DOCSLIB.ORG

Scheduled Tribes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill: A View from Anthropology and Call for Dialogue Author(s): Arnab Sen and Esther Lalhrietpui Source: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 39 (Sep. 30 - Oct. 6, 2006), pp. 4205-4210 Published by: Economic and Political Weekly Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4418763 Accessed: 07-01-2016 09:30 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Economic and Political Weekly is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Economic and Political Weekly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 203.199.211.197 on Thu, 07 Jan 2016 09:30:28 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Scheduled Tribes (Recognitionof Forest Rights) Bill A View from Anthropologyand Call for Dialogue The value of forests in the lives of local communitieshas been widely discussed in academic literature, yet forest use is a domain of contestation. The new Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill needs to be contextualised in the ground reality of conflicting interests and claims. First, the category of scheduled tribes is contested in social science discourse. Second, forest and tribal policy in India is not adequatelysensitive to value systems of local communitiesand this creates considerable contestation between administrationand the local people. This paper revisits these contestations in the worldwide body of academic discourse. There has been fair consensus in the literature that value systems and customary institutions of local communities have well-developed mechanisms that regulate sustainable lifeways and conserve local ecosystems, though unquestioning acceptance of these may also lead to errors. What is required is for policy to effectively deliver benefits to people and conserve biological diversity, and it is anthropologists who can mediate a dialogic space between the people, their civil society institutions, networks of advocacy, public and local intellectuals, the academia, policy and governance. ARNABSEN, ESTHERLALHRIETPUI ocal communities have been geographically, ecologically Most forest dependent local communities in India are either and culturally linked to forest habitats, particularly in marginal settled cultivators or shifting cultivators who supple- tropical regions of the world. In India, there are several ment their nutritional sources with some hunting and gathering. local communities who depend on forest for primary or supple- A few communities depend almost exclusively on hunting and mentary nutrition, ethnomedical practices, energy and various gathering. Large tracts of forest are essential to their survival other life supporting needs. Their view of nature is based on trust strategies. Madhav Gadgil and RamachandraGuha (1992) posit ratherthan domination, a perception which Tim Ingold (2000) that shifting cultivation and hunting-gathering "with their low posits as common among hunter-gatherers. Communities have population densities, low per capita resource demands, cycles been affected by restrictions to forest access under protection of materials closed on limited spatial scales, and a number of laws. Most often these laws draw their validation from a western practices that promote sustainable resource use" usually have perception of nature very unlike the reciprocal relationship minimal ecological impact. perceived by these communities. Animals like hares, wild boars and some monitor lizards can The new Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) be hunted, and various edible mushrooms and leaves gathered Bill needs to be contextualised in the cultural specificities of for their nutritional value. Besides foods, various products from forest dependent peoples, particularly "tribal" peoples, their the forest have been traditionallyused by forest dependentpeoples. indigenous. knowledge (IK) systems and the need to revive a For example, the Birhor and Kharia people in Jharkhand,in areas supportive relationship between local communities and the studied by the first author, collect a certain species of creepers native biodiversity. for its fibre. Numerous ethnomedical studies have revealed that healers in forest dwelling communities extensively use medicinal Cultural Context of Forests herbs; a Birhor healer in Jharkhand personally revealed a rich pharmacopoeia to the first author. Forest dwelling communities The forest is like our mother, depend almost entirely, for their energy needs, from firewood We know how to live by suckling at its breast. collected from the forest. Other collectibles include bamboo for We know the name of shrub and every tree, herb, basket for and so on. The forests have We know its uses. making, grasses brooms, also been valuable for horticulture in areas of Assam If we were made to live in a land without forests, purposes studied the second author. Then all this learning that we have cherished by Over the generations will become useless, In the present parlance of forest management in post-colonial And slowly, we will forget it all (Bawa Mahalia, a Bhil peasant India, most of these traditional products of the forest have been in a letter of protest against forced eviction for the Narmada named non-timberforest produce (NTFP). The implicit dichotomy project). is between what constitutes timber, which can be sold at high Economic and Political Weekly September 30, 2006 4205 This content downloaded from 203.199.211.197 on Thu, 07 Jan 2016 09:30:28 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions prices in the market and is state property, and what is not timber, times led to violent resistance by local communities [cf Guha of less commercial value, and to which local communities can 1999; Saberwal and Rangarajan 2003a]. be allowed access. The latter are now marketed by a state Unfortunately the post-colonial state in India has largely con- supported marketing cooperative named TRIFED. Central India tinued the exclusion of local communities, and the supposed move accounts for the largest share in monetised market for NTFP. towards a more inclusive forest policy is yet to be actualised at Table 1 gives a list of some salient forest collectibles in central the groundlevel. Strictexclusion of people from protectedareas has India and their uses, including traditional uses and commercial often been mediated by a desire to protect species [cf Rangarajan uses in the newly monetised local economies. 2003], but the same policies have allowed the commercial According to Tim Ingold (2000) hunting and gathering com- extraction of timber in other areas. munities see nature as a continuum of which they themselves The 1952 forest policy classified forest into protected forests are a part; for example, some northern hunting communities for ecological balance, national forests for commercial use, village believe that the caribou willingly gives itself up to the hunter forests for community use and tree lands to improve the physical and if the hunter is disrespectful towards the prey he risks being condition of the country. It was in fact retrogressive as the earlier, unsuccessful in future hunts. Perceptions of a reciprocal rela- colonial policies left some space for subsistence use and did not tionshipwith natureare recorded in the manifesto of the Jharkhandis touch the private/CPR (common pool resource) forests. The only Organisation for Human Rights [JOHAR 2001], which says that the tribals of Jharkhandenjoy the bounties of the forest, leaving Table 1: Forest Produce in Central India space and utility for the other animals, and other animals of prey Plant Part Use for the predators; that the tribal allows the forest to grow and Collected regenerate itself. Similar perceptions are expressed by Bawa Sal (Shorea robusta) Seed Food Mahalia, quoted at the beginning of this article, published in Leaf Freshleaves used formaking traditional Voices 2001. cups for eating and drinking.Dried lea- Since hunting and gathering, as well as swiddening have ves are sold to middlemenfor manu- factureinto bowlsand remained ways of life for many forest dependent communities disposableplates, in there is cultural valuation of the forest: cups. India, persistent Mahua(Bassia latifolia) Seed Used to make oil, knownas kachada conservation and sustainable use are part of the norms governing in Jharkhand,traditionally used for the interface between the human and the non-human. lightinglamps. Also, cooked and eaten. Sacred groves, typical to Indian tradition, known by various Flower Used to distil liquorknown by various local names such as kadu local or regional names have been interpreted as an ancient irpi among the Kondh,and paurauamong the strategy for sustainable use of the forest. Sacred groves are Santhal. central to local belief systems and practices in many different Fruit Eaten raw or cooked. parts of India. Social scientists and ecologists have reported Amla(Pysilianthrius embelica) Fruit Medicinaluse conservation practices centred on sacred groves, such as in the Harra(Terminalia chabula) Fruit Medicinaluse Western Ghats and the Khasi Hills. Studies in Bahera(Terminalia
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paper Title (Use Style: Paper Title)
    International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) ISSN: 2394-4404 Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2017 A Study On Socio-Cultural Change Of Dudh Khadia Community In Contemporary Society Joachim Dung Dung Utkal University, Odisha Abstract: The Khadia tribe is an indigenous ethnic group of the tribal society. There are some authors who have described the khadia tribes into many sections, but general classification of khadia tribes is three types such as Dudh, Delki and Hill khadia. The Hill khadia is recognized as Pahari kharia or Sobor khadia. Somehow the Dudh khadia are more advanced than other two types of khadia Populations. They have their own cultural identity, which is depleting from the society. They are unique in their identity, language, dresses, profession/occupations and cultural practices. In the belief system they have changed their thought and religion, which has brought great impact in their life style system. The role and impact of globalization, industrialization and westernization on khadia tribes cannot be ignored. Both internal and external factors are often responsible for the changing of khadia culture and identity. The customary law of Dudh khadia has occupied it’s an important place to maintain and preservation of language, culture, tradition and their rights. Keywords: The following key words has been taken place in the title of A study on Socio- Cultural Change of Dudh khadia community in Contemporary Society (With special reference to Dudh khadia community of Sundargarh, Sambalpur and Deogarh Districts in Odisha), they are Origin of Totem, Bhuinhar places or Muhda, khadia marriage, economy and food pattern, religion, belief and festivals, education and advancement, khadia customary Law, khadia culture and tradition, cultural change and Dudh khadia and its Association etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics Development Team
    Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Pramod Pandey Centre for Linguistics / SLL&CS Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected] Paper Coordinator: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Department of Linguistics, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune- 411006, [email protected] Content Writer: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Prof H. S. Ananthanarayana Content Reviewer: Retd Prof, Department of Linguistics Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007 Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Austro-Asiatic family – I Description of Module Subject Name Linguistics Paper Name Historical and Comparative Linguistics Module Title Austro-Asiatic family – I Module ID Lings_P7_M25 Quadrant 1 E-Text Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Austro-Asiatic family – I 21.AUSTRO - ASIATIC LANGUAGE FAMILY Austroasiatic language family is one of the five important language families found in the Indian sub- continent. The others are Indo-Aryan (of Indo-European), Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Andamanese. The term 'Austroasiatic’ comes from the Latin word for south and the Greek name of Asia, hence South Asia. The speakers of this family are scattered across south and South-east Asia, starting from central and eastern parts of India spreading to Bangladesh, Burma, southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, South and North Vietnam and Malaysia. The languages of this family are generally grouped into three sub- branches, namely, Munda, Nicobarese and Mon-Khmer. However some scholars include Nicobarese within Mon-Khmer. While the Munda sub-branch is wholly located in the Indian-subcontinent, Mon- Khmer branch is found in most of South-east Asia starting with eastern India. The family comprises about 150 languages, most of them having numerous dialects and the speakers numbering more than 100 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Tourism in India
    Component-I (A) – Personal details: Tourism in India Tribes and Tourism in India Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy Former Director, NITHM. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy & G. Mahender Reddy NITHM, Hyderabad. Prof. P Narayana Reddy REVA University, Bangalore. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Tourism in India Module Name/Title Tribes and Tourism in India Module Id IC / TI / 27 Pre requisites Tribes and tourism, Tribal tourism in India To study about tribes and tourism in India Objectives and its scope and importance Keywords Tribes, Tourism, Tribal destinations E-Text (Quadrant-I): Introduction: Tribal Tourism is connected with tribal culture, values and traditions, tourism products owned and operated by tribal people. Tourism which includes tribal habitat, heritage, history and handicrafts, typically involves small tourism businesses owned by tribes or families. Tourism focused on indigenous knowledge of culture and nature. Modern India has many indigenous tribes, that even today, have retained their primitive customs and their lives are directly associated with their natural surroundings. In this light, this chapter discusses tribal tourism in India. Learning outcomes This chapter provides an overview of tribes and tourism in India and its importance. After reading the chapter you will be able to understand the following: What tribal tourism is, Major Tribes of India Significance of tribal tourism in India Major tribal destinations in India 1.0 Introduction to Tribes and Tourism Different terms used to describe Indigenous groups include Ethnic minorities (China, Vietnam, Philippines); Tribes (Africa, Americas); Hill tribes (Thailand); Dcheduled Tribes or adivasis (India); Native American, Indian or Amerindian (North and South America); Indigenes (Latin America); Aboriginal (Australia, Canada, Taiwan) and First Nations (Canada).
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables. 16R dune site, 36, 43, 440 Adittanallur, 484 Adivasi peoples see tribal peoples Abhaipur, 498 Adiyaman dynasty, 317 Achaemenid Empire, 278, 279 Afghanistan Acharyya, S.K., 81 in “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 205 Acheulean industry see also Paleolithic era in history of agriculture, 128, 346 in Bangladesh, 406, 408 in human dispersals, 64 dating of, 33, 35, 38, 63 in isotope analysis of Harappan earliest discovery of, 72 migrants, 196 handaxes, 63, 72, 414, 441 skeletal remains found near, 483 in the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, 441–443 as source of raw materials, 132, 134 lack of evidence in northeastern India for, 45 Africa major sites of, 42, 62–63 cultigens from, 179, 347, 362–363, 370 in Nepal, 414 COPYRIGHTEDhominoid MATERIAL migrations to and from, 23, 24 in Pakistan, 415 Horn of, 65 related hominin finds, 73, 81, 82 human migrations from, 51–52 scholarship on, 43, 441 museums in, 471 Adam, 302, 334, 498 Paleolithic tools in, 40, 43 Adamgarh, 90, 101 research on stature in, 103 Addanki, 498 subsistence economies in, 348, 353 Adi Badri, 498 Agara Orathur, 498 Adichchanallur, 317, 498 Agartala, 407 Adilabad, 455 Agni Purana, 320 A Companion to South Asia in the Past, First Edition. Edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R. Walimbe. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002649130.indd 534 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM INDEX 535 Agra, 337 Ammapur, 414 agriculture see also millet; rice; sedentism; water Amreli district, 247, 325 management Amri,
    [Show full text]
  • ETHNIC, SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL and CULTURAL BACKGROUND of the WOMEN TEA PLANTATION WORKERS Chapter-4
    Chapjer- 4 · ETHNIC, SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE WOMEN TEA PLANTATION WORKERS Chapter-4 ETHNIC, SOCIAL, OCCUPATIONAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE WOMEN TEA PLANTATION WORKERS. 4.1 Migration History : Migration is a special process, associated with the redistribution of population. Movement of an individual or groups which involves a permanent or Semi-permanent change of usual residence is migration (Wilson: 1985) The more authentic history ofNepalis migration to Darjeeling hills begins in the middle of the nineteenth century only when the East India company's trade interest had been focused on this region. The first large scale cultivation of tea for commercial purpose took place in 1852 and we have already discussed in the previous chapters about the close' interrelations between the growth of tea gardens and rapid increase of the population of Darjeeling mainly due to the migration of Nepalis from the hills of Nepal. The growth of tea gardens as a major factor in the migration of the Nepalis to this region has been duly emphasized by various scholars like L.S.S.O' Mally (1907) and later by Sunil Munsi (1980). Besides tea industry, the recruitment of Nepalis to British army is another important factor for the migration (Kansakar: 1980). As the old historical records shows the establishment of cantonments and barracks and a battalion of British infantry and Artillery stationed at Lebong (in 1847), Katapahar and Jalapahar in 1848. The Anglo-Nepalis Peace Treaty 1816 better known as the Segauli Treaty empowered the British Govt. to raise three regiments of Nepalis hill people in the British army.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Cultural History of the Hill Kharia Tribe of Mayurbhanj District
    The Researchers’ - Volume III, Issue II, December-2017 ISSN : 2455-1503 International Journal of Research UGC Journal No. - 64379 9 Socio-Cultural History of the Hill Kharia Tribe of Mayurbhanj district, Odisha Fagu Tudu , Department of History, RGNF Junior Research Fellow, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Abstract Hill Kharia belongs to Primitive Tribal Group (PTGs) located mainly in Mayurbhanj, Balasore, Sundrgarh, Keonjhar and Denkanal districts of Odisha (India). But the majority of their population is limited to Mayurbhanj District. Hill Kharias are hunting and gathering tribes, moves inside the forest in search of food. They are a semi-nomadic tribe and their sustainability fully depends upon the forest. But now their income is limited they are not getting forest resources as they were getting earlier. After Similipal is declared as a National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary since 1958 and a Tiger Reserve in 1973 the restrictions have been imposed on the collection of minor forest produce in the reserve forest area and hunting has been strictly prohibited both the reserve and protected forests. Their economic condition is very poor at the moment. In consonance with the objectives of improving the socio-economic condition of Hill Kharia, the Government has launched various programmers to support them. These programmes meant for educational development, economic development and social development. With this background, the present study comes with the five sets of data includes Demography, Social condition, Educational status, Economic conditions of Hill Kharia tribes in the Mayurbhanj District of Odisha. Key words: Social life, Economic, Health Condition of the Hill Kharia Tribe, tribes in the Mayurbhanj.
    [Show full text]
  • Administration Systems of Jharkhand II
    www.gradeup.co Administration Systems of Jharkhand II DOKLO SOHOR ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM (Khadia/Kharia Tribe) • The Khadia are a prominent tribe of Jharkhand. It belongs to proto-australoid. • People of this caste are spread in Gumla, Simdega in Jharkhand and Ranchi, Odisha, Chhattisgarh state. • There are three types of Khadia—Pahari Khadia, Dood Khadia and Dhelki Khadia. • The village has Mahtos, Pahans and especially Kartahas. • They worship Thakur Deo, Dharti Mai, Gram Deo, Nag Deo, Burha-Burhi and Fire God, etc. • In an area, the traditional self-government system of Kharia people includes Mahato, Pahan and Kartaha. Mahto is the main person in the village. • This dynasty is a traditional term. But they can be changed with the consent of the villagers. • Pahan: The person who performs pooja in village festivals is called Pahan. They are also known as ‘Kalo’. • Kartaha: Each village has a Kartaha. The villagers work with the advice and permission of the same. A person who knows the customs of his caste accurately, a proposal is put for appointment to the post of Kartaha. • In the village, when a family is declared impure, then for its purification, worship is done in a particular area like Pahaan (Bhaat-Bhitaar). • All the nearby tribes of villages get together to form a regional administration mechanism, which is known as Khunt, to resolve disputes among themselves. Its president is elected only from a Kartaha. This post is called ‘Khadia Ghat’. www.gradeup.co • Around 1934–35 AD, when the entire tribal society was awakening with the development of education, around this time, the leaders of the Khadia caste also formed the All India General Assembly to organize, empower and solve their problems.
    [Show full text]
  • UPSC Daily Current Affairs 12 March 2021
    www.gradeup.co UPSC Daily Current Affairs 12 March 2021 1. Cabinet paves way for raising FDI limit in insurance sector to 74% (Topic- GS Paper III–Economics, Source- The Hindu) Why in the news? The Union cabinet has approved changes to the Insurance Act for increasing the foreign direct investment (FDI) limit to 74 per cent from the present 49 per cent. Background In Budget speech for 2021-22, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had proposed the increase to allow foreign ownership and control with safeguards. Present Scenario As of March 2020, average foreign investment in 23 life insurance companies was 37.41 per cent. Only in nine private life insurers, the foreign investment has touched 49 per cent. Benefits The increase of the FDI limit will provide insurance companies with committed funds to improve the penetration of insurance in the country. It will also bring in better technical know-how, innovation, and new products to the advantage of the consumers. It will make the insurance sector more competitive, transparent, and efficient which will ultimately l improve business prospects and lead to greater employment generation in the country. Related Information In Indian FDI is allowed under two modes www.gradeup.co a. Automatic route : In this route companies don't need government approval. b. Government route : In this companies need a go-ahead from the centre. New FDI policy Recently, India has revised its FDI rules amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Under the revised norms, the automatic route is now closed to investors from India’s land neighbours, with special reference to China.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II
    POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography) Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal 2014 Published by Central Bureau of Statistics Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal Supported by United Nations Population Fund First Edition, 2014 : (2,000 copies) Price: Rs. .............. ISBN : 978-9937-2-8972-6 Printed at: Multi Graphic Press Pvt. Ltd. Phone No. 4274651/9851020809 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of CBS PREFACE The National Population Census 2011 has provided a wealth of information that is required to understand various socio-economic and demographic changes that have occurred in the country during the intervening period of the two censuses. The Population Monograph of Nepal 2014, an analytical report of the census 2011 presented in three volumes contains in-depth analysis of different topics related to the population of the country prepared by the eminent professionals dealing with such issues in their professional work. The first volume contains 12 chapters related to the population dynamics of Nepal, such as size and structure of the population, nuptiality, fertility, mortality, migration and population projections. The second volume contains 10 chapters on social demography dealing with caste/ethnicity, language, ageing, socioeconomic characteristics, status of gender, education, adolescents and youth, children and disability. Similarly, the third volume consists 9 chapters which include important interlinkages of population and economic variable such as economic activities, urbanization, economic development, environment, status of agriculture and other poverty indicators. Data has been disaggregated by caste, ethnicity, gender and spatial distribution wherever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Teplate
    Volume-04 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) Issue-01 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary January -2019 www.rrjournals.com [UGC Listed Journal] Health and Traditional Medicinal Practices among the Hill Kharia of Odisha: Looking through the Anthropological Lens Biswajit Parida Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha (India) ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History Health is a big challenge for whole India, whether the tribal or other people. It is a keynote Published Online: 10 January 2019 affair in all tribal society. Good health for tribal people has a social, economic and spiritual dimension. Tribal communities are not only economically backward but also have worth Keywords health indicators and deprived of modern health care communicable and non-communicable health, tribal, hill Kharia, medicinal plant, diseases and nutritional deficiency is major health problems in these populations. For the health care services tribals, the concept of diseases and its treatment are diverse as per their cultural values. To the tribals, health, diseases and its treatment, death etc. everything‟s has different meaning *Corresponding Author but it is interesting noticed that each and every tribal community has belief on both Email: parida.biswa85[at]gmail.com benevolent and malevolent supernatural powers who are responsible for these all. The present paper is an endeavor to explore the repository of indigenous medicines used by the Hill Kharia of a particular village of, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, India. The study is based on intensive fieldwork applying interview schedule, semi-participant observation, focused group discussion and case studies among the villagers of the studied village. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • History- Art & Culture & Geography
    www.gradeup.co www.gradeup.co History- Art & Culture & Geography Pompeii chariot (Topic- GS Paper I–History, Source-Indian Express) Why in the news? • Recently, Archaeologists working at Pompeii have announced the discovery of a large ceremonial chariot, found with four wheels, its iron components, bronze and tin decorations, mineralised wood remains, and imprints of organic materials. • Near the site where this chariot was discovered, the remains of three horses were found in 2018. About Pompeii • It was a Roman town in Southern Italy’s Campania region situated along the Bay of Naples. • The town was completely buried by volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, over 2,000 years ago. • Pompeii was built on a spur formed by a prehistoric lava flow to the north of the mouth of the Sarnus (modern Sarno) River. www.gradeup.co • Herculaneum, Stabiae, Torre Annunziata, and other communities were destroyed along with Pompeii. • Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. Assam’s Sattras (Topic- GS Paper I–Art and Culture, Source- Indian Express) Why in the news? • Recently, in a poll-bound Assam one place figures prominently in the campaign trails of political parties i.e. the Bartadrava Than/Sattra (monastery) in Nagaon. About Sattras • Sattras are monastic institutions created as part of the 16th century Neo-Vaishnavite reformist movement started by Vaishnavite saint-reformer Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449- 1596). • The Sattras/Thana was established as centres of religious, social and cultural reforms in the 16th century. • Sattras are spread across the state, promulgating Sankardeva’s unique “worship through art” approach with music (borgeet), dance (xattriya) and theatre (bhauna).
    [Show full text]
  • ©2011 Chelsea L. Booth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    2011 Chelsea L. Booth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THESE PEOPLE DEPRIVED OF THIS COUNTRY: LANGUAGE AND THE POLITICS OF BELONGING AMONG INDIANS OF NEPALI DESCENT by CHELSEA L. BOOTH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Anthropology written under the direction of Dr. Laura M. Ahearn and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2011 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION These People Deprived of This Country: Language and the Politics of Belonging among Indians of Nepali Descent By CHELSEA L. BOOTH Dissertation Director: Dr. Laura M. Ahearn This dissertation explores the way ‗language,‘ like other forms of social designations— e.g. race, ethnicity, or caste—gains meaning through social, legal, and linguistic practices and ideologies. Indians of Nepali descent have lived and worked in the Darjeeling hills for more than 150 years yet are, throughout India, often labeled as ‗foreigners,‘ ‗tribals,‘ and ‗squatters.‘ They also speak Nepali, a major factor that contributes to such perceptions despite their Indian citizenship. To counteract these labels and those discriminatory policies and practices they have incited, the Indian Nepali community in Darjeeling founded an organization in 1972 whose goal was the constitutional recognition of Nepali a national language of India. This recognition would, they argued, lead to an acceptance of their language and, more importantly, the recognition of their Indian citizenship. Although the Nepali language was finally included in the constitution in 1992, the anticipated social, political, and legal acceptance of the community was not forthcoming.
    [Show full text]