halifax County, North Carolina 113
weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of boundary. iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown Bt1—7 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky loam, or clay loam. structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Grantham Series Bt2—18 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky The Grantham series consists of poorly drained structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine soils that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; (fig. 16). Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults. 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly Typical pedon of Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent acid; gradual wavy boundary. slopes; about 1.3 miles west-northwest of North Bt3—25 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Carolina Highway 903 on Secondary Road 1810, sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky about 250 feet south of the road, in a wooded area; structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; Palmyra USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine degrees 04 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 77 distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and degrees 22 minutes 06 seconds W. common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly weak fine granular structure; very friable; many acid; clear wavy boundary. fine and few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt Bt4—35 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), smooth boundary. gray (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Eg—8 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces many fine and few medium roots; few fine distinct of peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions yellow (10YR 7/6) masses of iron accumulation; and areas with brown colors are iron very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Btg1—12 to 17 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) boundary. loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Bt5—52 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 6/8), friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and gray (10YR 6/1), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak medium peds; many medium distinct brownish yellow subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay (10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct strong brown films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very iron depletions and areas with brown and red strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid. Btg2—17 to 21 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam; The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and limed. medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value peds; common coarse distinct brownish yellow of 2 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. (10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct strong brown The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand, strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Btg3—21 to 45 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam; The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay of 2 or less occur within a depth of 30 inches. Masses films on faces of peds; common coarse distinct of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and strong brown may occur in the lower part of the horizon. Texture is (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very dominantly sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loam, or clay strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. loam. In some pedons the Bt horizon occurs at a Btg4—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) greater depth and is clay or sandy clay. loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; 114 Soil Survey
friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few medium films on faces of peds; many coarse faint light gray roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; common coarse common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron acid; gradual wavy boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy Bt3—27 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), boundary. light gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish Btg5—60 to 75 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) yellow (10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky (10YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium subangular structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly faint clay films on faces of peds; common coarse plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of and areas with brown, red, and yellow colors are iron accumulation; very strongly acid. iron accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. BC—42 to 57 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), light The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish yellow limed. (10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value clay that has pockets of sandy clay loam; of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; areas to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is very fine sandy loam, with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with loam, or silt loam. brown, red, and yellow colors are iron The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Masses of iron boundary. accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may C—57 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), light occur. Texture is loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. gray (10YR 7/2), red (2.5YR 4/8), brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Gritney Series clay loam; massive; friable; areas with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with brown, red, and The Gritney series consists of moderately well yellow colors are iron accumulations; very strongly drained soils that formed in clayey sediments on acid. coastal plains (fig. 20). Slopes range from 2 to 10 The thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to more percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic than 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to Hapludults. extremely acid unless limed. Typical pedon of Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, percent slopes; about 2 miles south of North Carolina value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is fine sandy Highway 561 on Secondary Road 1001, about 400 loam or sandy clay loam. feet west on a farm path, about 170 feet north of the The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to farm path, in a field; Enfield USGS topographic 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The lower quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 14 minutes 08 seconds N. part has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and and long. 77 degrees 39 minutes 32 seconds W. chroma of 3 to 8. Masses of iron accumulation in Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Iron sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very depletions with chroma of 2 or less are in the lower friable; many fine and few medium roots; strongly part of the horizon. Texture is dominantly clay loam, acid; abrupt smooth boundary. clay, or sandy clay. Thin horizons of sandy clay loam Bt1—6 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) occur in some pedons. sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 blocky structure; firm; slightly sticky, nonplastic; to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is boundary. clay loam, clay, or sandy clay. Bt2—14 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay; The C horizon is variable in color. It is dominantly moderate medium subangular blocky structure; sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam that has lenses, Halifax County, North Carolina 115
pockets, or strata of loamy sand, sandy loam, or (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly sandy clay. In some pedons the lower part of the acid; gradual wavy boundary. horizon is clay. BC—37 to 48 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), white (10YR 8/1), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay loam; weak medium Helena Series subangular blocky structure; firm or friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few distinct clay films on faces The Helena series consists of moderately well of peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions drained soils that formed in material weathered from and areas with yellow colors are iron felsic crystalline rocks (fig. 21). Slopes range from 0 to accumulations; strongly acid; gradual wavy 3 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, thermic boundary. Aquic Hapludults. C—48 to 62 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), white (10YR Typical pedon of Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 8/1), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) saprolite of slopes; about 0.25 mile south of Airlie on North sandy clay loam; massive; friable; areas with gray Carolina Highway 4, about 75 feet west of the road, in colors are iron depletions and areas with yellow a wooded area; Hollister USGS topographic colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid. quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 20 minutes 00 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 14 seconds W. The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy unless limed. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. smooth boundary. The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to E—4 to 8 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sandy 8, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine coarse sand, coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and medium roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy sandy loam, or loam. boundary. The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of Bt1—8 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky sandy clay loam or clay loam. structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to peds; few fine and medium roots; few fine 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron 2 or less are in the upper 24 inches of the Bt horizon. accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, boundary. or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay, Bt2—15 to 20 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) clay; or clay. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is clay loam, sandy distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine and clay, or clay. medium roots; common medium distinct gray The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and few fine distinct red to 8, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in acid; clear smooth boundary. shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is Bt3—20 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), reddish yellow clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or (7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate sandy loam. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that sticky, slightly plastic; many distinct clay films on has texture of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron clay loam, or loam. depletions and areas with red and yellow colors are iron accumulations; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Herndon Series Btg—26 to 37 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly The Herndon series consists of well drained soils sticky, slightly plastic; many medium clay films on that formed in material weathered from Carolina faces of peds; common medium faint white (10YR slates. Slopes range from 2 to 10 percent. These soils 8/1) and common medium distinct reddish yellow are clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults. 116 Soil Survey
Typical pedon of Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is clay, silty clay, slopes; about 0.7 mile northeast of Secondary Road or silty clay loam. 1327 on Secondary Road 1328, about 660 feet east The BC horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 on a logging road, 0.3 mile south on the logging road, to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, 50 feet east of the logging road, in a wooded area; yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is silt loam, loam, Essex USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees silty clay loam, or clay loam. 13 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 54 The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that minutes 55 seconds W. has texture of silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Lignum Series common very fine and fine and many medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The Lignum series consists of moderately well E—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) silt drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; formed in material weathered from Carolina slates. few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils are smooth boundary. clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults. Bt1—8 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty Typical pedon of Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent clay; moderate medium subangular blocky slopes; about 0.3 mile south of Secondary Road 1333 structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few on Secondary Road 1327, about 1.2 miles east on a faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; logging road, about 75 feet south of the road, in a gradual wavy boundary. wooded area; Essex USGS topographic quadrangle; Bt2—19 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty lat. 36 degrees 13 minutes 34 seconds N. and long. 77 clay; few medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles; degrees 54 minutes 44 seconds W. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common moderate medium granular structure; friable; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; very fine and fine roots; strongly acid; clear gradual wavy boundary. smooth boundary. Bt3—31 to 39 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty E—4 to 7 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam; clay; common medium distinct yellow (10YR 7/6) moderate medium granular structure; friable; mottles; weak medium subangular blocky common very fine and fine and few medium roots; structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine faint yellow (10YR 7/6) masses of common distinct clay films on faces of peds; iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. BC—39 to 45 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR BE—7 to 13 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) silt loam; weak 5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), yellow (10YR 7/6), medium subangular blocky structure; friable; and red (2.5YR 4/8) silty clay loam; weak medium common fine and few medium roots; common fine subangular blocky structure; friable; very strongly faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common fine acid; gradual wavy boundary. distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; C—45 to 61 inches; mottled light gray (10YR 7/1), very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. yellow (10YR 7/6), pinkish white (5YR 8/2), and Bt1—13 to 22 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty red (2.5YR 5/8) saprolite of silt loam; massive; clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky very friable; very strongly acid. structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few The thickness of the solum is more than 30 inches. fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless peds; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron limed. depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 3 to boundary. 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. Bt2—22 to 34 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silty The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to clay; moderate medium subangular blocky 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam, loam, or very structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine sandy loam. fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 peds; common medium faint light gray (10YR 7/1) to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, iron depletions and common fine distinct strong Halifax County, North Carolina 117
Figure 16.—Profile of a poorly drained soil, like Bethera and Figure 17.—Profile of a Bonneau soil. Bonneau soils have a Grantham soils, that occurs throughout the Coastal Plain thick, sandy surface layer that extends below a depth of region and has severe limitations for most uses because 20 inches. They may be droughty during the summer. of the high water table. Unless they have a cover crop, the soils are susceptible to soil blowing. 118 Soil Survey
Figure 18.—Profile of a Dothan soil. Dothan soils occur in the Figure 19.—Profile of a Goldsboro soil. Goldsboro soils occur area where the Coastal Plain and Piedmont areas meet in throughout the Coastal Plain area. These moderately well Halifax County. They typically occur in slightly sloping drained soils have a water table within a depth of 30 areas and are commonly used for peanut production. inches. They are good for agricultural uses. Plinthite is within a depth of 60 inches. Halifax County, North Carolina 119
Figure 20.—Profile of a Gritney soil. Gritney soils are Figure 21.—Profile of a Helena soil. The clayey, moderately susceptible to erosion due to the clayey subsoil which well drained Helena soils occur in the northwest limits the downward movement of water through the soil. Piedmont area in Halifax County. They have a clayey subsoil which limits the downward movement of water through the soil. 120 Soil Survey
Figure 22.—Profile of a Tarboro soil. Tarboro soils occur along Figure 23.—Profile of a Tatum soil. Tatum soils commonly the terraces in the southeastern area of Halifax County. occur in the southwestern Piedmont area of Halifax They are commonly mined for sand. There are several County. Soft weathered bedrock, occurring between borrow areas in locations where Tarboro soils are depths of 40 and 60 inches, is a limitation affecting some mapped. uses. Halifax County, North Carolina 121
brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Paleaquults. Bt3—34 to 46 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3), gray Typical pedon of Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty percent slopes; about 0.4 mile west of Interstate 95 on clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Secondary Road 1002, about 150 feet north on a farm firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; path, about 50 feet east of the farm path, in a field; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; areas Ringwood USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 with gray colors are iron depletions and areas with degrees 12 minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 77 brown colors are iron accumulations; very strongly degrees 45 minutes 39 seconds W. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine C—46 to 58 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4), pale yellow sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; (2.5Y 7/4), and white (N 8/0) saprolite of silty clay friable; common fine and few medium roots; loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; very strongly strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—8 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Cr—58 to 63 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4), pale yellow clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky (2.5Y 7/4), and white (N 8/0) strongly weathered structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine slate rock that crushes to silty soil material; rock and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of controlled structure; firm in place, friable when peds; common medium distinct light gray (10YR dug; very strongly acid. 7/2) iron depletions and common medium distinct The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50 brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron inches. The depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy inches. The soils are strongly acid or very strongly boundary. acid unless limed. Bt2—19 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), strong brown The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, (7.5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on to 7, and chroma of 1 to 6. It is very fine sandy loam, faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron loam, or silt loam. depletions and areas with brown and red colors The BE or BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, are iron accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is silt loam, wavy boundary. silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam. Btg—50 to 68 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay of 2 or less are in the upper 10 inches of the horizon. films on faces of peds; common medium distinct Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), common medium or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, silty distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and few fine clay loam, or silty clay. prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron The BC or CB horizon, if it occurs, has hue of accumulation; very strongly acid. 7.5YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8. Iron The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may limed. occur. Texture is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is loam. neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0 The C horizon is variable in color. It is saprolite that to 2. has texture of sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y loam. or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 1 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy Lynchburg Series loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 The Lynchburg series consists of somewhat poorly or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is 122 Soil Survey
sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of or clay loam. peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral and areas with brown and red colors are iron in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. accumulations; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, boundary. or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy Bt5—66 to 74 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or clay light gray (10YR 7/2), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and loam. It can range to clay or sandy clay below a depth red (10R 4/8) clay; weak medium subangular of 40 inches. blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron depletions and Marlboro Series areas with brown and red colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid. The Marlboro series consists of well drained soils that formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains. The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. These soils are The soils are moderately acid to very strongly acid clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults. unless limed. Typical pedon of Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or percent slopes; about 0.9 mile northeast on 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. Secondary Road 1327 from its intersection with The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, Secondary Road 1206, about 0.5 mile south on a farm value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 5. It is loamy sand, path, about 600 feet southwest of the farm path, in a loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or very field; Enfield USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 fine sandy loam. degrees 13 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 77 The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of degrees 41 minutes 15 seconds W. 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very lower part of the horizon. Texture is clay loam, sandy friable; common fine and few medium roots; clay, or clay. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine Nahunta Series and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of The Nahunta series consists of somewhat poorly peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on Bt2—16 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay; coastal plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; These soils are fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aeric friable; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine Paleaquults. roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Typical pedon of Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) slopes; about 3.5 miles south of Scotland Neck on masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; North Carolina Highway 125, about 1.9 miles gradual wavy boundary. southwest on Secondary Road 1815, about 0.2 mile Bt3—48 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay; south on Secondary Road 1817, about 150 feet west moderate medium subangular blocky structure; of the road, in a field; Hobgood USGS topographic firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 03 minutes 00 seconds N. distinct clay films on faces of peds; few medium and long. 77 degrees 26 minutes 53 seconds W. distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions and common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt and few fine prominent red (10R 4/8) masses of loam; weak medium granular structure; very iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; wavy boundary. abrupt wavy boundary. Bt4—52 to 66 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), Bt1—8 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) light gray (10YR 7/2), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; red (10R 4/8) clay; moderate medium subangular friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; many fine and blocky structure; firm; moderately sticky, slightly medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of Halifax County, North Carolina 123
peds; few fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in iron depletions and few fine faint yellowish brown shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral Bt2—19 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) in hue and has value of 5 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; or brown may occur. Texture is silt loam, loam, clay common very fine and fine roots; few faint clay loam, or silty clay loam. films on faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and many coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few Nankin Series medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual The Nankin series consists of well drained soils that wavy boundary. formed in clayey sediments on coastal plains. Slopes Btg1—25 to 42 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; range from 1 to 6 percent. These soils are clayey, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults. friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay Typical pedon of Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 films on faces of peds; many coarse distinct percent slopes; about 0.75 mile south-southwest of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and few medium Secondary Road 1001 on North Carolina Highway 48, distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron about 990 feet east on a farm path, about 660 feet accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy south on the farm path, about 200 feet west of the boundary. farm path, in a field; Aurelian Springs USGS Btg2—42 to 56 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 21 minutes 06 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 48 minutes 25 friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay seconds W. films on faces of peds; many medium distinct Ap—0 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), common fine distinct loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very very pale brown (10YR 7/4), and common fine friable; many fine and medium roots; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of iron ironstone nodules; strongly acid; abrupt smooth accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. Bt1—9 to 14 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay; Btg3—56 to 69 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; many fine and slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on medium roots; common ironstone nodules; faces of peds; many coarse distinct brownish common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and few very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron Btg4—69 to 75 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; boundary. slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on Bt2—14 to 25 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; faces of peds; many coarse distinct brownish common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) yellow (10YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky very strongly acid. structure; firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. few fine and medium roots; common ironstone The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless nodules; common distinct clay films on faces of limed. peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value Bt3—25 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; common of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very fine firm; moderately sticky, slightly plastic; common sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. ironstone nodules; common distinct clay films on The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma boundary. 124 Soil Survey
Bt4—44 to 52 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR Bt1—18 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) 5/8), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium friable; moderately sticky, nonplastic; few ironstone roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly nodules; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very acid; gradual wavy boundary. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—30 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) C—52 to 64 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 4/8) blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay; faces of peds; few fine distinct pale yellow (10YR massive; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; very 7/4) iron depletions and common medium distinct strongly acid. yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy The thickness of the solum is more than 40 inches. boundary. The quantity of ironstone nodules ranges from none to Bt3—42 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) common in the A and B horizons. The soils are sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular strongly acid or very strongly acid unless limed. blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value faces of peds; few fine distinct light gray (10YR of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 5. 7/2) iron depletions and common coarse distinct The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and many medium distinct 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam, accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy sandy clay, or clay. boundary. The BC horizon, if it occurs, is mottled in shades of Bt4—54 to 64 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) red, brown, yellow, or gray. It is sandy clay loam or sandy clay loam that has pockets of sandy clay; sandy loam and has pockets and thin strata of loamy moderate medium subangular blocky structure; sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy clay. firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many The C horizon is mottled in shades of red, brown, medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron yellow, or gray. It is sandy clay loam or sandy loam depletions and common coarse distinct yellowish and has pockets and thin strata of loamy sand, sandy red (5YR 5/8) and many medium prominent red loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy clay. (2.5YR 4/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. Noboco Series The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless The Noboco series consists of well drained soils limed. that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine- of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, Typical pedon of Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is loamy sand, percent slopes; about 1.1 miles west of North Carolina loamy fine sand, fine sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy Highway 125 on Secondary Road 1100, about 400 loam. feet north on a farm path, about 100 feet west of the The EB or BE horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, farm path, in a field; Hobgood USGS topographic value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is fine sandy quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 04 minutes 25 seconds N. loam or sandy loam. and long. 77 degrees 26 minutes 50 seconds W. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 Ap—0 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Masses of iron sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may friable; common fine and medium roots; neutral; occur in the upper part of the horizon. Iron depletions abrupt smooth boundary. with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron EB—10 to 18 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fine accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may sandy loam; many coarse distinct brownish yellow occur in the lower part. The horizon is dominantly fine (10YR 6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; loam and may contain thin layers of sandy clay below neutral; clear smooth boundary. a depth of 40 inches. Halifax County, North Carolina 125
Pacolet Series red, brown, or yellow. It is sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. The Pacolet series consists of well drained soils The C horizon is mottled in shades of red, yellow, that formed in material weathered from felsic brown, or white. It is saprolite that has texture of sandy crystalline rock. Slopes range from 2 to 6 percent. loam, sandy clay loam, or loam. These soils are clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults. Typical pedon of Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent Rains Series slopes; about 1.1 miles northwest of North Carolina The Rains series consists of poorly drained soils Highway 48 on Secondary Road 1300, about 250 feet that formed in loamy sediments on coastal plains. northwest on a farm path, about 0.3 mile northeast on Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, the farm path, about 100 feet north of the farm path, in siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults. a field; Aurelian Springs USGS topographic Typical pedon of Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 19 minutes 13 seconds N. percent slopes; about 0.5 mile north of Secondary and long. 77 degrees 50 minutes 36 seconds W. Road 1207 on Secondary Road 1208, about 0.3 mile Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy southeast of the road, in a wooded area; Enfield loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 14 very fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly acid; minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 42 abrupt smooth boundary. minutes 55 seconds W. Bt—8 to 27 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine medium subangular blocky structure; friable; sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine and medium friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; roots; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btg1—7 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay BC—27 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; medium subangular blocky structure; friable; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine and slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine flakes of few medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. peds; common medium distinct brownish yellow C—35 to 63 inches; white (10YR 8/1), reddish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), and red (2.5YR 4/8) saprolite of (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very sandy clay loam; massive; friable; common fine strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. flakes of mica; very strongly acid. Btg2—15 to 28 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; inches. The soils are moderately acid to very strongly friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay acid unless limed. films on faces of peds; common medium distinct The Ap or A horizon generally has hue of 5YR to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few fine distinct 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. In eroded reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron areas it has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy chroma of 1 to 8. Texture is sandy loam or sandy clay boundary. loam. Btg3—28 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy sand, moderately sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. on faces of peds; common medium distinct The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common fine 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron It is clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 boundary. or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of brown Btg4—40 to 55 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam, sandy clay, weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; or clay. moderately sticky, nonplastic; common distinct The BC horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 clay films on faces of peds; common medium or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8 or is mottled in shades of distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common 126 Soil Survey
medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Bw2—15 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine boundary. sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Btg5—55 to 72 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; friable; many fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; gradual wavy boundary. slightly sticky, nonplastic; few faint clay films on Bw3—18 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay faces of peds; common medium distinct brownish loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium distinct friable; common fine flakes of mica; moderately reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron acid; clear smooth boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid. C1—32 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine The thickness of the solum is more than 60 inches. flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear smooth The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless boundary. limed. C2—38 to 42 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y or is loam; massive; very friable; common fine flakes of neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 5 and chroma of 0 mica; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. to 2. Ab—42 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y massive; very friable; moderately acid; clear wavy or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma boundary. of 0 to 2. It is sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, C3—50 to 63 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine loam. flakes of mica; moderately acid. The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60 Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, inches. The soils range from moderately acid to very or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy clay strongly acid unless limed. loam or clay loam but ranges to sandy loam in the The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, upper part of the horizon and to sandy clay in the value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. lower part. The Bw horizon dominantly has hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 or has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. In some pedons Riverview Series it has hue of 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, The Riverview series consists of well drained soils yellow, or brown may occur. Iron depletions with that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to chroma of 2 or less may occur below a depth of 24 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, thermic inches. Texture is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy Fluventic Dystrochrepts. clay loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam. Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.4 miles east- and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 southeast of the end of Secondary Road 1800 on a or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of farm path, about 0.2 mile south on the farm path, red, yellow, or brown may occur. The horizon is sand, about 0.2 mile south-southwest on the farm path, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy about 0.1 mile east on the farm path, about 200 feet loam, or loam and contains strata of finer or coarser northwest of the farm path, in a wooded area; Palmyra textured material. USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 07 The Ab horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of minutes 14 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 15 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is very fine sandy loam, minutes 14 seconds W. loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; Roanoke Series moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw1—6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine The Roanoke series consists of poorly drained soils sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes range Halifax County, North Carolina 127
from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y thermic Typic Endoaquults. or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma Typical pedon of Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent of 0 to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of slopes, occasionally flooded; about 1.0 mile east of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay Pender on North Carolina Highway 561, about 0.5 mile loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam. south on a logging road, about 50 feet east of the The C or Cg horizon is variable in color. Texture logging road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS ranges from sand to clay. topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 18 minutes 03 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 42 seconds W. Seabrook Series A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; The Seabrook series consists of moderately well weak fine granular structure; friable; many very drained soils that formed in sandy fluvial sediments. fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent slopes. These soils smooth boundary. are mixed, thermic Aquic Udipsamments. Eg—5 to 8 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam; Typical pedon of Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 weak medium granular structure; friable; few very percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.0 miles north- fine and common fine and medium roots; common northwest of Secondary Road 1102 on Secondary medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Road 1105, about 0.75 mile west-northwest on a farm masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; path, about 120 feet east of the farm path, in a field; clear smooth boundary. Draughn USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 Btg—8 to 52 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay; weak medium degrees 07 minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 77 subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately degrees 31 minutes 56 seconds W. sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand; common medium distinct light yellowish brown single grained; loose; few fine roots; strongly acid; (2.5Y 6/4) and common medium distinct strong abrupt smooth boundary. brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; C1—9 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid; Cg—52 to 70 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) gradual wavy boundary. and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam; massive; friable; C2—24 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) areas with gray colors are iron depletions and loamy sand; single grained; loose; common coarse areas with red colors are iron accumulations; very faint light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. C3—31 to 36 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 coarse sand; single grained; loose; common inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid coarse faint light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; unless limed. very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is C4—36 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 6 and chroma of 0 coarse sand; single grained; loose; common to 2. medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral iron depletions; very strongly acid. in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. It is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or fine The sandy horizons are more than 72 inches thick. sandy loam. The soils range from slightly acid to extremely acid The BAg or BEg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of unless limed. 10YR to 5Y or is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to and chroma of 0 to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR to loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. The lower The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral part has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. chroma of 1 to 4. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, silty red, yellow, or brown may occur in the lower part of the clay, or silty clay loam. 128 Soil Survey
horizon. Texture is loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loamy fine sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or sand. loam, or sandy clay loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with State Series chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur in the The State series consists of well drained soils that lower part of the horizon. Texture is sandy clay loam, formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range from loam, or clay loam. 0 to 6 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of thermic Typic Hapludults. 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Iron depletions with Typical pedon of State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation percent slopes; about 0.6 mile east-southeast of the in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture intersection of U.S. Highways 158 and 301 on is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, Secondary Road 1150, about 1.6 miles southeast on a loam, or sandy clay loam. farm path, about 400 feet northeast on the farm path, The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 about 50 feet north of the farm path, in a field; Weldon to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 24 of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in minutes 17 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 34 shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is minutes 82 seconds W. sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Tarboro Series Bt1—6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy The Tarboro series consists of somewhat clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky excessively drained soils that formed in sandy fluvial structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few sediments (fig. 22). Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; These soils are mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments. clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent Bt2—15 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy slopes; about 0.8 mile northwest of Secondary Road clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky 1102 on Secondary Road 1105, about 50 feet structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few northeast of the road, in a field; Draughn USGS faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 06 minutes 09 gradual wavy boundary. seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 31 minutes 08 BC—44 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine seconds W. sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) boundary. loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very C1—53 to 66 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly acid; fine sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. gradual wavy boundary. C1—9 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loamy C2—66 to 75 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; gradual fine sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly acid. wavy boundary. C2—29 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 coarse sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid; inches. The soils are slightly acid to extremely acid clear wavy boundary. unless limed. C3—60 to 82 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, coarse sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid. value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR to The sandy horizons are more than 80 inches thick. 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is loamy The soils range from slightly acid to strongly acid sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, unless limed. very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or Halifax County, North Carolina 129
7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is The A horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or sand. 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silty The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 clay loam or silt loam. to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is coarse sand, sand, The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or loamy coarse sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to Tatum Series 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam. The Tatum series consists of well drained soils that The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 formed in material weathered from Carolina slates. or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. These soils are brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults. silty clay, or silty clay loam. Typical pedon of Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10R to 5YR, percent slopes, eroded; about 1.4 miles southeast of value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is clay loam, Essex on Secondary Road 1333, about 500 feet silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. southwest of the road, in a wooded area; Essex USGS The C horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 to topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 13 minutes 18 6, and chroma of 4 to 8, or it is mottled. It is saprolite seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 56 minutes 44 that has texture of silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay seconds W. loam, silty clay, or clay. Ap—0 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam; few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) Tomotley Series mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; The Tomotley series consists of poorly drained soils very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes range Bt1—6 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay; few fine from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; thermic Typic Endoaquults. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 friable; common fine roots; common distinct clay percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 0.6 mile north of films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual North Carolina Highway 561 on U.S. Highway 258, wavy boundary. about 75 feet west of the road, in a field; Scotland Bt2—20 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay; Neck USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 12 minutes 01 second N. and long. 77 degrees 23 6/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky minutes 28 seconds W. structure; friable; common distinct clay films on Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very boundary. friable; many very fine and fine and few medium C—35 to 50 inches; mottled yellow (10YR 7/6), light roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. gray (10YR 7/1), weak red (10R 5/4), and red BA—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine (2.5YR 5/8) saprolite of silt loam; massive; friable; sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few Cr—50 to 62 inches; mottled light gray (10YR 7/1) and fine faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions and red (2.5YR 5/8) strongly weathered slate rock that few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses crushes to silty soil material; rock controlled of iron accumulation; slightly acid; gradual wavy structure; firm in place, friable when dug; very boundary. strongly acid. Btg1—9 to 23 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) clay loam; The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; inches. The depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common inches (fig. 23). The soils are strongly acid or very distinct clay films on faces of peds; common strongly acid unless limed. medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 8. It is silty clay loam or silt of iron accumulation; moderately acid; gradual loam. wavy boundary. 130 Soil Survey
Btg2—23 to 31 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is fine sandy moderate medium subangular blocky structure; loam, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common silt loam, or sandy clay. distinct clay films on faces of peds; common The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, gradual wavy boundary. or brown may occur. Texture ranges from sand to clay. BCg—31 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam that has pockets of sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many Turbeville Series medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) The Turbeville series consists of well drained soils masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. Slopes range gradual wavy boundary. from 2 to 6 percent. These soils are clayey, mixed, Cg1—40 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 5/1), yellow (10YR thermic Typic Kandiudults. 7/6), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) fine sandy Typical pedon of Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 loam; massive; very friable; areas with gray colors percent slopes; about 2.0 miles south of Weldon on are iron depletions and areas with yellow and U.S. Highway 301, about 0.2 mile east on a farm path, brown colors are iron accumulations; very strongly about 100 feet south of the farm path, in a field; acid; gradual wavy boundary. Weldon USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 Cg2—45 to 51 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loamy degrees 23 minutes 15 seconds N. and long. 77 sand; single grained; loose; few fine distinct yellow degrees 35 minutes 28 seconds W. (10YR 7/6) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. weak medium granular structure; very friable; Cg3—51 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) sand; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt single grained; loose; very strongly acid. smooth boundary. BE—9 to 12 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; than 60 inches. The soils are moderately acid to weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; extremely acid unless limed. slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine roots; The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 0 Bt1—12 to 17 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak to 2. medium subangular blocky structure; friable; The Eg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or slightly sticky, nonplastic; common fine roots; few 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loamy distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, clear wavy boundary. loam, or silt loam. Bt2—17 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate The BA or BEg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or medium subangular blocky structure; friable; is neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of moderately sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; 0 to 2. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and common distinct clay films on faces of peds; masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy Bt3—24 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; few loam, loam, or silt loam. medium distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) mottles; The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral moderate medium subangular blocky structure; in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. friable; very sticky, moderately plastic; few fine Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy loam, fine Bt4—44 to 59 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay; sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. It moderate medium subangular blocky structure; can range to sandy clay or clay below a depth of 40 friable; very sticky, moderately plastic; few fine inches. roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; The BCg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. neutral in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 Bt5—59 to 86 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) clay; to 2. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR Halifax County, North Carolina 131
5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky many very fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly structure; friable; moderately sticky, moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of E—3 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt peds; very strongly acid. loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common very fine, many fine and medium, and The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more few coarse roots; strongly acid; clear wavy than 80 inches. The soils are strongly acid or very boundary. strongly acid unless limed. Bt1—7 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) The Ap or A horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. structure; friable; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to 10YR, medium and coarse roots; few faint clay films on value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine sandy faces of peds; common medium distinct light gray loam, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions and common medium The BE or BA horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is fine sandy accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. boundary. The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR Bt2—13 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4), to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), reddish yellow lower part has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and (7.5YR 6/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy clay loam, clay medium subangular blocky structure; firm; slightly loam, clay, or sandy clay. sticky, slightly plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are iron Udorthents depletions and areas with yellow, red, and brown colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid; Soils classified as Udorthents are a mixture of gradual wavy boundary. natural soils. They are well drained and moderately Btg—31 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) well drained. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. clay; moderate medium subangular blocky A typical pedon is not given for Udorthents because structure; firm; slightly sticky, slightly plastic; of the variable nature of the soils. common distinct clay films on faces of peds; The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more common medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR than 60 inches. Redoximorphic features, which are 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly associated with seasonal wetness, occur within a acid; gradual wavy boundary. depth of 48 to 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to Cg—48 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) extremely acid unless limed. clay; massive; very firm; slightly sticky, slightly Most horizons have hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 plastic; common medium distinct reddish yellow to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture is variable and (7.5YR 6/8) masses of iron accumulation; very commonly loamy. strongly acid.
The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more Wahee Series than 60 inches. The soils are strongly acid to extremely acid unless limed. The Wahee series consists of somewhat poorly The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is drained soils that formed in clayey fluvial sediments. neutral in hue and has value of 2 to 5 and chroma of 0 Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are to 3. clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric Endoaquults. The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to Typical pedon of Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, very fine slopes, rarely flooded; about 1.5 miles east of Pender sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. on North Carolina Highway 561, about 0.2 mile south The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to on a logging road, about 50 feet west of the logging 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of road, in a wooded area; Halifax USGS topographic 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in shades quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 17 minutes 57 seconds N. of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is sandy and long. 77 degrees 34 minutes 13 seconds W. clay loam, clay loam, clay, sandy clay, or silty clay. A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. 132 Soil Survey
Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), pink (5YR 7/4), white or brown may occur. Texture is clay loam, clay, sandy (5YR 8/1), and red (2.5YR 4/8) saprolite of sandy clay, or silty clay. clay loam; massive; friable; very strongly acid. The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 in hue and has value of 5 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. inches. The soils are strongly acid or extremely acid Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, unless limed. or brown may occur. Texture is sandy loam, clay loam, The Ap or A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, clay, or silty clay loam. value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is coarse Wedowee Series loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. The Wedowee series consists of well drained soils The BE horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 that formed in material weathered from porphyritic to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is coarse sandy loam, granite and other felsic crystalline rock. Slopes range fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, from 2 to 25 percent. These soils are clayey, kaolinitic, or clay loam. thermic Typic Kanhapludults. The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 Typical pedon of Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, percent slopes; about 1.9 miles northwest of North brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is sandy clay Carolina Highway 48 on Secondary Road 1001, about loam, clay loam, clay, or sandy clay. 0.4 mile south on a farm path, about 0.1 mile The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of southeast of the farm path, in a field; Aurelian Springs 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Mottles in shades of red, USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 22 brown, or yellow may occur. Texture is fine sandy minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 50 loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam. minutes 20 seconds W. The C horizon is mottled in shades of brown, Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; yellow, or white. It is saprolite that has texture of fine weak medium granular structure; very friable; sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt loam, or sandy clay. smooth boundary. BE—7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Wehadkee Series friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; The Wehadkee series consists of poorly drained abrupt smooth boundary. soils that formed in loamy fluvial sediments. Slopes Bt1—10 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Wehadkee loam in an area of friable; common fine and medium roots; few Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; frequently flooded; about 1.0 mile east-southeast of gradual wavy boundary. Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, about 1.3 miles Bt2—19 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; east-southeast on a farm path, about 2.25 miles common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR south-southwest on the farm path, about 350 feet 6/8) and many coarse distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) south-southeast of the farm path, in a wooded area; mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Palmyra USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct clay degrees 06 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 77 films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy degrees 16 minutes 56 seconds W. boundary. BC—26 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam; loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow moderate medium subangular blocky structure; (10YR 6/8), common medium distinct white (5YR friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; 8/1), and many coarse distinct red (2.5YR 4/8) few fine flakes of mica; common fine prominent mottles; weak medium subangular blocky strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron gradual wavy boundary. accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy C—36 to 63 inches; mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), boundary. Halifax County, North Carolina 133
A2—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; or brown may occur. Texture is dominantly sandy weak fine angular blocky structure; friable; loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay common very fine, fine, and medium roots; few loam. It can range to sand or loamy sand below a fine flakes of mica; few fine distinct dark yellowish depth of 40 inches. brown (10YR 3/6), many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and common fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; Winton Series strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bg1—7 to 21 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Winton series consists of moderately well silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular drained soils that formed in loamy sediments on blocky structure; friable; moderately sticky, coastal plains. Slopes range from 25 to 45 percent. nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic roots; few fine flakes of mica; many medium Hapludults. distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) and Typical pedon of Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) percent slopes; about 0.4 mile northeast of North masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; Carolina Highway 301 (business) on Dobbs Street in gradual wavy boundary. Halifax, about 100 feet north of the road, in a wooded Bg2—21 to 28 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay loam; area; Halifax USGS topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; degrees 20 minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 77 friable; moderately sticky, nonplastic; few fine degrees 35 minutes 19 seconds W. flakes of mica; common fine distinct strong brown A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine prominent red fine sandy loam; moderate medium granular (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly structure; friable; many fine and few coarse roots; acid; gradual wavy boundary. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bg3—28 to 33 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay loam; weak E—5 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy medium subangular blocky structure; friable; loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly sticky, nonplastic; few fine flakes of mica; many fine and few coarse roots; strongly acid; many medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses clear wavy boundary. of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Bt1—9 to 14 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy clay boundary. loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Cg1—33 to 44 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy clay loam; structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual flakes of mica; many medium distinct yellowish wavy boundary. brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; Bt2—14 to 23 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular Cg2—44 to 50 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy loam; blocky structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct flakes of mica; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron Cg3—50 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/0) sandy clay loam; accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy massive; friable; nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine boundary. flakes of mica; neutral. Bt3—23 to 38 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to more loam; moderate medium subangular blocky than 60 inches. The soils are neutral to very strongly structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay acid unless limed. films on faces of peds; common medium distinct The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is neutral gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions and common in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 4. medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual in hue and has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2. wavy boundary. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, Bt4—38 to 57 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), or brown may occur. Texture is sandy clay loam, loam, gray (10YR 6/1), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam. clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is neutral structure; friable; few coarse roots; few faint clay in hue and has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2. films on faces of peds; areas with gray colors are Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, iron depletions and areas with yellow and brown 134
colors are iron accumulations; very strongly acid; The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 gradual wavy boundary. to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma BC—57 to 63 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation in light gray (N 7/0) sandy clay loam that has pockets shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture is of sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay structure; friable; areas with gray colors are iron loam. depletions and areas with brown colors are iron The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of accumulations; very strongly acid. 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less and masses of iron accumulation The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more in shades of red, yellow, or brown may occur. Texture than 60 inches. The soils range from moderately acid is loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, to extremely acid. sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. and value and chroma of 3 to 8. Mottles, iron The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 accumulations, or depletions in shades of red, yellow, to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand, loamy fine gray, or brown may occur. Texture ranges from sand to sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. clay. 135
References
(1) Allen, W.C. 1918. History of Halifax County. pp. 1-18.
(2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.
(3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.
(4) Broadfoot, Walter M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Stn. Occas. Pap. 176.
(5) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1989. Soil genesis and classification. Ed. 3.
(6) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index of young stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51: 432-435.
(7) North Carolina Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. 1994. Agricultural statistics. N.C. Dep. Agric., no. 178.
(8) United States Department of Agriculture. 1918. Soil survey of Halifax County, North Carolina.
(9) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.
(10) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.
(11) United States Department of Agriculture. 1984 (rev.). Procedures for collecting soil samples and methods of analysis for soil survey. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 1.
(12) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Forest statistics for North Carolina, 1990. Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Resour. Bull. SE-120.
(13) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.
(14) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1989. County population estimates. Series P-26, No. 88-A, pp. 26-27.
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Glossary
ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Available water capacity (available moisture AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or available for use by most plants. It is commonly on steep, rocky slopes. defined as the difference between the amount of Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from soil water at field moisture capacity and the the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. expressed as: Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Very low ...... 0 to 3 mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as Low ...... 3 to 6 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Moderate ...... 6 to 9 are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. High ...... 9 to 12 Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Very high ...... more than 12 deposited on land by streams. Amphibolite. A metamorphic rock consisting mainly Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, of amphibole and plagioclase with little or no generally referring to the section at breast height quartz. As the content of quartz increases, the and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of rock grades into hornblende plagioclase gneiss. stand density, commonly expressed in square Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage feet. required by one mature cow of approximately Basalt. A fine grained igneous rock dominated by dark 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 minerals, consisting of more than 50 percent month. plagioclase feldspars with the balance being Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized ferromagnesian silicates. Basalts and andesites by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic represent about 98 percent of all extrusive rocks. features. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Aquifer. A water-bearing bed or stratum of permeable cation-exchange properties is saturated with rock, sand, or gravel capable of fielding exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), considerable quantities of water to wells or expressed as a percentage of the total cation- springs. exchange capacity. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and after the removal of soil for construction and other other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at uses. Revegetation and erosion control are the surface. extremely difficult. Benchmark soil. A soil of large extent that holds a Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by key position in the soil classification system or is an accumulation of illuvial clay. of special significance to farming, engineering, Atterberg limits. Atterberg limits are measured for forestry, or other uses. soil materials passing the No. 40 sieve. They Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of include the liquid limit (LL), which is the moisture earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, liquid state, and the plasticity index (PI), which is and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage the water content corresponding to an arbitrary and to prevent accelerated erosion. limit between the plastic and semisolid states of Borrow pit. An open excavation from which the soil consistency of a soil. and underlying material have been removed, 138 Soil Survey
generally for use in road construction. Borrow pits Clayey. A general textural term that includes sandy support few or no plants without major clay, silty clay, and clay. According to family level reclamation. Areas identified on the detailed soil criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific maps by a special symbol typically are less than 2 textural name referring to fine earth (particles less acres in size. than 2 millimeters in size) containing 35 percent or Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, more clay, by weight, within the control section. subject to flooding. The content of rock fragments is less than 35 Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above percent, by volume. the ground surface; the point on a tree where Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root Broad-base terrace. A ridge-type terrace built to channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. control erosion by diverting runoff along the Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that contour at a nonscouring velocity. The terrace is contains much more clay than the horizons above 10 to 20 inches high and 15 to 30 feet wide. It has it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and gently sloping sides, a rounded crown, and a dish- plastic or stiff when wet. shaped channel along the upper side. It may be Climax plant community. The stabilized plant nearly level or have a grade toward one or both community on a particular site. The plant cover ends. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See the environment remains the same. Crown.) Clod. See Aggregate, soil. Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil CMAI (cumulative mean annual increment). The particles and in tiny spaces between particles. age or rotation at which growing stock of a forest Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds produces the greatest annual growth (for that time capillary water in the soil. period). It is the age at which periodic annual Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a growth and mean annual growth are equal. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles material but have different characteristics as a 2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in result of differences in relief and drainage. diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. (flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, long. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Coarse-loamy. According to family level criteria in the Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of soil taxonomic system, soil containing less than 18 exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, percent clay, by weight, and 15 percent or more expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 fine sand or coarser textured material. grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Coastal Plain. The physiographic region of eastern soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity North Carolina that consists of ocean-deposited but is more precise in meaning. sediments of sand, silt, and clay. These sediments Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation are in level to rolling areas and vary in thickness. through the use of chemicals. Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or or establishing terraces, diversions, and other more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen water-control structures on a complex slope is hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal difficult. plow depth. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural it is not practical to map them separately at the class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, selected scale of mapping. The pattern and less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all percent silt. areas. Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal content of iron, manganese, and clay because of symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a the chemical reduction of iron and manganese plane that typically takes the form of concentric and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, type of redoximorphic depletion. iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common Halifax County, North Carolina 139
compounds making up concretions. If formed in part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese and 40 or 80 inches. oxide are generally considered a type of Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical redoximorphic concentration. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in uncoated steel. combination with needed cultural and Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to management practices. In a good conservation improve and protect the soil between periods of cropping system, the soil-improving crops and regular crop production, or a crop grown between practices more than offset the effects of the soil- trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Cropping system. Growing crops according to a are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving planned system of rotation and management practices in a conservation cropping system practices. include the use of rotations that contain grasses Crop residue management. Returning crop residue and legumes and the return of crop residue to the to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, soil. Other practices include the use of green content of organic matter, and fertility and helps to manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper control erosion. tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the control. living branches and their foliage. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Crust. A thin, hard layer of soil material that forms on invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount the surface in cultivated areas as the result of fine of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. soil material settling out of ponding. Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. The average annual increase per acre in the Terms commonly used to describe consistence volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total are: volume of the stand by its age. As the stand Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not increases in age, the mean annual increment hold together in a mass. continues to increase until mortality begins to Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under gentle reduce the rate of increase. The point where the pressure between thumb and forefinger and can stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth be pressed together into a lump. is called the culmination of the mean annual Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate increment. pressure between thumb and forefinger, but Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations resistance is distinctly noticeable. tend to cave in or slough. Plastic.—When wet, readily deformed by Dbh (diameter at breast height). The diameter of a moderate pressure but can be pressed into a tree at 4.5 feet above the ground level on the uphill lump; will form a “wire” when rolled between thumb side. and forefinger. Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting Sticky.—When wet, adheres to other material and grazing land for a prescribed period. tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather Delineation. The process of drawing or plotting than to pull free from other material. features on a map with lines and symbols. Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to Denitrification. The biochemical reduction of nitrate or pressure; can be broken with difficulty between nitrite to gaseous nitrogen either as molecular thumb and forefinger. nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen. Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that grains under very slight pressure. has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening. cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that digging and can affect filling and compacting. follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing Depression (depressional area). A portion of land crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled surrounded on all sides by higher land. These crops or summer fallow. areas generally do not have outlets for drainage. Control section. The part of the soil on which Depth class. Refers to the depth to a root-restricting classification is based. The thickness varies layer. Unless otherwise stated, this layer is among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that understood to be consolidated bedrock. The depth classes in this survey are: 140 Soil Survey
Very shallow ...... less than 10 inches pervious layer, a high water table, additional water Shallow ...... 10 to 20 inches from seepage, or a combination of these. Moderately deep ...... 20 to 40 inches Poorly drained.—Water is removed so slowly that Deep ...... 40 to 60 inches the soil is saturated periodically during the growing Very deep ...... more than 60 inches season or remains wet for long periods. Free water is commonly at or near the surface for long Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the enough during the growing season that most surface for the specified use. mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously generally a terrace, built to protect downslope saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. drainage results from a high water table, a slowly Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and pervious layer within the profile, seepage, or a duration of wet periods under conditions similar to combination of these. those under which the soil formed. Alterations of Very poorly drained.—Water is removed from the the water regime by human activities, either soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the through drainage or irrigation, are not a surface during most of the growing season. consideration unless they have significantly Unless the soil is artificially drained, most changed the morphology of the soil. Seven mesophytic crops cannot be grown. Very poorly classes of natural soil drainage are recognized: drained soils are commonly level or depressed Excessively drained.—Water is removed from the and are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are high, they can have moderate or high slope commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow. gradients. Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, to wetness. from an area. Somewhat excessively drained.—Water is Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution removed from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat or colloidal suspension from one place to another excessively drained soils are sandy and rapidly within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material pervious. Some are shallow. Some are so steep through eluviation are eluvial; those that have that much of the water they receive is lost as received material are illuvial. runoff. All are free of the mottling related to Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in wetness. which all horizons between the upper boundary of Well drained.—Water is removed from the soil saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants Engineering index test data. Laboratory test and throughout most of the growing season and mechanical analysis of selected soils in the wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for county. significant periods during most growing seasons. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Well drained soils are commonly medium textured. perched water table in a soil in which saturated They are mainly free of mottling. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated Moderately well drained.—Water is removed from layers within 2 meters of the surface. the soil somewhat slowly during some periods. Eroded (soil phase). Because of erosion, these soils Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a have lost an average of 25 to 75 percent of the short time during the growing season, but original A horizon or the uppermost 2 to 6 inches if periodically they are wet long enough that most the original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick. mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by have a slowly pervious layer within or directly water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by below the solum or periodically receive high such processes as gravitational creep. rainfall, or both. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Somewhat poorly drained.—Water is removed processes acting over long geologic periods and slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant resulting in the wearing away of mountains and periods during the growing season. Wetness the building up of such landscape features as markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat erosion. poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid Halifax County, North Carolina 141
than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human through transpiration by plants during a specified or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, period. such as a fire, that exposes the surface. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Erosion classes. Classes based on estimates of past soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel erosion. The classes are as follows: or sand for construction purposes. Class 1.—Soils that have lost some of the original Fall Line. The boundary between the Coastal Plain A horizon but on the average less than 25 percent and Piedmont physiographic regions. The line is a of the original A horizon or of the uppermost 8 zone of transition and varies considerably in width. inches (if the original A horizon was less than 8 The uplands are commonly sediments of the inches thick). Throughout most of the areas, the Coastal Plain, and the bottom of stream channels thickness of the surface layer is within the normal is hard rock of the Piedmont. The prevalence of range of variability of the uneroded soil. Class 1 falls in the rocky channels prompted the term “fall erosion typically is not designated in the name of line.” the map unit or in the map symbol. Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore Class 2.—Soils that have lost an average of 25 to productivity through accumulation of moisture. 75 percent of the original A horizon or of the Summer fallow is common in regions of limited uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is less than 8 inches thick). Throughout most tilled for at least one growing season for weed cultivated areas of class 2 erosion, the surface control and decomposition of plant residue. layer consists of a mixture of the original A horizon Fast intake (in tables). The movement of water into and material from below. Some areas may have the soil is rapid. intricate patterns ranging from uneroded spots to Felsic rock. A general term for light-colored igneous spots where all of the original A horizon has been rock and some metamorphic crystalline rock that removed. have an abundance of quartz, feldspars, Class 3.—Soils that have lost an average of 75 feldspathoids, and muscovite mica. percent or more of the original A horizon or of the Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper less than 8 inches thick). In most cultivated areas balance, for the growth of specified plants when of class 3 erosion, material that was below the light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth original A horizon is exposed. The plow layer factors are favorable. consists entirely or largely of this material. Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of Class 4.—Soils that have lost all of the original A all organic soil material. Peat contains a large horizon or of the uppermost 8 inches (if the amount of well preserved fiber that is readily original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick) identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has plus some or all of the deeper horizons throughout the lowest bulk density and the highest water most of the area. The original soil can be identified content at saturation of all organic soil material. only in spots. Some areas may be smooth, but Field border. A strip of perennial vegetation (trees, most have an intricate pattern of gullies. shrubs, or herbaceous plants) established on the Erosion hazard. Terms describing the potential for edge of a field to control erosion, provide travel future erosion, inherent in the soil itself, in lanes for farm machinery, control competition from inadequately protected areas. The following adjacent woodland, or provide food and cover for definitions are based on estimated annual soil loss wildlife. in metric tons per hectare (values determined by Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a the Universal Soil Loss Equation assuming bare soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry soil conditions and using rainfall and climate weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has factors for North Carolina): drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 0 tons per hectare ...... none days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Less than 2.5 tons per hectare ...... slight capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary 2.5 to 10 tons per hectare ...... moderate capacity. 10 to 25 tons per hectare ...... severe Fine-loamy. According to family level criteria in the soil More than 25 tons per hectare ...... very severe taxonomic system, soil containing 18 to 35 percent clay, by weight, and 15 percent or more Evapotranspiration. The combined loss of water from fine sand or coarser textured material. a given area through surface evaporation and Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. 142 Soil Survey
Firebreak. An area cleared of flammable material to elements in the profile and in gray colors and stop or help control creeping or running fires. It mottles. also serves as a line from which to work and to Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that facilitate the movement of firefighters and grade toward a protected waterway. equipment. Designated roads also serve as Granite. A coarse grained igneous rock dominated by firebreaks. light-colored minerals, consisting of about 50 First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, percent orthoclase and 25 percent quartz with the subject to frequent or occasional flooding. balance being plagioclase feldspars and Flat. A general term for a level or nearly level surface ferromagnesian silicates. Granites and or small area of land marked by little or no relief. granodiorites comprise 95 percent of all intrusive Flooding. The temporary covering of the surface by rocks. flowing water from any source, such as Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed overflowing streams, runoff from adjacent or waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to surrounding slopes, and inflow from high tides. grass as protection against erosion. Conducts The frequency of flooding generally is expressed surface water away from cropland. as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as means that flooding is not probable. Rare means much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a weather conditions (the chance of flooding is pebble. nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year). Gravel pit. An open excavation from which the soil Occasional means that flooding occurs and underlying material are mined as a source of infrequently under normal weather conditions (the sand and gravel. The excavated material is used chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year). without crushing. Areas identified on the detailed Frequent means that flooding occurs often under soil maps by a special symbol typically are less normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding than 2 acres in size. is more than 50 percent in any year). The duration Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 of flooding is expressed as very brief (less than 2 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as and very long (more than 1 month). 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Gravelly spot. An area where the content of rock stream and is subject to flooding unless protected fragments that are mostly less than 3 inches in artificially. diameter is more than 15 percent, by volume, in Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river the surface layer, occurring in a map unit in which action, as a fluvial plain. the surface layer of the dominant soil or soils has Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. less than 15 percent gravel. Areas identified on the Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically and development because of given physical and are less than 2 acres in size. biological factors by which it may be differentiated Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving from other stands. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers of maturity or soon after maturity. especially to the processes or soil-forming factors Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of responsible for the formation of the solum, or true the material below the water table. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Gully. A very small channel with steep sides cut by Geomorphic surface. A part of the surface of the running water and through which water ordinarily land that represents a episode of landscape runs only after rainfall. A gully generally is an development and consists of one or more obstacle to wheeled vehicles and is too deep to be landforms. It is a mappable part of the land obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser surface that is defined in terms of morphology depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary (relief, slope, aspect etc.); origin (erosional, tillage. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps constructional, etc.); age (absolute or relative); by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres and stability of component landforms. in size. Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil resulting in the reduction of iron and other material intermediate in degree of decomposition Halifax County, North Carolina 143
between the less decomposed fibric and the more permeability after prolonged wetting, and depth to decomposed sapric material. a very slowly permeable layer. The slope and the Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to kind of plant cover are not considered but are the surface, having distinct characteristics separate factors in predicting runoff. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter molten or partially molten state. Major varieties represents the major horizons. Numbers or include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are lowercase letters that follow represent andesite, basalt, and granite. subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as material is removed from an upper horizon and follows: deposited in a lower horizon. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the decaying plant residue. immediate surface of soil or other material, as A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the contrasted with percolation, which is movement of surface in which an accumulation of humified water through soil layers or material. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of originally part of a B horizon. conditions. E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually some combination of these. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an O, A, or limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of rate at which water is applied at the surface. transition from the overlying horizon to the Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial distinctive characteristics such as (1) rate; the rate decreases with application time. accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky constant but is a variable depending on the net structure; (3) redder or browner colors than those irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of these. inches per hour, is expressed as follows: C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, Less than 0.2 ...... very low excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low by soil-forming processes and does not have the 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low properties typical of the A or B horizon. The 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high that in which the solum formed. If the material is 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic More than 2.5 ...... very high numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. Cr layer.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath the Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, that does not flow year-round. but can be directly below an A or a B horizon. Intermittent water. An area where water is artifically R layer.—Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the impounded or a beaver pond or other area where soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, water is impounded because of animal activity. but can be directly below an A or a B horizon. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable special symbol typically are 2 to 50 acres in size. part of organic matter in mineral soils. Interstream divide (or interstream area). The nearly Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped level land between drainageways in relatively according to their runoff potential. The soil undissected parts of the Coastal Plain. It is in properties that influence this potential are those areas on uplands, low marine terraces, and that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on stream terraces. Soils in these areas are generally a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting poorly drained or very poorly drained. when the soil is not frozen. These properties are Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones that have a low depth to a high water table, the infiltration rate and content of iron and manganese oxide because of 144 Soil Survey
chemical reduction and removal but also have a very fine sand or finer textured material that content of clay similar to that of the adjacent contains less than 35 percent clay, by weight, matrix. A type of redoximorphic depletion. within the control section. The content of rock Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in the fragments is less than 35 percent, by volume. production of crops. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to Kaolinite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with a 1:1 support loads. layer structure; that is, a silicon tetrahedral sheet Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil alternating with an aluminium octahedral sheet. matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary Little or no expansion occurs when water mixes with the surrounding soil material and cannot be with the clay. removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds Lamellae. Very thin, mostly horizontal layers of making up masses are calcium carbonate, accumulated clay, iron, or other material common gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and in some sands or loamy sands; associated with manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide soil formation rather than geologic deposition. or manganese oxide generally are considered a Landfill. An area of accumulated waste products from type of redoximorphic concentration. human habitat. Landfill areas can be above or Mean annual increment. The average yearly volume below the natural ground level. Areas identified on of a stand of trees from the year of origin to the the detailed soil maps by a special symbol age under consideration. typically are less than 2 acres in size. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, Landform. The description of a given terrain based on silt loam, or silt. position and configuration. Examples are flood Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in plain, stream terrace, fan, mountain slope, and mineralogical composition, chemical composition, ridge. or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Landform position. A particular place within a Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. landform. Examples are summit of a ridge, Micas. A group of silicate minerals characterized by shoulder of a ridge, nose slope, side slope, back sheet or scale cleavage. Biotite is the slope, and foot slope. ferromagnesian black mica. Muscovite is the Landscape. A collection of related, natural landforms; potassic white mica. usually the land surface which can be seen in a Mine or quarry (map symbol). An open excavation single view. from which the soil and underlying material have Land shaping. The practice of scraping higher convex been removed, exposing bedrock, or the surface areas into lower concave areas in order to opening to underground mines. Areas identified on establish a nearly level field and reduce ponding. the detailed soil maps by a special symbol Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or typically are less than 2 acres in size. other material by percolating water. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Levees. Small dikes, generally less than 50 feet wide low in organic material. Its bulk density is more and several hundred feet in length, used to than that of organic soil. prevent intrusions of brackish water or to retain Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop fresh water. Areas identified on the detailed soil production and prevention of soil damage. maps by a special symbol typically are 5 to 20 Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no acres in size. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy passes from a plastic to a liquid state. loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less loam, or silty clay loam. than 52 percent sand particles. Montmorillonite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with Loamy. A general textural term that includes coarse 2:1 layer structure; that is, two silicon tetrahedral sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very sheets enclosing an aluminium octahedral sheet. fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam, Considerable expansion may occur when water sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam. According to mixes with the clay. family level criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, specific textural name referring to fine earth including the texture, structure, porosity, (particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of loamy consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and biological properties of the various horizons, Halifax County, North Carolina 145
and the thickness and arrangement of those movement of water and the growth of roots. For horizons in the soil profile. example, claypan, plowpan, and traffic pan. Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as mineral material in which soil forms. follows: abundance—few, common, and many; Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— granule, a prism, or a block. faint, distinct, and prominent. The size Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” measurements are of the diameter along the A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, square meters), depending on the variability of the more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). soil. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees Percolation. The downward movement of water of three simple variables—hue, value, and through the soil. chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of through the soil adversely affects the specified 4. use. Narrow-base terrace. A terrace no more than 4 to 8 Perennial stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, feet wide at the base. A narrow-base terrace is that flows continuously throughout the year. similar to a broad-base terrace, except for the Perennial water. An area that generally provides width of the ridge and channel. water for human or livestock consumption; Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal commonly a lake, pond, river, or stream. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water manganese oxide are common compounds or air to move downward through the profile. The making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil types of redoximorphic concentrations. physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated Nose slope. The downward-sloping convex end of a hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil main ridge or spur ridge. Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in No-till planting. A method of planting crops in which the engineering profession and with traditional there is virtually no seedbed preparation. A thin usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow slice of the soil is opened, and the seed is planted continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms at the desired depth. describing permeability, measured in inches per Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant hour, are as follows: essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches water. Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches various stages of decomposition. The content of Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches organic matter in the surface layer is described as follows: Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent features that affect its use and management. For Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent example, slope, stoniness, and flooding. Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Phenocryst. A crystal significantly larger than the Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent crystals of surrounding minerals. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Piedmont. The physiographic region of central North Overstory. The portion of the trees in a forest stand Carolina characterized by rolling landscapes forming the upper crown cover. formed from the weathering of residual rock Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the material. 146 Soil Survey
Piping (in tables). Subsurface tunnels or pipelike desirable vegetation. This practice increases the cavities are formed by water moving through the vigor and reproductive capacity of the key plants soil. and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch Pits (mine or quarry). A small borrow area or pit necessary to conserve soil and water. (usually less than 5 acres in size) where soil, Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a gravel, or stone has been removed. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Plasticity index. The numerical difference between 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range in because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The moisture content within which the soil remains degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH plastic. values, are: Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 changes from semisolid to plastic. Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 wetting and drying, especially if it is also exposed Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly below the plowed layer. Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed which iron and manganese oxide or a combination depressions. Unless the soils are artificially of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been drained, the water can be removed only by removed. These zones are indications of the percolation or evapotranspiration. chemical reduction of iron resulting from Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid saturation. permeability, the soil may not adequately filter Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic effluent from a waste disposal system. concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- material consisting mainly of particles of nearly dipyridyl, and other features indicating the the same size. Because there is little difference in chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and size of the particles, density can be increased only manganese compounds resulting from saturation. slightly by compaction. Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in Porphyritic. A textural term for igneous rocks in which situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are set in a The chemical reduction results from nearly finer groundmass. The groundmass may be continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a crystalline or glassy, or both. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after Potential native plant community. See Climax plant exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A community. type of redoximorphic feature. Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for Reforestation. The process in which tree seedlings specific management purposes, under the are planted or become naturally established in an appropriate weather conditions and soil moisture area that was once forested. conditions and at the proper time of day. Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the producing a specified plant or sequence of plants loose earth material above the solid rock. under specific management. Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending considered collectively. through all its horizons and into the parent Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, material. weathered or partly weathered mineral material Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that that accumulated as consolidated rock maintains enough cover to protect the soil and disintegrated in place. maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Halifax County, North Carolina 147
erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and precipitation at a moderate rate, or they are not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm steeper but absorb water rapidly. machinery. Rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly that Rippable. Rippable bedrock or hardpan can be the period of concentration is brief and free water excavated using a single-tooth ripping attachment does not stand on the surface. Only a small part of mounted on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar the water enters the soil. The soils generally are horsepower rating. moderately steep or steep and have moderate to Rock outcrop. An area of exposed bedrock in a map slow rates of absorption. unit that has less than 0.1 percent exposed Very rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly bedrock. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps that the period of concentration is very brief and by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres free water does not stand on the surface. Only a in size. small part of the water enters the soil. The soils Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil are mainly steep or very steep and absorb is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. precipitation slowly. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral by plant roots. fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist channels from an area. The water that flows off the of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is percent or more sand and not more than 10 called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil percent clay. before reaching surface streams is called ground- Sandy. A general textural term that includes coarse water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, loamy Runoff class (surface). Refers to the rate at which coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and water flows away from the soil over the surface loamy very fine sand. According to family level without infiltrating. Six classes of rate of runoff are criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific recognized: textural name referring to fine earth (particles less Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and water that than 2 millimeters in size) of sand or loamy sand runs onto the soil escapes as runoff, and free that contains less than 50 percent very fine sand, water stands on the surface for significant periods. by weight, within the control section. The content The amount of water that is removed from ponded of rock fragments is less than 35 percent, by areas by movement through the soil, by plants, or volume. by evaporation is usually greater than the total Sandy spot. An area where the surface layer is sandy rainfall. Ponding normally occurs on level and (loamy sand or sand) in a map unit in which the nearly level soils in depressions. The water depth dominant soil or soils have a loamy, silty, or clayey may fluctuate greatly. surface layer. Excluded are areas where the Very slow.—Surface water flows away slowly, and textural classes are adjoining, such as an area of free water stands on the surface for long periods loamy sand in a map unit in which the dominant or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water soil or soils have a surface layer of sandy loam. passes through the soil, is used by plants, or Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a evaporates. The soils are commonly level or nearly special symbol typically are less than 2 acres in level or are very porous. size. Slow.—Surface water flows away so slowly that Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly free water stands on the surface for moderate decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the water the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk passes through the soil, is used by plants, or density, and the lowest water content at saturation evaporates. The soils are nearly level or very of all organic soil material. gently sloping, or they are steeper but absorb Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated, residual precipitation very rapidly. material underlying the genetically developed soil Medium.—Surface water flows away so rapidly and grading to bedrock below. that free water stands on the surface for only short Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix moves into underground channels. The soils are into an unlined auger hole. nearly level or gently sloping and absorb Scarp (marine). An area having a short, steep slope 148 Soil Survey
of considerable linear extent along the transition height attained by dominant and codominant trees line dividing marine terraces. in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Schist. A metamorphic rock dominated by fibrous or 75 feet, the site index is 75 feet. platy minerals. It has schistose cleavage and is a Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby product of regional metamorphism. central area for transport to a processing facility. Second bottom. The first stream terrace above the Most systems involve pulling the trees with wire normal flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber-tired Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through tractor. Generally, felled trees are skidded or the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified pulled with one end lifted to reduce friction and soil use. disturbance. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Skid trails. The paths left from skidding logs and the almost alike, except for differences in texture of bulldozer or tractor used to pull them. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Slate. A fine grained metamorphic rock with well horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, developed slaty cleavage. Formed by the low- and arrangement. grade regional metamorphism of shale. Severely eroded spot. An area of soil that has lost an Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the average of 75 percent or more of the original horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical surface layer because of accelerated erosion, distance divided by horizontal distance, then occurring in a map unit in which the dominant soil multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a or soils have lost less than 25 percent of the drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In original surface layer. Areas identified on the this survey area, classes for simple slopes are as detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically follows: are less than 2 acres in size. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Gently sloping ...... 2 to 6 percent soil material from the land surface by the action of Moderately sloping ...... 6 to 10 percent rainfall and surface runoff. Strongly sloping ...... 10 to 15 percent Short, steep slope. An area of soil that is at least two Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent slope classes steeper than the named soils in the Steep ...... 25 to 45 percent surrounding map unit. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special are long, narrow bands that are less than 2 acres practices are required to ensure satisfactory in size. (See Slope.) performance of the soil for a specific use. Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones swelling can damage roads, dams, building adversely affect the specified use of the soil. foundations, and other structures. It can also Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with damage plant roots. trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The other equipment commonly used in construction. mineral form is called quartz. Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay properties resulting from the integrated effect of (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine climate and living matter acting on earthy parent sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil material, as conditioned by relief over periods of that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 time. percent clay. Soil compaction. An alteration of soil structure that Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic ultimately can affect the biological and chemical criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, properties of the soil. Compaction decreases the and have similar conservation needs or extent of voids and increases bulk density. management requirements for the major land uses Soil map unit. A kind of soil or miscellaneous area or in the survey area. a combination of two or more soils or one or more Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site soils and one or more miscellaneous areas that based on the height of the dominant stand at an can be shown at the scale of mapping for the arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average defined purposes and objectives of the soil survey. Halifax County, North Carolina 149
Soil map units generally are designed to reflect the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects significant differences in use and management the soil from soil blowing and water erosion after among the soils of a survey area. harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the Soil puddling. This condition occurs in certain soils next crop, and during the early growing period of when they are driven over while they are wet. the new crop. Exertion of mechanical force destroys the soil Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of structure by compressing and shearing and the solum below plow depth. results in the rearrangement of the soil particles to Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, a massive or nonstructural state. ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. Soil sample site (map symbol). The location of a Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. typifying pedon in the survey area. Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 or EB) below the surface layer. millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or between specified size limits. The names and its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). the United States are as follows: Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 “Ap horizon.” Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 series recognized in the classification system. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Such soils are named for a series they strongly Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 that series because they differ in ways too small to Clay ...... less than 0.002 be of consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Soil strength. Load-supporting capacity of a soil at Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed specific moisture and density conditions. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts horizon, in which the processes of soil formation surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of field generally is built so that the field can be the material in these horizons are unlike those of farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage the material below the solum. The living roots and has a deep channel that is maintained in plant and animal activities are largely confined to permanent sod. the solum. Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat Stand density. The degree to which an area is or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. covered with living trees. It is usually expressed in Textural classes (general). Broad textural groups that units of basal area per acre, number of trees per describe the dominant fine-earth fraction (particles acre, or the percentage of ground covered by the less than 2 millimeters in size) of the subsoil or the tree canopy as viewed from above. layers beneath the surface layer to a depth of Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic about 1 meter or to bedrock if the soil is less than arrangement of strips or bands that provide 1 meter thick. vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water Clayey.—A general textural term that includes erosion. sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil Loamy.—A general textural term that includes very particles into compound particles or aggregates. coarse sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy The principal forms of soil structure are—platy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam. longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Sandy.—A general textural term that includes rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), coarse sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and granular. Structureless soils are either single loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or and loamy very fine sand. massive (the particles adhering without any Silty.—A general textural term that includes silt, silt regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). loam, and silty clay loam. Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, 150 Soil Survey
and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material textural classes, in order of increasing proportion that is too thin for the specified use. of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and emergence, and root penetration. clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base classes may be further divided by specifying of a hill; part of a foot slope. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” The textural classes Topography. The relative positions and elevations of are defined as follows: the natural or manmade features of an area that Sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very describe the configuration of its surface. fine sand).—Soil material in which the content of Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most sand is 85 percent or more and the percentage of favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily 1 silt plus 1 /2 times the percentage of clay does not rich in organic matter and is used to topdress exceed 15. roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. Loamy sands (loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand).—Soil zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils material in which, at the upper limit, the content of in extremely small amounts. They are essential to sand is 85 to 90 percent and the percentage of silt plant growth. 1 plus 1 /2 times the percentage of clay is not less Underlying material. Technically the C horizon; the than 15 and, at the lower limit, the content of sand part of the soil below the biologically altered A and is 70 to 85 percent and the percentage of silt plus B horizons. twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30. Understory. The trees and other woody species Sandy loams (coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, growing under a more or less continuous cover of fine sandy loam, and very fine sandy loam).—Soil branches and foliage formed collectively by the material in which the content of clay is 20 percent upper portions of adjacent trees and other woody or less, the percentage of silt plus twice the growth. percentage of clay exceeds 30, and the content of Universal soil loss equation. An equation used to sand is 52 percent or more or soil material in design systems for the control of water erosion: which the content of clay is less than 7 percent, A=RKLSPC wherein A is the average annual soil the content of silt is less than 50 percent, and the loss in tons per acre per year, R is the rainfall content of sand is 43 to 52 percent. factor, K is the soil erodibility factor, L is the length Loam.—Soil material that contains 7 to 27 percent of slope, S is the steepness of slope, P is the clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 conservation practice factor, and C is the cropping percent sand. and management factor. Silt loam.—Soil material that contains 50 percent Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than or more silt and 12 to 27 percent clay or 50 to 80 the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the percent silt and less than 12 percent clay. lowlands along streams. Silt.—Soil material that contains 80 percent or Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors more silt and less than 12 percent clay. assumed to be inherited from the parent material Sandy clay loam.—Soil material that contains 20 rather than to be the result of poor drainage. to 35 percent clay, less than 28 percent silt, and Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional 45 percent or more sand. areas that are excavated at an angle across a Clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to 40 sloping road. They are used to reduce the percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand. downward velocity of water and to divert water off Silty clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to and away from the road surface. Water bars can 40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand. easily be driven over if constructed properly. Sandy clay.—Soil material that contains 35 Water table (apparent). A thick zone of free water in percent or more clay and 45 percent or more the soil. The apparent water table is indicated by sand. the level at which water stands in an uncased Silty clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent borehole after adequate time is allowed for or more clay and 40 percent or more silt. adjustment in the surrounding soil. Clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent or Water table (perched). A saturated zone of water in more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less the soil standing above an unsaturated zone. than 40 percent silt. Water table (seasonal high). The highest level of a Halifax County, North Carolina 151
saturated zone in the soil (the apparent or perched Wet spot. An area of somewhat poorly drained to very water table) over a continuous period of more than poorly drained soils that are at least two drainage 2 weeks in most years, but not a permanent water classes wetter than the named soils in the table. surrounding map unit. Areas identified on the Weathering. All physical and chemical changes detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the are less than 2 acres in size. (See Drainage earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These class.) changes result in disintegration and Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The decomposition of the material. moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so coarse grained particles that are well distributed much that it does not recover when placed in a over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil humid, dark chamber. normally can be easily increased in density and Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with the wind. poorly graded soil. Yield (forest land). The volume of wood fiber from Wetness. A general term applied to soils that hold harvested trees taken from a certain unit of area. water at or near the surface long enough to be a Yield is usually measured in board feet or cubic common management problem. feet per acre.
153
Tables 154 Soil Survey
Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North Carolina)
______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | o | o | o | o | o | | | | | | | _F | _F | _F | _F | _F | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 48.3 | 28.4 | 37.0 | 73 | 4 | 16 | 3.52 | 2.31| 4.74| 6 | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 51.7 | 31.2 | 40.2 | 76 | 8 | 29 | 3.65 | 1.88| 5.21| 6 | 2.7 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 61.4 | 37.6 | 48.9 | 84 | 18 | 100 | 3.90 | 2.46| 5.01| 7 | 1.3 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 71.5 | 45.5 | 57.7 | 90 | 26 | 246 | 3.12 | 1.55| 4.27| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 78.5 | 54.0 | 66.0 | 93 | 34 | 445 | 3.98 | 2.14| 5.55| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 85.4 | 61.7 | 73.4 | 97 | 45 | 695 | 3.92 | 2.10| 5.52| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 88.6 | 66.1 | 77.3 | 99 | 52 | 818 | 4.40 | 2.24| 6.28| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 87.3 | 65.5 | 76.3 | 98 | 49 | 785 | 4.83 | 2.47| 6.90| 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 81.9 | 58.9 | 70.1 | 95 | 41 | 561 | 3.36 | 1.30| 5.05| 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 71.5 | 47.0 | 59.0 | 87 | 26 | 281 | 3.25 | 1.15| 4.95| 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 63.1 | 39.6 | 50.5 | 81 | 18 | 116 | 3.34 | 1.59| 4.79| 4 | .1 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 52.2 | 31.9 | 41.8 | 75 | 9 | 34 | 3.28 | 1.73| 4.76| 6 | .5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 70.1 | 47.3 | 58.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 100 | 2 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,125 | 44.55 | 37.15| 49.03| 66 | 6.2 ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Halifax County, North Carolina 155
Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North Carolina)
______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 1 | Apr. 14 | Apr. 28 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 26 | Apr. 9 | Apr. 23 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 16 | Mar. 30 | Apr. 13 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 31 | Oct. 17 | Oct. 9 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 7 | Oct. 23 | Oct. 13 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 19 | Nov. 4 | Oct. 22 ______| | |
Table 3.—Growing Season
(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Arcola, North Carolina)
______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 215 | 192 | 171 | | | 8 years in 10 | 222 | 199 | 178 | | | 5 years in 10 | 236 | 214 | 191 | | | 2 years in 10 | 250 | 228 | 204 | | | 1 year in 10 | 258 | 236 | 211 ______| | | 156 Soil Survey
Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | AaA |Altavista fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 7,975 | 1.7 AyA |Aycock silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 2,400 | 0.5 BaA |Bethera loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 4,095 | 0.9 BcA |Bojac loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 930 | 0.2 BoB |Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes------| 14,235 | 3.0 CbA |Chastain and Bibb soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 39,000 | 8.2 ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 4,005 | 0.9 CwA |Chewacla and Wehadkee soils, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 22,170 | 4.7 DgA |Dogue silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 9,145 | 2.0 DoA |Dothan loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,690 | 0.8 DoB |Dothan loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 4,965 | 1.1 EmA |Emporia fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 18,385 | 3.9 EmB |Emporia fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 25,595 | 5.4 EmC |Emporia fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------| 3,335 | 0.7 ErB |Emporia-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes------| 6,445 | 1.4 EwB |Emporia-Wedowee complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 26,397 | 5.5 ExA |Exum silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 8,045 | 1.7 FuB |Fuquay sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes------| 6,075 | 1.3 GoA |Goldsboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 21,555 | 4.6 GrA |Grantham loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 10,105 | 2.2 GtB |Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 14,290 | 3.1 GtC |Gritney fine sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------| 3,075 | 0.7 GyB2 |Gritney sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,700 | 0.8 HeA |Helena sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 3,605 | 0.8 HrB |Herndon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 5,430 | 1.2 HrC |Herndon silt loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------| 1,780 | 0.4 LgA |Lignum silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 4,635 | 1.0 LyA |Lynchburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 7,255 | 1.6 MrA |Marlboro fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,685 | 0.4 MrB |Marlboro fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 4,120 | 0.9 NaA |Nahunta silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 4,675 | 1.0 NkB |Nankin gravelly loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 2,620 | 0.6 NoA |Noboco fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,785 | 0.8 PaB |Pacolet sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 11,740 | 2.5 PeB2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,125 | 0.7 RaA |Rains fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 14,335 | 3.1 RmA |Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 4,195 | 0.9 RoA |Roanoke loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 11,190 | 2.4 SeA |Seabrook loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 740 | 0.2 StA |State fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 18,860 | 4.0 StB |State fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 7,335 | 1.6 TaA |Tarboro loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 1,155 | 0.2 TbE |Tatum silt loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,820 | 0.6 TmB2 |Tatum silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded------| 10,770 | 2.3 TmC2 |Tatum silty clay loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,420 | 0.5 TtA |Tomotley fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 4,685 | 1.0 TuB |Turbeville fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 520 | 0.1 Ud |Udorthents, loamy------| 1,525 | 0.3 WaA |Wahee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 5,110 | 1.1 WeB |Wedowee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 36,370 | 7.6 WeC |Wedowee sandy loam, 6 to 10 percent slopes------| 17,360 | 3.7 WeE |Wedowee sandy loam, 10 to 25 percent slopes------| 5,415 | 1.2 WnF |Winton fine sandy loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes------| 4,290 | 0.9 | Water areas more than 40 acres in size------| 3,235 | 0.7 | Water areas less than 40 acres in size------| 1,629 | 0.3 | |------|------| Total------| 468,026 | 100.0 ______| | | Halifax County, North Carolina 157
Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture
(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)
______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture ______| | | | | | | | | | ___Lbs | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | AaA------| IIw | 650 | 3,600 | 125 | 42 | 3,000 | 55 | 8.0 Altavista | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AyA------| IIe | 700 | 3,600 | 120 | 40 | 2,700 | 60 | 8.0 Aycock | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| IIIw | 450 | 2,500 | 105 | 35 | --- | 45 | 6.5 Bethera | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------| IIs | 750 | 2,900 | 90 | 30 | 1,800 | 40 | 6.0 Bojac | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| IIs | 700 | 2,900 | 85 | 30 | 2,600 | 45 | 6.0 Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA: | | | | | | | | Chastain------| VIIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5 | | | | | | | | Bibb------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 | | | | | | | | ChA------| IIIw | --- | --- | 100 | 35 | --- | 50 | 6.5 Chewacla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA: | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| IVw | --- | --- | 80 | 30 | --- | 30 | 6.5 | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.5 | | | | | | | | DgA------| IIw | 600 | 2,900 | 125 | 45 | 2,300 | 60 | 8.0 Dogue | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA------| I | 900 | 3,800 | 120 | 40 | 2,800 | 50 | 6.0 Dothan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB------| IIe | 900 | 3,600 | 120 | 35 | 2,600 | 50 | 6.0 Dothan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA------| I | 650 | 4,000 | 110 | 35 | 3,000 | 55 | 8.0 Emporia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmB------| IIe | 600 | 3,700 | 100 | 30 | 2,900 | 50 | 8.0 Emporia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmC------| IIIe | 550 | 3,200 | 90 | 25 | 2,700 | 45 | 8.0 Emporia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB: | | | | | | | | Emporia------| IIe | 600 | 3,700 | 100 | 30 | 2,900 | 50 | 8.0 | | | | | | | | Wedowee------| IIe | 525 | 2,500 | 80 | 35 | 2,600 | 40 | 8.0 | | | | | | | | ExA------| IIw | 750 | 3,400 | 125 | 50 | 2,800 | 65 | 8.0 Exum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuB------| IIs | 650 | 2,900 | 85 | 30 | 2,400 | 45 | 6.0 Fuquay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 158 Soil Survey
Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture ______| | | | | | | | | | ___Lbs | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | GoA------| IIw | 700 | 3,600 | 125 | 42 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0 Goldsboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| IIIw | --- | --- | 130 | 45 | --- | 55 | 6.5 Grantham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtB------| IIIe | 600 | 3,000 | 90 | 28 | 2,500 | 40 | 8.0 Gritney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtC------| IVe | 500 | 2,600 | 80 | 24 | 2,200 | 35 | 8.0 Gritney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GyB2------| IVe | 500 | 2,600 | 80 | 24 | 2,200 | 35 | 7.0 Gritney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| IIw | 575 | 2,800 | 85 | 40 | 2,000 | 40 | 8.0 Helena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB------| IIe | 500 | --- | 95 | 40 | 2,200 | 50 | 8.0 Herndon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrC------| IIIe | 500 | --- | 85 | 35 | 2,000 | 40 | 8.0 Herndon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| IIw | --- | --- | 90 | 40 | --- | 40 | 6.5 Lignum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------| IIw | 675 | 3,000 | 115 | 45 | 2,800 | 45 | 6.5 Lynchburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA------| I | 800 | 3,300 | 100 | 40 | 2,500 | 60 | 8.0 Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrB------| IIe | 720 | 3,000 | 100 | 40 | 2,400 | 50 | 8.0 Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------| IIw | 675 | 2,800 | 120 | 45 | 2,800 | 55 | 6.5 Nahunta | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NkB------| IIe | 600 | 2,200 | 75 | 30 | 2,200 | --- | 8.0 Nankin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------| I | 700 | 4,000 | 115 | 45 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0 Noboco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaB------| IIe | 525 | --- | 80 | --- | 2,200 | --- | 8.0 Pacolet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------| IIIe | 425 | --- | 65 | 25 | 1,900 | 35 | 7.0 Pacolet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------| IIIw | 450 | 2,900 | 110 | 40 | 1,900 | 55 | 6.5 Rains | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RmA------| IIw | 650 | --- | 130 | 40 | --- | 55 | 8.0 Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RoA------| IIIw | 450 | --- | 105 | 40 | --- | 45 | 6.5 Roanoke | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 159
Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | | map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Peanuts | Corn | Soybeans | Tobacco | Wheat | Pasture ______| | | | | | | | | | ___Lbs | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | ___Lbs | __Bu | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | SeA------| IIIs | 400 | 2,200 | 75 | 30 | 2,000 | 35 | 6.0 Seabrook | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------| I | 800 | 3,300 | 130 | 45 | 3,000 | 60 | 8.0 State | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StB------| IIe | 720 | 3,000 | 120 | 40 | 2,700 | 60 | 8.0 State | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------| IIIs | 350 | 2,000 | 50 | 20 | 1,700 | 30 | 6.0 Tarboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TbE------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5 Tatum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmB2------| IIIe | --- | --- | 65 | 25 | --- | 30 | 7.0 Tatum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmC2------| IVe | --- | --- | 50 | 20 | --- | 25 | 7.0 Tatum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------| IIIw | 450 | --- | 130 | 40 | --- | 45 | 6.5 Tomotley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuB------| IIe | 625 | 3,000 | 120 | 40 | 2,800 | 50 | 8.0 Turbeville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------| IIw | --- | --- | 110 | 45 | --- | 40 | 6.5 Wahee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeB------| IIe | 525 | 2,500 | 80 | 35 | 2,600 | 40 | 8.0 Wedowee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeC------| IIIe | 400 | 2,000 | 65 | 30 | 1,800 | 35 | 8.0 Wedowee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.5 Wedowee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WnF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.0 Winton | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | |
* Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. 160 Soil Survey
Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity
(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available)
______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 96 | 145 |Loblolly pine. Altavista | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 97 | 102 | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | AyA------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine. Aycock | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 92 | 136 |Loblolly pine. Bethera | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | 122 | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BcA**------| 8S |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Bojac | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | BoB**------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Bonneau | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | CbA***: | | | | | | | | | Chastain------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Sweetgum------| 95 | 122 |Sweetgum, | | | | | |Baldcypress------| --- | --- | baldcypress. | | | | | |Water tupelo------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 |Sweetgum, | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 103 | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | 86 | eastern | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | cottonwood. | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Atlantic white-cedar| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | ChA------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar------| 96 | 100 |Yellow-poplar, Chewacla | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 95 | 142 | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | American | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | 86 | sycamore. | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| --- | --- | | | | | | |Green ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 161
Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA***: | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar------| 96 | 100 |Yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 95 | 142 | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | American | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | 86 | sycamore. | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| --- | --- | | | | | | |Green ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Yellow-poplar------| 100 | 107 |Yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | green ash, | | | | | |Loblolly pine------| 93 | 138 | sweetgum, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | American | | | | | |Water oak------| 99 | 97 | sycamore. | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | DgA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine. Dogue | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | 62 | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 93 | 95 | | | | | | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | | | | | | | | | | DoA, DoB------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 88 | 127 |Loblolly pine. Dothan | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB, EmC---| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine, Emporia | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | EwB***: | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | | | | | | | | | | ExA------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine. Exum | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | FuB**------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Fuquay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 162 Soil Survey
Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GoA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 88 | 127 |Loblolly pine. Goldsboro | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine, Grantham | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Pond pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | GtB, GtC------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine. Gritney | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | GyB2------| 8C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Gritney | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine. Helena | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American elm------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | HrB, HrC------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 81 | 112 |Loblolly pine. Herndon | | | | | |White oak------| 68 | 50 | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 91 | 92 | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 76 | 103 |Loblolly pine. Lignum | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 68 | 50 | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | LyA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine. Lynchburg | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 92 | 93 | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 163
Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA, MrB------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine. Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine. Nahunta | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | NkB------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Nankin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine. Noboco | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | PaB------| 8A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 120 |Loblolly pine. Pacolet | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | | | | | | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 70 | 93 |Loblolly pine. Pacolet | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 80 | 71 | | | | | | | | | | RaA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 131 |Loblolly pine, Rains | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | RmA------| 11A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 154 |Loblolly pine, Riverview | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | 124 | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | 138 | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | slash pine, | | | | | | | | | eastern | | | | | | | | | cottonwood, | | | | | | | | | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | RoA------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 98 | 149 |Loblolly pine, Roanoke | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 | sweetgum, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 76 | 68 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | SeA------| 8S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 81 | 112 |Loblolly pine. Seabrook | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | StA, StB------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine. State | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 85 | 67 | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 100 | 107 | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | |
See footnotes at end of table. 164 Soil Survey
Table 6.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- | throw | |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------| 7S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 72 | 96 |Loblolly pine. Tarboro | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | TbE------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine. Tatum | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | TmB2, TmC2------| 7A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 75 | 101 |Loblolly pine. Tatum | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | TtA------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 97 | 147 |Loblolly pine, Tomotley | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | American | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | sycamore. | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water tupelo------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | TuB------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 110 |Loblolly pine. Turbeville | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 84 | 79 | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 70 | 52 | | | | | | | | | | WaA------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Loblolly pine------| 86 | 123 |Loblolly pine. Wahee | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | 106 | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Swamp chestnut oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | |Willow oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | WeB, WeC------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine. Wedowee | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | | | | | | | | | | WeE------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 87 | 125 |Loblolly pine. Wedowee | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 74 | 56 | | | | | | |Northern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | | | | | | | | | | WnF------| 10R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 93 | 138 |Loblolly pine. Winton | | | | | |Southern red oak----| --- | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | ______| | | | | | | | |
* Volume is the yield in cubic feet per acre per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. ** The site index for this map unit is based on the highest database plots in adjacent counties. *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 165
Table 7.—Recreational Development
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)
______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Altavista | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | AyA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Aycock | percs slowly. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | BaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bethera | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | BcA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Bojac | | | | | droughty. | | | | | BoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Bonneau | too sandy. | too sandy. | slope, | too sandy. | droughty. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | Chastain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | too acid, | wetness. | too acid. | flooding. | | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | ChA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chewacla | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | DgA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dogue | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | DoA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Dothan | | | | | droughty. | | | | | DoB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Dothan | | | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | EmA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Emporia | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | EmB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Emporia | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 166 Soil Survey
Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Emporia | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | small stones, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | Wedowee------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | ExA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Exum | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | FuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Fuquay | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | GoA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grantham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | GtB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gritney | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | droughty. | | | | | GtC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gritney | slope, | slope, | slope. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | GyB2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gritney | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | HeA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Helena | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | HrB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Herndon | | | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | | | HrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Herndon | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Lignum | wetness, | percs slowly. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 167
Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | MrA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | MrB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Marlboro | | | slope. | | | | | | | NaA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Nahunta | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | NkB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Nankin | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | small stones. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | NoA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Noboco | | | | | | | | | | PaB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Pacolet | | | slope. | | | | | | | PeB2------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Pacolet | | | slope. | | | | | | | RaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | RmA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Riverview | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | RoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Roanoke | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | too acid, | wetness, | too acid, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | SeA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Seabrook | flooding. | wetness, | too sandy, | too sandy. | droughty. | | too sandy. | wetness. | | | | | | | StA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. State | | | | | | | | | | StB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. State | | | slope. | | | | | | | TaA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Tarboro | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | TbE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | TmB2------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Tatum | | | slope. | | | | | | | TmC2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 168 Soil Survey
Table 7.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tomotley | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | TuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Turbeville | | | slope. | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | WaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wahee | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | WeB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Wedowee | | | slope. | | | | | | | WeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | WeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | WnF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Winton | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. ______| | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 169
Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat
(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)
______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Altavista | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AyA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Aycock | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good. Bethera | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good. Bojac | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | | | | Chastain------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Fair. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair. | | | | | | | | | ChA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good. Chewacla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good. | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Dogue | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA, DoB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Dothan | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Emporia | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | EmC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Emporia | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | | | | Emporia------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | | | | Emporia------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 170 Soil Survey
Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ExA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Exum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuB------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair. Fuquay | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | GoA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Goldsboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Good |Good |Good. Grantham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtB, GtC, GyB2-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Gritney | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Helena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Herndon | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | HrC------|Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good. Herndon | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good. Lignum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good. Lynchburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA, MrB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Marlboro | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good. Nahunta | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NkB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Nankin | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Noboco | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | PaB------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good. Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair. Pacolet | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good. Rains | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RmA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RoA------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair. Roanoke | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SeA------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair. Seabrook | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 171
Table 8.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- | Hard- | Conif- |Wetland |Shallow | Openland | Woodland |and seed| and | ceous | wood | erous | plants | water | wildlife | wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | trees | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA, StB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. State | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor. Tarboro | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | TbE------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good. Tatum | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | TmB2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Tatum | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | TmC2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Tatum | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Good. Tomotley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Turbeville | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good. Wahee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good. Wedowee | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | WeC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good. Wedowee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | WeE------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good. Wedowee | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | WnF------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good. Winton | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | ______| | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 172 Soil Survey
Table 9.—Building Site Development
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Altavista | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | wetness, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | AyA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Aycock | wetness. | | wetness. | | low strength. | | | | | | | BaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bethera | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | BcA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Bojac | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | BoB------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Bonneau | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | Chastain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | too acid, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | ChA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chewacla | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | DgA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Dogue | cutbanks cave,| wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness. | wetness. | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | DoA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Dothan | wetness. | | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | DoB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Dothan | wetness. | | wetness. | slope. | | droughty. | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 173
Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Emporia | too clayey, | | wetness, | | low strength. | | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | EmB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Emporia | too clayey, | | wetness, | slope. | low strength. | | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | EmC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Emporia | too clayey, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | low strength, | slope. | wetness, | | slope, | | slope. | | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey, | | wetness, | | low strength. | | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey, | | wetness, | slope. | low strength. | | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | ExA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Exum | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | FuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Severe: Fuquay | | | wetness. | | | droughty. | | | | | | GoA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Grantham | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | GtB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness, | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | | droughty. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | GtC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength. | wetness. | | shrink-swell, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | GyB2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Gritney | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | HeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Helena | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | | shrink-swell. | | low strength. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 174 Soil Survey
Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Herndon | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | HrC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Herndon | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Lignum | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | LyA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | MrA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Marlboro | too clayey, | | wetness. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. Marlboro | too clayey, | | wetness. | slope. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Nahunta | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | NkB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Nankin | too clayey, | | | | | small stones. | dense layer. | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Noboco | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | PaB, PeB2------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Pacolet | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | RaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | RmA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Riverview | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | RoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Roanoke | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | too acid, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | SeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Seabrook | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | droughty. | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | StA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. State | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | low strength. | | | | | | | StB------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. State | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | TaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Tarboro | cutbanks cave.| | | | | droughty. | | | | | | TbE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tatum | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 175
Table 9.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmB2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Tatum | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | TmC2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Tatum | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | TtA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tomotley | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | TuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Turbeville | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wahee | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | WeB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Wedowee | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | WeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Wedowee | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | WeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | WnF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Winton | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | ______| | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 176 Soil Survey
Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Altavista | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | AyA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Aycock | wetness, | seepage, | | | | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | | BaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Bethera | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | BcA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Bojac | wetness. | seepage. | wetness, | seepage. | thin layer. | | | seepage. | | | | | | | BoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Bonneau | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | seepage. | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | Chastain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | ChA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Chewacla | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | thin layer. | | | | | DgA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dogue | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness, | | hard to pack. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | | DoA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Good. Dothan | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 177
Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | DoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Good. Dothan | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Emporia | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | EmC------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Emporia | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | slope. | slope, | percs slowly. | slope, | slope, | | too clayey, | | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | Emporia------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | Emporia------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Wedowee------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | ExA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Exum | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | FuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Fuquay | percs slowly. | seepage. | too sandy. | seepage. | seepage, | | | | | too sandy. | | | | | GoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Goldsboro | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Grantham | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | GtB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness, | | hard to pack. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | | GtC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness, | slope. | hard to pack. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | | GyB2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Gritney | wetness, | slope. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness, | | hard to pack. | | | too clayey. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 178 Soil Survey
Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Helena | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HrB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Herndon | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | slope. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | HrC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Herndon | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | slope. | | | | | LgA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lignum | percs slowly, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | wetness. | too clayey, | wetness. | | wetness, | | hard to pack, | | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | LyA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lynchburg | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | MrA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Marlboro | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Marlboro | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | slope, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | NaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Nahunta | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | NkB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Nankin | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | NoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Noboco | wetness. | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | PaB, PeB2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: Pacolet | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | RaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Rains | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | RmA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Riverview | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | RoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Roanoke | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | flooding. | seepage, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 179
Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | SeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Seabrook | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too sandy. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | StA, StB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: State | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | thin layer. | | | | | TaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tarboro | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | TbE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tatum | slope. | slope. | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey, | | | slope, | | hard to pack, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | TmB2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Tatum | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | TmC2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Tatum | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey, | percs slowly, | | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack. | slope. | | | | | | | | | TtA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tomotley | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | TuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Turbeville | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | slope. | | | hard to pack, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | WaA------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Wahee | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | WeB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: Wedowee | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | WeC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Wedowee | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | WeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Wedowee | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | WnF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Winton | wetness, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope. | percs slowly, | slope, | | | | slope. | wetness. | | | ______| | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 180 Soil Survey
Table 11.—Construction Materials
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Altavista | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | AyA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Aycock | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | BaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Bethera | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | BcA------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Bojac | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | BoB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Bonneau | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy. | | | | CbA*: | | | | Chastain------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness, | | | | too acid. | | | | Bibb------|Poor: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | wetness. | | | | ChA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Chewacla | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | Chewacla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | DgA------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Dogue | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey. | | | | DoA, DoB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Dothan | | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | EmA, EmB------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Emporia | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | EmC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Emporia | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 181
Table 11.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | Emporia------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | Emporia------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | shrink-swell. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Wedowee------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | ExA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Exum | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | FuB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Fuquay | | thin layer. | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | GoA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Goldsboro | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | GrA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Grantham | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | GtB, GtC, GyB2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gritney | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | HeA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Helena | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | HrB, HrC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Herndon | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | LgA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Lignum | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | LyA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Lynchburg | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | MrA, MrB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Marlboro | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | NaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Nahunta | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | NkB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Nankin | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | NoA------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Noboco | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | PaB, PeB2------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pacolet | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 182 Soil Survey
Table 11.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Rains | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | RmA------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Riverview | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | thin layer. | | | | RoA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Roanoke | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | wetness, | | | | too acid. | | | | SeA------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Seabrook | wetness. | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | StA, StB------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: State | | | too sandy. | too clayey. | | | | TaA------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Tarboro | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | TbE, TmB2, TmC2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Tatum | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | TtA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Tomotley | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | TuB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Turbeville | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Ud. | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | WaA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wahee | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | WeB, WeC------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wedowee | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | WeE------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Wedowee | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | WnF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Winton | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. ______| | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 183
Table 12.—Water Management
(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness, |Favorable. Altavista | seepage. | piping, | | | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | AyA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Aycock | seepage. | piping. | | erodes easily.| soil blowing. | | | | | | | BaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, Bethera | | ponding, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | BcA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. Bojac | seepage. | piping. | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | BoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. Bonneau | seepage. | thin layer. | | fast intake. | | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | Chastain------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | too acid. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Bibb------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | | flooding. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | wetness, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | ChA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. Chewacla | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | hard to pack, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | Chewacla------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | flooding. | | | | hard to pack, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness. | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing, | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | | | DgA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Dogue | seepage. | wetness. | | erodes easily.| wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Favorable------|Droughty. Dothan | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | DoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Favorable------|Droughty. Dothan | seepage, | piping. | | slope, | | | slope. | | | droughty. | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 184 Soil Survey
Table 12.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing, |Percs slowly. Emporia | seepage. | thin layer, | | | percs slowly. | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EmB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly. Emporia | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EmC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Slope, |Slope, Emporia | slope. | thin layer, | | slope. | soil blowing, | percs slowly. | | piping. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly. | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | Emporia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing, |Soil blowing, |Percs slowly. | seepage, | thin layer, | | slope. | percs slowly. | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | ExA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Exum | | piping, | | erodes easily,| wetness, | | | wetness. | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | FuB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty. Fuquay | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake, | soil blowing. | | | piping. | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | GoA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Favorable. Goldsboro | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | GrA------|Slight------|Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Grantham | | wetness. | | soil blowing, | wetness, | erodes easily. | | | | erodes easily.| soil blowing. | | | | | | | GtB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | wetness. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | GtC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | droughty. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | GyB2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, Gritney | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | HeA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Wetness, |Percs slowly. Helena | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 185
Table 12.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Herndon | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HrC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Herndon | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | LgA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Lignum | depth to rock.| thin layer, | | percs slowly. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | hard to pack, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | LyA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness. Lynchburg | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | MrA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing---|Favorable. Marlboro | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | MrB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Favorable. Marlboro | seepage, | piping. | | soil blowing. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Nahunta | | wetness. | | erodes easily,| wetness, | erodes easily. | | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | NkB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Fast intake, |Soil blowing---|Favorable. Nankin | seepage, | piping. | | slope, | | | slope. | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | NoA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness------|Rooting depth. Noboco | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Soil blowing---|Favorable. Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Pacolet | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness------|Wetness, |Wetness. Rains | seepage. | piping, | | | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | RmA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding------|Favorable------|Favorable. Riverview | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | RoA------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Roanoke | seepage. | wetness. | flooding, | percs slowly, | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | too acid. | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | SeA------|Severe: |Severe: |Cutbanks cave |Wetness, |Wetness, |Droughty. Seabrook | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty, | too sandy, | | | piping. | | fast intake. | soil blowing. | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 186 Soil Survey
Table 12.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | | | StA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing---|Favorable. State | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | StB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Favorable. State | seepage. | thin layer, | | soil blowing. | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | TaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy, |Droughty, Tarboro | seepage. | seepage, | | fast intake, | soil blowing. | rooting depth. | | piping. | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | TbE------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Tatum | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | TmB2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Tatum | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| | | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | TmC2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Tatum | slope. | hard to pack. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | TtA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness. Tomotley | seepage. | piping, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | TuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Turbeville | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness------|Wetness, |Wetness, Wahee | | hard to pack, | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | WeB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Wedowee | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | WeC, WeE------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. Wedowee | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | WnF------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, |Slope. Winton | slope. | piping, | | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | ______| | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 187
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)
______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam |ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-99 |35-60 | <23 | NP-7 Altavista | | | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |12-36|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-99 |45-75 | 20-45 | 5-28 | | clay loam, loam.| SC, SC-SM| A-7 | | | | | | | |36-62|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | AyA------| 0-10|Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-80 | <25 | NP-10 Aycock | | | CL | | | | | | | | |10-74|Clay loam, silty |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 22-49 | 8-30 | | clay loam, loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| 0-13|Loam------|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |60-75 | 30-37 | 8-14 Bethera |13-63|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |98-100|93-100|55-95 | 37-55 | 12-30 | | sandy clay, | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------| 0-18|Loamy fine sand |SM |A-2 | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-100|15-30 | <20 | NP Bojac |18-53|Fine sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |53-74|Stratified loamy |SM, SP, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|75-100|12-100| 2-35 | <20 | NP | | fine sand to | SW-SM | A-3 | | | | | | | | | coarse sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 0-23|Loamy fine sand |SM |A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 |15-35 | --- | NP Bonneau |23-36|Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|30-50 | 21-40 | 4-21 | | clay loam, fine | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-66|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | 4-18 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, | A-2 | | | | | | | | | clay, fine sandy| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chastain------| 0-5 |Clay loam------|ML, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-98 | 35-75 | 12-40 | | | MH, CH | | | | | | | | | 5-72|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-98 | 35-75 | 12-40 | | clay loam, clay,| ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-10|Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-90 |50-80 | <25 | NP-7 |10-36|Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|50-100|40-100|30-90 | <30 | NP-7 | | fine sandy loam.| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |36-66|Sand, loamy sand,|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|90-100|40-90 | 8-35 | --- | NP | | coarse sand, | | A-1-b | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand,| | | | | | | | | | | fine sandy loam,| | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 188 Soil Survey
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 | 25-49 | 4-20 Chewacla | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | 4-60|Silt loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-100|36-98 | 20-61 | 4-28 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CH, | A-7 | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 | 25-49 | 4-20 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | 4-60|Silt loam, silty |ML, MH, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-100|36-98 | 20-61 | 4-28 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CH, | A-7 | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 0-7 |Loam------|SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |30-50 | <30 | NP-10 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 7-33|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |99-100|85-100|45-98 | 20-58 | 6-25 | | clay loam, very | ML, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | | |33-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | DgA------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|40-85 | <30 | NP-10 Dogue | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | 8-13|Clay loam, sandy |SM-SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|95-100|80-100|33-80 | 25-35 | 13-18 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |13-40|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30 | | sandy clay, clay| CH, CL-ML| A-6, | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |40-53|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|95-100|60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | NP-18 | | clay loam, clay | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |53-62|Stratified sand |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|35-100|10-40 | <30 | NP-10 | | to sandy clay | SP-SM, | A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA, DoB------| 0-17|Loamy sand------|SM |A-2 | 0 |95-100|92-100|60-80 |13-30 | --- | NP Dothan |17-37|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|92-100|60-90 |23-49 | <40 | NP-16 | | sandy loam, fine| SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |37-61|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 22-55 | 8-30 | | sandy clay, | CH, CL-ML| A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |61-72|Sandy loam, sandy|CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-95 |25-60 | 20-40 | 4-18 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 189
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB, EmC----| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15 Emporia | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15 | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-3 |90-100|80-100|50-95 |25-65 | <25 | NP-15 | | | SM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | |10-17|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |17-43|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0-2 |90-100|80-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | 8-30 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |43-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, CH|A-2, A-4,| 0-2 |90-100|80-100|45-95 |30-80 | 25-55 | 8-30 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | |58-67|Stratified sandy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |70-100|55-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25 | | loam to clay. | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------| 0-10|Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |10-36|Sandy clay, clay |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30 | | loam, clay, | CL, MH | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-63|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | NP-30 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 190 Soil Survey
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | ExA------| 0-15|Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-80 | <25 | NP-10 Exum | | | CL | | | | | | | | |15-62|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 22-49 | 8-30 | | silty clay loam,| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuB------| 0-25|Sand------|SP-SM, SM |A-1, A-2,| 0 |95-100|90-100|45-80 | 5-20 | --- | NP Fuquay | | | | A-3 | | | | | | | |25-42|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|70-90 |23-45 | <45 | NP-13 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |42-62|Sandy loam, fine |SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-100|30-50 | 21-40 | NP-18 | | sandy loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |62-70|Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-50 | NP-30 | | clay loam, clay | CL | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GoA------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|50-100|15-45 | <25 | NP-14 Goldsboro | | | SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | 7-35|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|60-100|25-55 | 16-37 | 4-18 | | sandy loam, | CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |35-72|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|65-95 |36-70 | 25-55 | 6-32 | | clay loam, sandy| CL-ML, CH| A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 0-12|Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|55-85 | <30 | NP-7 Grantham |12-75|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 22-49 | 8-30 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtB, GtC------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-95 |30-90 | <30 | NP-8 Gritney | | | SC-SM, ML| | | | | | | | | 6-57|Clay, sandy clay,|CH, CL, SC|A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|45-80 | 45-70 | 22-40 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |57-60|Stratified loamy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25 | | sand to sandy | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GyB2------| 0-4 |Sandy clay loam |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-100|36-60 | 20-40 | 8-22 Gritney | 4-38|Clay, sandy clay,|CH, CL, SC|A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|45-80 | 45-70 | 22-40 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |38-60|Stratified loamy |SM, SC, |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|30-90 |20-60 | <40 | NP-25 | | sand to sandy | ML, CL | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|51-95 |26-75 | <35 | NP-10 Helena | | | SC, ML | | | | | | | | | 8-48|Clay loam, sandy |CH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 | 50-85 | 8-50 | | clay, clay, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |48-62|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 191
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB, HrC------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-98 |60-90 | <36 | NP-12 Herndon | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 8-39|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |39-45|Loam, silt loam, |MH, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|80-100|50-90 | 22-49 | NP-30 | | silty clay loam,| ML-CL | A-7 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |45-61|Silt loam, loam, |MH, ML |A-7, A-5 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-99 |51-95 | 41-70 | 9-36 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 0-13|Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 5-19 Lignum |13-46|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|70-100|55-90 | 45-70 | 22-45 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |46-58|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|30-80 |20-75 | 30-50 | 8-18 | | silt loam, silty| ML, SM | A-7, A-2| | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |58-63|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |92-100|90-100|75-100|25-55 | <30 | NP-7 Lynchburg | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 8-68|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |92-100|90-100|70-100|25-67 | 15-40 | NP-18 | | sandy loam, clay| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA, MrB------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-100|30-60 | <35 | NP-7 Marlboro | 7-66|Sandy clay, clay |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|78-100|51-70 | 25-48 | 6-20 | | loam, clay. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |66-74|Sandy clay, clay,|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|74-100|45-70 | 24-48 | 6-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|51-85 | <25 | NP-10 Nahunta | | | CL | | | | | | | | | 8-75|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-95 | 22-49 | 8-30 | | silty clay loam,| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NkB------| 0-9 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-2-4 | 0 |65-80 |60-75 |50-70 |10-35 | 15-20 | NP Nankin | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | 9-52|Sandy clay, clay |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-95 |40-70 | 25-45 | 7-20 | | loam, clay. | ML, CL-ML| A-7 | | | | | | | |52-64|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|70-85 |25-55 | 20-40 | 4-16 | | sandy loam. | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2 | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-91 |15-33 | <25 | NP-14 Noboco | | | SC | | | | | | | | |10-18|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|70-90 |23-45 | <45 | NP-13 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | |18-54|Sandy loam, sandy|SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|70-96 |30-63 | 20-38 | NP-15 | | clay loam, clay | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |54-64|Sandy clay loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|98-100|70-98 |36-72 | 20-52 | NP-23 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | clay, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 192 Soil Survey
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | PaB------| 0-8 |Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-2, | 0 |90-100|90-100|42-90 |16-42 | <28 | NP-7 Pacolet | | | | A-1-b, | | | | | | | | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 8-27|Sandy clay, clay |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |27-35|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-63|Sandy loam, loam,|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |90-100|90-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-20 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------| 0-2 |Sandy clay loam |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 | 20-40 | 4-17 Pacolet | 2-21|Sandy clay, clay |ML, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|51-75 | 38-65 | 11-33 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | |21-28|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|90-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam, sandy| SC-SM, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-64|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-90 |25-50 | <28 | NP-20 | | sandy loam, | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------| 0-7 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|50-85 |25-56 | <35 | NP-10 Rains | 7-28|Fine sandy loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 | 100 |95-100|55-98 |30-70 | 18-40 | 4-20 | | sandy clay loam,| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-72|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |98-100|60-98 |36-72 | 18-45 | 4-28 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-7 | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RmA------| 0-6 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-80 | 15-30 | 3-14 Riverview | | | ML | | | | | | | | | 6-63|Sandy clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|60-95 | 20-40 | NP-20 | | silty clay loam,| CL-ML, SM| A-2 | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RoA------| 0-8 |Loam------|SC-SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|35-90 | 20-35 | 5-16 Roanoke | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | 8-52|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|65-95 | 45-70 | 22-40 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |52-70|Sandy clay loam, |CL-ML, CH |A-1, A-2,| 0 |90-100|90-100|25-95 |15-90 | 35-75 | 12-40 | | silty clay loam,| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | clay loam, clay.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SeA------| 0-9 |Loamy sand------|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-99 | 5-25 | --- | NP Seabrook | 9-63|Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 5-25 | --- | NP | | fine sand, sand,| | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | | | | loamy coarse | | | | | | | | | | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 193
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | StA, StB------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|45-85 |25-55 | <28 | NP-7 State | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 6-44|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|75-100|35-80 | 24-40 | NP-22 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |44-75|Stratified sand |SM, SC-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 |95-100|95-100|40-90 | 5-50 | <25 | NP-7 | | to fine sandy | SP-SM | A-3, A-4| | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------| 0-9 |Loamy sand------|SM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|95-100|40-99 | 8-35 | --- | NP Tarboro | | | SW-SM | A-1 | | | | | | | | 9-82|Sand, coarse |SP, SP-SM,|A-2, A-3,| 0 |95-100|90-100|45-100| 3-15 | --- | NP | | sand, loamy | SW-SM, SM| A-1 | | | | | | | | | sand, loamy | | | | | | | | | | | coarse sand, | | | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TbE------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|90-100|65-100|60-90 | 20-34 | 5-15 Tatum | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 5-54|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH, CL|A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |54-63|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TmB2, TmC2------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|65-90 |60-85 | 32-44 | 12-20 Tatum | 6-50|Silty clay loam, |MH, CH, CL|A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-95 |60-95 |55-95 | 50-80 | 20-45 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |50-62|Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-99 |25-50 | <30 | NP-7 Tomotley | 5-9 |Sandy loam, fine |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|55-100|20-60 | <35 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | | 9-31|Fine sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-100|30-70 | 20-40 | 6-23 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, CL| A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-45|Fine sandy loam, |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |98-100|95-100|75-99 |36-75 | 20-45 | 6-22 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, CL| A-7 | | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | |45-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TuB------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|50-85 |25-55 | <25 | NP-5 Turbeville | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 9-12|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-100|35-75 | 30-45 | NP-20 | | fine sandy loam,| SM, SC-SM| A-7 | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |12-86|Clay loam, sandy |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|50-100|45-95 | 45-65 | 20-35 | | clay, clay, | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 194 Soil Survey
Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-98 |51-75 | 20-35 | 2-10 Wahee | | | CL | | | | | | | | | 7-48|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|51-92 | 38-81 | 16-54 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | |48-60|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | WeB, WeC, WeE----| 0-10|Sandy loam------|SM, SC-SM |A-4, | 0 |95-100|95-100|50-99 |23-50 | <30 | NP-6 Wedowee | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | | |10-36|Sandy clay, clay |SC, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|65-97 |45-75 | 28-58 | 5-30 | | loam, clay, | CL, MH | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-63|Sandy clay loam, |SC, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4,| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-80 |30-60 | 20-54 | NP-30 | | clay loam, sandy| CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam, | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WnF------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|50-99 |25-65 | <30 | NP-15 Winton | | | CL, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | 9-57|Sandy clay loam, |SC, CL |A-2, A-4,| 0 |90-100|90-100|45-95 |25-70 | 20-45 | NP-30 | | sandy loam, clay| | A-6, A-7| | | | | | | | | loam, fine sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |57-63|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 195
Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils
(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)
______| | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------| 0-12| 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 3 | .5-3 Altavista |12-36|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | |36-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | AyA------| 0-10| 0-27|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 1-4 Aycock |10-74|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| 0-13| 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.16|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-6 Bethera |13-63|35-50|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|3.6-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------| 0-18| 0-15|1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 2 | .5-1 Bojac |18-53|11-16|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | | |53-74| 1-8 |1.30-1.50| 6.0-20.0 |0.02-0.07|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| 0-23| 0-15|1.30-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-2 Bonneau |23-36|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | |36-66|15-40|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chastain------| 0-5 |27-40|1.20-1.40| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| 5 | 4 | 1-6 | 5-72|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| 0-10| 7-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-3 |10-36| 2-18|1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | |36-66| 2-12|1.60-1.75| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA------| 0-4 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-4 Chewacla | 4-60|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.24|4.5-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 0-4 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 5 | 1-4 | 4-60|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.24|4.5-7.8 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.35-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 3 | 2-5 | 7-33|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.32| | | |33-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgA------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 5 | .5-1 Dogue | 8-13|18-34|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |13-40|35-50|1.35-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |40-53|20-50|1.35-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |53-62| 5-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA, DoB------| 0-17| 0-15|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Very low-----|0.15| 5 | 2 | <.5 Dothan |17-37|18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |37-61|21-50|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.19|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |61-72|12-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB, EmC----| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2 Emporia |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 196 Soil Survey
Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2 |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| 0-10| 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3 | .5-2 |10-17|11-60|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | |17-43|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |43-58|21-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.10-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | |58-67| 5-40|1.45-1.60| 0.06-2.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------| 0-10| 0-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3 |10-36|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |36-63|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ExA------| 0-15| 0-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 3 | .5-2 Exum |15-62|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuB------| 0-25| 0-10|1.60-1.70| >6.0 |0.03-0.07|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.10| 5 | 1 | .5-2 Fuquay |25-42|10-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | |42-62|13-35|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | |62-70|18-35|1.35-1.45| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GoA------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-2 Goldsboro | 7-35|18-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | |35-72|20-34|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 0-12| 7-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 3 | 2-4 Grantham |12-75|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtB, GtC------| 0-6 | 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 3 | .5-2 Gritney | 6-57|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | |57-60|10-35|1.30-1.50| 0.06-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GyB2------| 0-4 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 3 | 5 | .5-1 Gritney | 4-38|35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| | | |38-60|10-35|1.30-1.50| 0.06-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.58-1.62| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.12|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 5 | .5-2 Helena | 8-48|35-60|1.44-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.15|3.6-5.5 |High------|0.28| | | |48-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB, HrC------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 5 | .5-1 Herndon | 8-39|35-60|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |39-45|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | |45-61|10-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.08|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| 0-13| 0-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2 Lignum |13-46|35-55|1.25-1.55| <0.06 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |46-58|20-40|1.25-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |58-63| --- | --- | 0.0-0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 197
Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.13|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-5 Lynchburg | 8-68|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA, MrB------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.14|5.1-6.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | .5-2 Marlboro | 7-66|35-65|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | |66-74|30-60|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------| 0-8 | 0-27|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 3 | 2-4 Nahunta | 8-75|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | NkB------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.45-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.10| 3 | 2 | .5-1 Nankin | 9-52|35-50|1.30-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | |52-64|15-35|1.60-1.90| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------| 0-10| 0-20|1.50-1.80| 2.0-6.0 |0.13-0.15|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.15| 5 | --- | .5-2 Noboco |10-18| 0-20|1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | |18-54|18-35|1.45-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | |54-64|20-43|1.45-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaB------| 0-8 | 0-20|1.00-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 3 | .5-2 Pacolet | 8-27|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |27-35|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |35-63|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeB2------| 0-2 |20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.24| 2 | 5 | .5-1 Pacolet | 2-21|35-65|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |21-28|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | |28-64|10-25|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------| 0-7 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-6 Rains | 7-28|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | |28-72|18-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | RmA------| 0-6 | 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.24|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.32| 5 | 5 | .5-2 Riverview | 6-63|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | RoA------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|3.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 5 | .5-2 Roanoke | 8-52|35-60|1.35-1.65| <0.2 |0.10-0.19|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | | |52-70| 5-50|1.20-1.50| 0.06-20 |0.04-0.14|3.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | SeA------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.11|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-2 Seabrook | 9-63| 2-12|1.30-1.60| 6.0-20 |0.02-0.09|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA, StB------| 0-6 | 0-20|1.25-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 3 | <2 State | 6-44|18-34|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |44-75| 2-15|1.35-1.50| >2.0 |0.02-0.10|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------| 0-9 | 0-15|1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.09|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.10| 5 | 2 | .5-1 Tarboro | 9-82| 2-7 |1.60-1.75| >20 |0.02-0.06|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TbE------| 0-5 | 0-27|1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 3 | .5-2 Tatum | 5-54|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |54-63| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmB2, TmC2------| 0-6 |27-40|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 3 | 6 | 0-2 Tatum | 6-50|45-60|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.19|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |50-62| --- | --- | 0.00-0.06 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 198 Soil Survey
Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist |Permeability|Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T |group | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------| 0-5 | 0-20|1.30-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-6 Tomotley | 5-9 | 0-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.05-0.08|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | 9-31|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.20| | | |31-45|15-45|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.20| | | |45-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuB------| 0-9 | 0-20|1.35-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 5 | 3 | .5-2 Turbeville | 9-12|25-40|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |12-86|30-60|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------| 0-7 | 0-27|1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 5 | .5-5 Wahee | 7-48|35-60|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | |48-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeB, WeC, WeE----| 0-10| 0-20|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | 3 | .5-3 Wedowee |10-36|35-45|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | |36-63|15-30|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | WnF------| 0-9 | 0-20|1.30-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 5 | .5-3 Winton | 9-57|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.12-0.20|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | |57-63| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Halifax County, North Carolina 199
Table 15.—Soil and Water Features
("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)
______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AaA------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Altavista | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AyA------| B |None------| --- | --- |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Aycock | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BaA------| D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Bethera | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------| B |None------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Low------|High. Bojac | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BoB------| A |None------| --- | --- |3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|High. Bonneau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CbA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chastain------| D |Frequent----|Very long |Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | | Bibb------| D |Frequent----|Brief to |Dec-May|0.5-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | long. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA------| C |Occasional |Brief to |Nov-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. Chewacla | | | long. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CwA*: | | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| C |Frequent----|Brief to |Nov-Apr|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | long. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| D |Frequent----|Brief to |Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|Moderate. | | | long. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Apparent|Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Dogue | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoA, DoB------| B |None------| --- | --- |3.0-5.0|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Dothan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EmA, EmB, EmC-----| C |None------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Emporia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ErB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| C |None------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwB*: | | | | | | | | | | | Emporia------| C |None------| --- | --- |3.0-4.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | Wedowee------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | | ExA------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Exum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. 200 Soil Survey
Table 15.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FuB------| B |None------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|High. Fuquay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GoA------| B |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Goldsboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Grantham | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GtB, GtC, GyB2----| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Gritney | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Helena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HrB, HrC------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Herndon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-May|40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Lignum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LyA------| C |None------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Lynchburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MrA, MrB------| B |None------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Marlboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NaA------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Nahunta | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NkB------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Nankin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoA------| B |None------| --- | --- |2.5-4.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Noboco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaB, PeB2------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Pacolet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaA------| B/D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Rains | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RmA------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Dec-Mar|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Riverview | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RoA------| D |Occasional |Brief-----|Nov-Jun| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Roanoke | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SeA------| C |Rare------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Seabrook | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | StA, StB------| B |None------| --- | --- |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Jun| >60 | --- |Moderate |High. State | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaA------| A |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Moderate. Tarboro | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TbE, TmB2, TmC2---| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- |40-60|Soft |High-----|High. Tatum | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See footnote at end of table. Halifax County, North Carolina 201
Table 15.—Soil and Water Features—Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | | | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Depth|Hard- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | | ness | steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TtA------| B/D |Rare------| --- | --- | 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Tomotley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuB------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High-----|High. Turbeville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaA------| D |Rare------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |High-----|High. Wahee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeB, WeC, WeE-----| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High. Wedowee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WnF------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Dec-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate. Winton | | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | |
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 202
Table 16.—Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Altavista------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults Aycock------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Bethera------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Paleaquults Bibb------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Bojac------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults Bonneau------| Loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudults Chastain------| Fine, mixed, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Chewacla------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Dogue------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults Dothan------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults Emporia------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults Exum------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paleudults Fuquay------| Loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults Goldsboro------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paleudults Grantham------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults Gritney------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults Helena------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults Herndon------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults Lignum------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults Lynchburg------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Paleaquults Marlboro------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Nahunta------| Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Aeric Paleaquults Nankin------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Noboco------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Pacolet------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Rains------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleaquults Riverview------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Roanoke------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Endoaquults Seabrook------| Mixed, thermic Aquic Udipsamments State------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults Tarboro------| Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments Tatum------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludults Tomotley------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Endoaquults Turbeville------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Typic Kandiudults Udorthents------| Udorthents Wahee------| Clayey, mixed, thermic Aeric Endoaquults Wedowee------| Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Wehadkee------| Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Winton------| Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aquic Hapludults ______|