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NYC School Segregation Report Card Still Last, Action Needed Now by Danielle Cohen, with a Foreword by Gary Orfield June 2021

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NYC School Segregation Report Card Still Last, Action Needed Now by Danielle Cohen, with a Foreword by Gary Orfield June 2021 NYC School Segregation Report Card Still Last, Action Needed Now By Danielle Cohen, with a foreword by Gary Orfield June 2021 Cover art by Taylor McGraw ©UCLA Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 15 Harmful Effects of Segregation ................................................................................................ 16 History of Segregation in NYC Public Schools ............................................................................ 19 New York City, 2014 to Present ................................................................................................... 23 Gentrification ................................................................................................................................ 25 The Choice Model in NYC ........................................................................................................... 26 School Admissions by Zone ..................................................................................................... 27 School Admissions by Choice .................................................................................................. 27 Specialized, Screened, and Gifted and Talented Schools ............................................................. 28 Specialized High Schools ......................................................................................................... 29 Screened Schools ...................................................................................................................... 30 Charter Schools ......................................................................................................................... 31 Gifted and Talented................................................................................................................... 31 Supporting Community School District Desegregation Plans ...................................................... 33 Data and Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 35 New York State Trends ............................................................................................................. 36 Demographic Changes .......................................................................................................... 36 Segregation Patterns in New York State Public Schools ...................................................... 39 NYC Trends .............................................................................................................................. 50 Demographic Context of NYC ............................................................................................. 50 Segregation in NYC Schools ................................................................................................ 52 Trends in Segregation in Charter versus Traditional Public Schools ................................... 56 Dual Segregation in NYC Schools ....................................................................................... 59 Segregation in NYC Boroughs ............................................................................................. 62 Segregation in NYC Community School Districts ............................................................... 74 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 92 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere thanks to everyone who supported us in our research on this project. Special thanks to those who gave us invaluable feedback on earlier versions of this report. They include Elise C. Boddie, Ryan Coughlan, Ayana Smith, Amy Stuart Wells and graduate students at Teacher’s College, Leana Cabral, Dr. Dianne Delima, Thuy Vi Nguyen Siettah Parks, Maja Pehrson, and Jose Vilson. We would also like to thank Taylor McGraw for contributing the beautiful cover art and Laurie Russman, coordinator of the Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles, for her encouraging support and editorial assistance. New York School Segregation Report Card, June 2021 i www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu List of Figures Figure 1. NYS Public School Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity (2010 & 2018) .............................. 37 Figure 2. NYS Public School Enrollment (1990-2018) ................................................................ 38 Figure 3. Black Students in Minority Segregated NYS Schools (1990-2018) ............................. 40 Figure 4. Latino Students in Minority Segregated NYS Schools (1990-2018) ............................ 40 Figure 5. Students in Multiracial Schools in NYS by Race/Ethnicity (1990-2018) ..................... 41 Figure 6. Percent of Students by Race/Ethnicity Attending Predominantly White Schools in NYS (1990-2018)................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 7. Percent of Black Students in Predominantly White Schools in US, NYS, Northeast and South (1990-2018) ........................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 8. Percentage of White Students in Schools Attended by Typical Student of each Race/Ethnicity (1990-2018) .......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 9. Change in Racial/Ethnic Composition of Schools Attended by Black Students (1990- 2018) ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 10. Change in Racial/Ethnic Composition of Schools Attended by Latino Students (1990- 2018) ............................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 11. Racial/Ethnic Composition of Schools Attended by Typical Student in NYS by Race/Ethnicity (2018) ................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 12. Poverty of Children Under 18 in NYS by Race/Ethnicity (2005-2018) ..................... 48 Figure 13. Public School Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity, NYC Schools (1990-2018) ................. 52 Figure 14. Attendance by Race/Ethnicity in Predominantly (50-100%) Nonwhite Schools in NYC (1990-2018) ......................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 15. Attendance by Race/Ethnicity in Intensely Segregated (90-100%Nonwhite) Schools in NYC (1990-2018) ......................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 16. Exposure of Students of each Race/Ethnicity to Students of each Race/Ethnicity in NYC Schools (2010 & 2018) ........................................................................................................ 56 Figure 17. Percent of Black and Latino Students in Segregated Schools by Type (2018) ........... 58 Figure 18. Interracial Exposure in Charter Schools and Traditional Schools in NYC (2018) ..... 59 Figure 19. Percent of Students by Race/Ethnicity Attending Schools with Greater than 75% Poverty (2014-2018) ..................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 20. School Poverty Levels by NYC Borough (2014-2018) .............................................. 63 Figure 21. Change in Enrollment in Charter and Public Schools in NYC Boroughs from 2010 to 2018............................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 22. Point Change in Shares of Intensely Segregated Schools in Borough Charter and Public Schools from 2010 to 2018 ................................................................................................ 67 Figure 23. Distribution of Percent White Enrollment in Schools within Community School Districts by Borough (2018) ......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 24. Exposure of Black Students to Students of Race/Ethnicity by School Type and NYC Borough (2018) ............................................................................................................................. 70 Figure 25. Exposure of Latino Students to Students of Race/Ethnicity by School Type and NYC Borough (2018) ............................................................................................................................
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