SULT1A3 Rabbit Pab

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Leader in Biomolecular Solutions for Life Science SULT1A3 Rabbit pAb Catalog No.: A12357 Basic Information Background Catalog No. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, A12357 neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. The gene structure Observed MW (number and length of exons) is similar among family members. This gene encodes a 34kDa phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16; this gene and SULT1A4 arose from a Calculated MW segmental duplication. This gene is the most centromeric of the four sulfotransferase 34kDa genes. Read-through transcription exists between this gene and the upstream SLX1A (SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog A) gene that encodes a protein Category containing GIY-YIG domains. Primary antibody Applications WB,IHC,IF Cross-Reactivity Human, Mouse, Rat Recommended Dilutions Immunogen Information WB 1:500 - 1:2000 Gene ID Swiss Prot 6818 P0DMM9 IHC 1:50 - 1:100 Immunogen 1:50 - 1:100 IF Recombinant fusion protein containing a sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-100 of human SULT1A3 (NP_808220.1). Synonyms SULT1A3;HAST;HAST3;M-PST;ST1A3;ST1A3/ST1A4;ST1A5;STM;TL-PST Contact Product Information www.abclonal.com Source Isotype Purification Rabbit IgG Affinity purification Storage Store at -20℃. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles. Buffer: PBS with 0.02% sodium azide,50% glycerol,pH7.3. Validation Data Western blot analysis of extracts of various cell lines, using SULT1A3 antibody (A12357) at 1:3000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) (AS014) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST. Detection: ECL Basic Kit (RM00020). Exposure time: 30s. Antibody | Protein | ELISA Kits | Enzyme | NGS | Service For research use only. Not for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Please visit http://abclonal.com for a complete listing of recommended products..

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Supplementary Materials
Supplementary materials Supplementary Table S1: MGNC compound library Ingredien Molecule Caco- Mol ID MW AlogP OB (%) BBB DL FASA- HL t Name Name 2 shengdi MOL012254 campesterol 400.8 7.63 37.58 1.34 0.98 0.7 0.21 20.2 shengdi MOL000519 coniferin 314.4 3.16 31.11 0.42 -0.2 0.3 0.27 74.6 beta- shengdi MOL000359 414.8 8.08 36.91 1.32 0.99 0.8 0.23 20.2 sitosterol pachymic shengdi MOL000289 528.9 6.54 33.63 0.1 -0.6 0.8 0 9.27 acid Poricoic acid shengdi MOL000291 484.7 5.64 30.52 -0.08 -0.9 0.8 0 8.67 B Chrysanthem shengdi MOL004492 585 8.24 38.72 0.51 -1 0.6 0.3 17.5 axanthin 20- shengdi MOL011455 Hexadecano 418.6 1.91 32.7 -0.24 -0.4 0.7 0.29 104 ylingenol huanglian MOL001454 berberine 336.4 3.45 36.86 1.24 0.57 0.8 0.19 6.57 huanglian MOL013352 Obacunone 454.6 2.68 43.29 0.01 -0.4 0.8 0.31 -13 huanglian MOL002894 berberrubine 322.4 3.2 35.74 1.07 0.17 0.7 0.24 6.46 huanglian MOL002897 epiberberine 336.4 3.45 43.09 1.17 0.4 0.8 0.19 6.1 huanglian MOL002903 (R)-Canadine 339.4 3.4 55.37 1.04 0.57 0.8 0.2 6.41 huanglian MOL002904 Berlambine 351.4 2.49 36.68 0.97 0.17 0.8 0.28 7.33 Corchorosid huanglian MOL002907 404.6 1.34 105 -0.91 -1.3 0.8 0.29 6.68 e A_qt Magnogrand huanglian MOL000622 266.4 1.18 63.71 0.02 -0.2 0.2 0.3 3.17 iolide huanglian MOL000762 Palmidin A 510.5 4.52 35.36 -0.38 -1.5 0.7 0.39 33.2 huanglian MOL000785 palmatine 352.4 3.65 64.6 1.33 0.37 0.7 0.13 2.25 huanglian MOL000098 quercetin 302.3 1.5 46.43 0.05 -0.8 0.3 0.38 14.4 huanglian MOL001458 coptisine 320.3 3.25 30.67 1.21 0.32 0.9 0.26 9.33 huanglian MOL002668 Worenine
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SULT1A3 Polyclonal Antibody Sulfotransferase with Thermolabile Enzyme Activity
SULT1A3 polyclonal antibody sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of Catalog Number: PAB1216 chromosome 16; this gene and SULT1A4 arose from a segmental duplication. This gene is the most Regulatory Status: For research use only (RUO) centromeric of the four sulfotransferase genes. Exons of this gene overlap with exons of a gene that encodes a Product Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody raised protein containing GIY-YIG domains (GIYD1). Multiple against full length recombinant SULT1A3. alternatively spliced variants that encode the same protein have been described. [provided by RefSeq] Immunogen: Recombinant protein corresponding to full length human SULT1A3. References: 1. Structure-function relationships in the stereospecific Host: Rabbit and manganese-dependent 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine/tyrosine-sulfating activity of Reactivity: Human human monoamine-form phenol sulfotransferase, Applications: IHC, WB SULT1A3. Pai TG, Oxendine I, Sugahara T, Suiko M, (See our web site product page for detailed applications Sakakibara Y, Liu MC. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan information) 17;278(3):1525-32. Epub 2002 Nov 6. 2. Manganese stimulation and stereospecificity of the Protocols: See our web site at Dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)/tyrosine-sulfating http://www.abnova.com/support/protocols.asp or product activity of human monoamine-form phenol page for detailed protocols sulfotransferase. Kinetic studies of the mechanism using wild-type and mutant enzymes. Pai TG, Ohkimoto K, Form: Liquid Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Sugahara T, Liu MC. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 15;277(46):43813-20. Epub 2002 Sep Recommend Usage: Western Blot (1:1800) 12. The optimal working dilution should be determined by 3.
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Supplemental Table 1
Supplemental Data Supplemental Table 1. Genes differentially regulated by Ad-KLF2 vs. Ad-GFP infected EC. Three independent genome-wide transcriptional profiling experiments were performed, and significantly regulated genes were identified. Color-coding scheme: Up, p < 1e-15 Up, 1e-15 < p < 5e-10 Up, 5e-10 < p < 5e-5 Up, 5e-5 < p <.05 Down, p < 1e-15 As determined by Zpool Down, 1e-15 < p < 5e-10 Down, 5e-10 < p < 5e-5 Down, 5e-5 < p <.05 p<.05 as determined by Iterative Standard Deviation Algorithm as described in Supplemental Methods Ratio RefSeq Number Gene Name 1,058.52 KRT13 - keratin 13 565.72 NM_007117.1 TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone 244.04 NM_001878.2 CRABP2 - cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 118.90 NM_013279.1 C11orf9 - chromosome 11 open reading frame 9 109.68 NM_000517.3 HBA2;HBA1 - hemoglobin, alpha 2;hemoglobin, alpha 1 102.04 NM_001823.3 CKB - creatine kinase, brain 96.23 LYNX1 95.53 NM_002514.2 NOV - nephroblastoma overexpressed gene 75.82 CeleraFN113625 FLJ45224;PTGDS - FLJ45224 protein;prostaglandin D2 synthase 21kDa 74.73 NM_000954.5 (brain) 68.53 NM_205545.1 UNQ430 - RGTR430 66.89 NM_005980.2 S100P - S100 calcium binding protein P 64.39 NM_153370.1 PI16 - protease inhibitor 16 58.24 NM_031918.1 KLF16 - Kruppel-like factor 16 46.45 NM_024409.1 NPPC - natriuretic peptide precursor C 45.48 NM_032470.2 TNXB - tenascin XB 34.92 NM_001264.2 CDSN - corneodesmosin 33.86 NM_017671.3 C20orf42 - chromosome 20 open reading frame 42 33.76 NM_024829.3 FLJ22662 - hypothetical protein FLJ22662 32.10 NM_003283.3 TNNT1 - troponin T1, skeletal, slow LOC388888 (LOC388888), mRNA according to UniGene - potential 31.45 AK095686.1 CONFLICT - LOC388888 (na) according to LocusLink.
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Understanding the Genetic Basis of Phenotype Variability in Individuals with Neurocognitive Disorders
Understanding the genetic basis of phenotype variability in individuals with neurocognitive disorders Michael H. Duyzend A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Evan E. Eichler, Chair Raphael Bernier Philip Green Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Genome Sciences 1 ©Copyright 2016 Michael H. Duyzend 2 University of Washington Abstract Understanding the genetic basis of phenotype variability in individuals with neurocognitive disorders Michael H. Duyzend Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Evan E. Eichler Department of Genome Sciences Individuals with a diagnosis of a neurocognitive disorder, such as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), can present with a wide range of phenotypes. Some have severe language and cognitive deficiencies while others are only deficient in social functioning. Sequencing studies have revealed extreme locus heterogeneity underlying the ASDs. Even cases with a known pathogenic variant, such as the 16p11.2 CNV, can be associated with phenotypic heterogeneity. In this thesis, I test the hypothesis that phenotypic heterogeneity observed in populations with a known pathogenic variant, such as the 16p11.2 CNV as well as that associated with the ASDs in general, is due to additional genetic factors. I analyze the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of over 120 families where at least one individual carries the 16p11.2 CNV, as well as a cohort of over 40 families with high functioning autism and/or intellectual disability. In the 16p11.2 cohort, I assessed variation both internal to and external to the CNV critical region. Among de novo cases, I found a strong maternal bias for the origin of deletions (59/66, 89.4% of cases, p=2.38x10-11), the strongest such effect so far observed for a CNV associated with a microdeletion syndrome, a significant maternal transmission bias for secondary deletions (32 maternal versus 14 paternal, p=1.14x10-2), and nine probands carrying additional CNVs disrupting autism-associated genes.
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Cortical Organoids Model Early Brain Development Disrupted by 16P11.2 Copy
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.172262; this version posted October 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Cortical Organoids Model Early Brain Development Disrupted by 16p11.2 Copy Number Variants in Autism Jorge Urresti1#, Pan Zhang1#, Patricia Moran-Losada1, Nam-Kyung Yu2, Priscilla D. Negraes3,4, Cleber A. Trujillo3,4, Danny Antaki1,3, Megha Amar1, Kevin Chau1, Akula Bala Pramod1, Jolene Diedrich2, Leon Tejwani3,4, Sarah Romero3,4, Jonathan Sebat1,3,5, John R. Yates III2, Alysson R. Muotri3,4,6,7,*, Lilia M. Iakoucheva1,* 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA 3 Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA 4 Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 5 University of California San Diego, Beyster Center for Psychiatric Genomics, La Jolla, CA, USA 6 University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA, USA 7 Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, USA # These authors contributed equally: Jorge Urresti, Pan Zhang *Corresponding authors: Lilia M. Iakoucheva ([email protected]) and Alysson R. Muotri ([email protected]). 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.172262; this version posted October 6, 2020.
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Autocrine IFN Signaling Inducing Profibrotic Fibroblast Responses By
Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on September 23, 2021 Inducing is online at: average * The Journal of Immunology , 11 of which you can access for free at: 2013; 191:2956-2966; Prepublished online 16 from submission to initial decision 4 weeks from acceptance to publication August 2013; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300376 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/6/2956 A Synthetic TLR3 Ligand Mitigates Profibrotic Fibroblast Responses by Autocrine IFN Signaling Feng Fang, Kohtaro Ooka, Xiaoyong Sun, Ruchi Shah, Swati Bhattacharyya, Jun Wei and John Varga J Immunol cites 49 articles Submit online. Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists ? is published twice each month by Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts http://jimmunol.org/subscription Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2013/08/20/jimmunol.130037 6.DC1 This article http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/6/2956.full#ref-list-1 Information about subscribing to The JI No Triage! Fast Publication! Rapid Reviews! 30 days* Why • • • Material References Permissions Email Alerts Subscription Supplementary The Journal of Immunology The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. This information is current as of September 23, 2021. The Journal of Immunology A Synthetic TLR3 Ligand Mitigates Proﬁbrotic Fibroblast Responses by Inducing Autocrine IFN Signaling Feng Fang,* Kohtaro Ooka,* Xiaoyong Sun,† Ruchi Shah,* Swati Bhattacharyya,* Jun Wei,* and John Varga* Activation of TLR3 by exogenous microbial ligands or endogenous injury-associated ligands leads to production of type I IFN.
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Tetrahydrobiopterin Regulates Monoamine Neurotransmitter
Tetrahydrobiopterin regulates monoamine PNAS PLUS neurotransmitter sulfonation Ian Cooka, Ting Wanga, and Thomas S. Leyha,1 aDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461-1926 Edited by Perry Allen Frey, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, and approved May 30, 2017 (received for review March 20, 2017) Monoamine neurotransmitters are among the hundreds of signal- not only that endogenous metabolite allosteres exist (though none ing small molecules whose target interactions are switched “on” have been identified) but that nature may have solved the problem and “off” via transfer of the sulfuryl-moiety (–SO3) from PAPS of how to independently regulate sulfonation in the various met- (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to the hydroxyls and abolic domains in which SULTs operate by “tuning” the binding amines of their scaffolds. These transfer reactions are catalyzed properties of the allosteric sites, through adaptive selection, toward by a small family of broad-specificity enzymes—the human cyto- metabolites that lie within the domain of a particular isoform. solic sulfotransferases (SULTs). The first structure of a SULT To test whether SULT catechin sites bind endogenous me- allosteric-binding site (that of SULT1A1) has recently come to light. tabolites, an in silico model of the catechin-binding site of The site is conserved among SULT1 family members and is pro- SULT1A3, which sulfonates monoamine neurotransmitters (i.e., miscuous—it binds catechins, a naturally occurring family of flava- dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin), was constructed and used in nols. Here, the catechin-binding site of SULT1A3, which sulfonates docking studies to screen monoamine neurotransmitter metab- monoamine neurotransmitters, is modeled on that of 1A1 and olites.
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Deleterious Genetic Variants in Ciliopathy Genes Increase Risk Of
Seo et al. BMC Medical Genomics (2018) 11:4 DOI 10.1186/s12920-018-0323-4 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Deleterious genetic variants in ciliopathy genes increase risk of ritodrine-induced cardiac and pulmonary side effects Heewon Seo1†, Eun Jin Kwon2†, Young-Ah You2, Yoomi Park1, Byung Joo Min1, Kyunghun Yoo1, Han-Sung Hwang3, Ju Han Kim1* and Young Ju Kim4* Abstract Background: Ritodrine is a commonly used tocolytic to prevent preterm labour. However, it can cause unexpected serious adverse reactions, such as pulmonary oedema, pulmonary congestion, and tachycardia. It is unknown whether such adverse reactions are associated with pharmacogenomic variants in patients. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing of 13 subjects with serious ritodrine-induced cardiac and pulmonary side-effects was performed to identify causal genes and variants. The deleterious impact of nonsynonymous substitutions for all genes was computed and compared between cases (n = 13) and controls (n = 30). The significant genes were annotated with Gene Ontology (GO), and the associated disease terms were categorised into four functional classes for functional enrichment tests. To assess the impact of distributed rare variants in cases with side effects, we carried out rare variant association tests with a minor allele frequency ≤ 1% using the burden test, the sequence Kernel association test (SKAT), and optimised SKAT. Results: We identified 28 genes that showed significantly lower gene-wise deleteriousness scores in cases than in controls. Three of the identified genes—CYP1A1, CYP8B1,andSERPINA7—are pharmacokinetic genes. The significantly identified genes were categorized into four functional classes: ion binding, ATP binding, Ca2+-related, and ciliopathies-related. These four classes were significantly enriched with ciliary genes according to SYSCILIA Gold Standard genes (P < 0.01), thus representing ciliary genes.
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Human SULT1A3 Protein (His Tag)
Human SULT1A3 Protein (His Tag) Catalog Number: 11408-H07E General Information SDS-PAGE: Gene Name Synonym: HAST; HAST3; M-PST; ST1A3; ST1A3/ST1A4; ST1A5; STM; SULT1A3; SULT1A4; TL-PST Protein Construction: A DNA sequence encoding the mature form of human SULT1A3 (NP_808220.1) (Glu2-Leu295) was expressed with a polyhistide tag at the N- terminus. Source: Human Expression Host: E. coli QC Testing Purity: > 94 % as determined by SDS-PAGE Protein Description Bio Activity： SULT1A3 belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Sulfotransferase Measured by its ability to transfer sulfate from PAPS to 1-Napthol. The enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, specific activity is > 150 pmoles/min/μg. neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. They are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities while their gene Endotoxin: structure (number and length of exons) is similar. SULT1A3 gene encodes a phenol sulfotransferase with thermolabile enzyme activity. Four Please contact us for more information. sulfotransferase genes are located on the p arm of chromosome 16; this gene and SULT1A4 arose from a segmental duplication. It is the most Stability: centromeric of the four sulfotransferase genes. Exons of this gene overlap Samples are stable for up to twelve months from date of receipt at -70 ℃ with exons of a gene that encodes a protein containing GIY-YIG domains (GIYD1). SULT1A3 is expressed in liver, colon, kidney, lung, brain, spleen, Predicted N terminal: Met small intestine, placenta and leukocyte. SULT1A3 is a sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to Molecular Mass: catalyze the sulfate conjugation of phenolic monoamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) and The recombinant human SULT1A3 consists of 301 amino acids and predicts phenolic and catechol drugs.
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Cloning and Activity Assays of the SULT1A Promoters
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Queensland eSpace Methods in Enzymology (2005) 400: 147-165. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(05)00009-1 Human SULT1A Genes: Cloning and Activity Assays of the SULT1A Promoters By Nadine Hempel, Negishi, Masahiko, and Michael E. McManus Abstract The three human SULT1A sulfotransferase enzymes are closely related in amino acid sequence (>90%), yet differ in their substrate preference and tissue distribution. SULT1A1 has a broad tissue distribution and metabolizes a range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous substrates such as estrogens and iodothyronines. While the localization of SULT1A2 is poorly understood, it has been shown to metabolize a number of aromatic amines. SULT1A3 is the major catecholamine sulfonating form, which is consistent with it being expressed principally in the gastrointestinal tract. SULT1A proteins are encoded by three separate genes, located in close proximity to each other on chromosome 16. The presence of differential 50‐untranslated regions identified upon cloning of the SULT1A cDNAs suggested the utilization of differential transcriptional start sites and/or differential splicing. This chapter describes the methods utilized by our laboratory to clone and assay the activity of the promoters flanking these different untranslated regions found on SULT1A genes. These techniques will assist investigators in further elucidating the differential mechanisms that control regulation of the human SULT1A genes. They will also help reveal how different cellular environments and polymorphisms affect the activity of SULT1A gene promoters. Introduction The human SULT1A subfamily of cytosolic sulfotransferases is unique as it contains more than one isoform (SULT1A1, SULT1A2, and SULT1A3), compared to a solitary SULT1A1 member identified in all other species to date.
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Sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3)
A Dissertation entitled Functional Genomic Studies On The Genetic Polymorphisms Of The Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) by Ahsan Falah Hasan Bairam Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Experimental Therapeutics ________________________________________ Dr. Ming-Cheh Liu, Committee Chair ________________________________________ Dr. Ezdihar Hassoun, Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Zahoor Shah, Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Caren Steinmiller, Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Amanda Bryant-Friedrich, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2018 Copyright 2018, Ahsan Falah Hasan Bairam This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Functional Genomic Studies On The Genetic Polymorphisms Of The Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) by Ahsan Falah Hasan Bairam Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Experimental Therapeutics (Pharmacology/Toxicology) The University of Toledo May 2018 Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of sulfoconjugation in the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin (5-HT), as well as a wide range of xenobiotics including drugs. The study presented in this dissertation aimed to clarify the effects of coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of the human SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 genes on the enzymatic characteristics of the sulfation of catecholamines, 5- HT, and selected drugs by SULT1A3 allozymes. Following a comprehensive search of different SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 genotypes, thirteen non-synonymous (missense) cSNPs of SULT1A3/SULT1A4 were identified. cDNAs encoding the corresponding SULT1A3 allozymes, packaged in pGEX-2T vector were generated by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Sulfonation and Methylation in Silico - Modelling Studies on SULT1A3 and COMT
Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki Finland Julius Sipilä Sulfonation and methylation in silico - modelling studies on SULT1A3 and COMT Academic Dissertation To be presented for public discussion, with the permission of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium Porthania PII, on May 25th, 2020, at 5 PM Helsinki 2020 Supervisors Professor Jyrki Taskinen D.Sc. (Tech.) 2003-2006 Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki Professor Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma PhD Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki Reviewers Docent Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland UEF Finland Professor Olli Pentikäinen Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku UTU Finland Opponent Professor Gerhard Wolber PhD Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Germany ISBN 978-951-51-6064-5 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-6065-2 (PDF) Helsinki 2020 Abstract Phenolic compounds are ubiquitously encountered in all living organisms. Due to the versatile chemical properties of phenols, they can form various types of specific interactions with biological macromolecules and participate in different types of reactions. In humans, endogenous phenols act as important neurotransmitters, hormones, and building blocks of proteins. A multitude of potentially bioactive phenols is ingested from different sources every day. To modulate the activities of endogenous and xenobiotic phenols, several families of Phase II metabolic enzymes have evolved, which can eliminate phenolic compounds through conjugation. In humans, the most important Phase II enzymes for phenol metabolism are UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT).
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