Volume IV Number 27 May 2009 Singapore to open world’s biggest CNG station
Heavy-Duty Business Alerts NG HDVs made in New countries to Asian OEMs adopt NGVs
2 May 2009 Summary
Oil price increased, confidence in 04 NGV business is yet to grow
Asian NGV Communications is a publication Oil and Gas.The price difference of NGV Communications Group, publishing between gasoline/diesel and CNG is house and fairs-conferences organizer: expected to increase soon. In early www.ngvgroup.com April, US crude oil benchmark price ... In Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report, GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, the International NGV Guide. Procurement of a major CNG station In Argentina, the Group publishes Prensa 16 and additional taxi fleet for Singapore Vehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps, books and brochures while in Brazil, Folha The previously reported biggest CNG do GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps and station to be built in Old Toh Tuck Road posters, among others. In Peru Prensa Vehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.com off Bukit Timah in Singapore, is now The signed articles are exclusive responsibility of planned to be the world’s largest ... the authors, as well as advertising companies and agencies are responsible for the published ads.
is member of the Experiences from Heavy-Duty ANGVA (Asia Pacific 20 NGV fleets NGV Association) Experience from a well-known dual-fuel KOREA LNG/CNG HD trucks operator for long–distance haulage showed that the only extra maintenance costs in ... 300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-Myun Chuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911 Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419 Pune’s CNG pipeline to start in From other region: Business +31 20 420 1076 20 July 29 Alert from Tanzania [email protected] ■ www.asiangv.com
Fuel demand and sales of CNG Australian fuel tax adjustments 22 kits in Pakistan 30
Bangladesh to procure thousands Heavy-Duty NGVs made in Asia PERU 24 of CNG kits and cylinders 32 Av. Brasil 3222 oficina 403 - A Magdalena del Mar - RUC: 20513085576 Business Alert from Macau, Busines Centre CP: Lima 17- [email protected] 26 Syria, and Vietnam 34 LNG as alternative fuel ITALY Copies Distribution Vicolo Gonzaga 13 ■ 46045 Marmirolo (Mn) Tel.: +39 0376 294055 We print and mail to 24 Indonesia: 1.6% In addition, the magazine is [email protected] ■ www.thegvr.com countries about 4.000 copies Iran: 7.0% sent to over 19.300 readers addressed to governmental relat- ARGENTINA Israel: 0.1% in 94 countries ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gas Japan: 10.2% by e-mail (.pdf) and is also online companies, Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital Federal Korea: 5.1% in www.ngvgroup.com Tel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 associations, related NGV indus- Malaysia: 6.6% If your NGV business is in Asia, [email protected] tries, refuelling stations, Myanmar: 0.5% advertise with us. www.prensavehicular.com workshops and suppliers, New Zealand: 1.0% according the following list (some Pakistan: 11.4% Asian NGV Communications BRASIL figures rounded): Philippines: 3.6% 300-14, Changchon-Ri, Armenia: 0.3% Russia:4.3% Namsan-Myun, Av. Rio Branco, 131 Sala 1.701 Australia: 4.1% CEP: 20040-006 Rio de Janeiro - RJ Singapore: 3.1% Chuncheon-Si, Tel: + (55 21) 2244-7537 Azerbaijan: 0.2% Taiwan: 0.2% Kangwon-Do, [email protected] ■ www.folhadognv.com Bangladesh: 5.0% Thailand: 5.8% 200-911 KOREA China: 10.9% Turkey: 5.5% Tel : +31 20 420 1076 Printed: Rigraph S.R.L. Egypt: 1.9% United Arab Emirates: 2.1% Tel : +82 33 260 3419 • Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España India: 9.5% Vietnam: 0.1% e-mail: [email protected] • Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires
4 May 2009
Oil price increased, confidence in NGV business is yet to grow Oil and Gas these stations. Since the opening, gas sales across the 50,000km route in Delhi and The price difference between gasoline/diesel doubled to 6,000 kg within the first five days. Faridabad. The initial trials to run commercial and CNG is expected to increase soon. In Additionally, CNG price was trimmed down vehicles on 5%-30% Hydrogen-CNG mix early April, US crude oil benchmark price on by Rs 3.50/kg to Rs 24/kg by the Haryana have been done on vehicles made by Ashok the New York Mercantile Exchange for the Gas Distribution Company Ltd (HGDCL). Leyland, Mahindra and Bajaj. May contract increased to 52.64 USD/blue The price cut was made possible as gas From April next year, all buses in India will barrel (bbl) and to 54.52 USD/bbl for the transport cost—which was previously done have to meet Bharat Stage III and IV June contract. The recent prices were higher via mobile cascade and now by pipelines— emission norms. To meet the future demand, than the acceptable 2009 level expected by was decreased. M S Khatkar, senior vice- Bosch, a European company, introduced the OPEC at 50 USD/bbl. These happened president of HGDCL, said that the firm Common Rail injection system for high-end after the countries of the G20 summit-- of expects further price reduction if the state vehicles and advanced CNG technology the world's largest economies plus government exempts CNG from sales tax. solutions for the Special Vehicle industry—for representatives from the European Union-- Eight more plots have been allocated for the commercial vehicles, which can also be decided to offer 1 trillion USD fund via the installation of more CNG stations in the city. applied to vehicles in India. The CNG International Monetary Fund and other According to Gurgaon Master Plan 2021, 25 injection system is precise and institutions to ease the global economic stations will be available to serve NGVs in micro-processor controlled. crisis. However, lower oil stock level and a the area. flat time structure is needed to ensure a Pakistan sustained oil price recovery above 55 Meanwhile Gas Authority India Limited (GAIL) Although the transfer of CNG bus fund to USD/bbl, said Olivier Jakob from Petromatrix will invest Rs 10 billion to establish 2,000 operator of the proposed 500 buses (Karachi in Switzerland. CNG stations to create CNG Quadrilateral in Mass Transit Cell) is included in the next major national highways across the country. budget, the Rs 500 millions project is likely In the gas sector, Dubai Multi Commodities About 14 million standard cubic metre NG to come to a stop if the ministry delays the Centre (DMCC) has announced its plan to per day (mmscmd) would be available payment till June 2009, as reported by develop the emirate into a trading hub for through these stations, more than three Pakistan News Watch. The fund, however, LNG and to build a storage centre. As times the current 3.7 mmscmd gas supplied has been transferred into the accounts of presently high volume LNG trading from the by the 400 CNG stations in India. Further, ministry of Gulf –Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Oman—to Asia the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory environment although the release of the fund is not covered by any trading centre, Dubai Board (PNGRB) informed that the number of to the KMTC was delayed. decided to offer its service. Actually, Dubai Indian cities that have CNG refueling facilities obtains the gas from Qatar, the world’s will increase from the current 30 to 250 by The Philippines biggest supplier of LNG. The imports are due 2018. By 2011, 84 cities would have city The government is increasing its promotion to start in the next two years. The three natural gas operators, in which 64 cities of investments in renewable energy to lower supplying countries are prepared to more would have CNG refueling stations while the oil import dependency. than double their annual exports to 77 million rest would be under construction. During the Since February 2009, the mandatory 5% tonnes by the end of 2010. John Roper, the past year, NGV population was reported to ethanol blends for vehicles are available in vice president of German-based E.ON increase from almost 200,000 to 650,000 273 gasoline stations nationwide. Meanwhile Ruhrgas, said that LNG is now the vehicle although some industry stakeholders believe 165 LPG refueling stations serve 13,886 driving growth in international gas trading. that the number is close to 750,000 units converted vehicles powered by LPG. So far, With the opening of the future LNG trading (including those vehicles yet to be 19 CNG buses have operated in Batangas, hub in Dubai, NGV industry in the emirate registered). Laguna to Manila routes, facilitated by a could benefit from it and might grow more CNG mother station in Tabangao, Batangas rapidly. In the vehicle sector, General Motors India and a daughter station in Binan, Laguna (GMI) planned to launch CNG and LPG since April 2008. Bangladesh variants of its existing models apart from the Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation Chevrolet Optra CNG introduced in 2006. Thailand (BRTC) aims to enhance its state-run Mahindra-Renault recently introduced CNG Air Vice Marshal Vittaya Kaewwattana, the transport service and plans to obtain 400 version of its leading model -Logan- in the Royal Thai Air Force, has purchased 6 Higer CNG buses. The Nordic Development Fund domestic market. The car is equipped with CNG City Buses from Italthai Industrial and the Economic Development Cooperation 1.6 litre engine and 12 kg CNG cylinder with Co.,Ltd., this first semester of 2009. Fund will offer funding and credit for the maximum power 84.5 Bhp at 5500 rpm and procurement of those buses. maximum torque 128 Nm at 3100 rpm. On the other hand, Thales (Thailand), supplier of electric ticketing for mass India Meanwhile the Society of Indian Automobile transportation systems, is interested in NGVs’ owners in Gurgaon city are happy to Manufacturers Association (SIAM) was providing its contactless smart-card discover that more CNG refueling stations scheduled to conduct a pilot “test” project of technology to 4,000 CNG buses in Bangkok. with direct gas supply from the pipelines with HCNG vehicles this May. During the trial test, The card technology was designed to high gas pressure and quick filling system the H2-CNG fuel mix will be used to power connect the existing electric train system to are opened in Sectors 53 and 29. Buses and commercial vehicles of Tata Motors, other possible lines provided by various large commercial vehicles can also refuel in Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Bajaj, and Eicher railway suppliers or to other modes such as city buses.
6 May 2009
，天然气汽车市场信心或将提振
与气 不久，汽 /柴 与天然气之间的 格差就将增大。在四月初期，美国纽约商品交易所的原 5月份合同的基准 格增至52.64 美元/桶，而6月份的合同 格为54.52美元/桶。近来的原 格已经超过了欧佩克组织预测的2009年可接受的水平。这些恰 恰发生在20国峰会——世界最大经济体以及欧盟成员代表国—— 决定通过世界货币基金等机构拨付1万亿美元， 用于缓解世界经济危机。然而，瑞士Petromatrix公司的Olivier Jakob说， 若要保证原 格持续保持在55美元/桶以 ， 还需要较低的原 库存和一段过渡时期。 再看看天然气的情况。迪拜商品中心最近宣布了一个计划，要将阿拉伯联合酋长国发展成为液化天然气的交易中心并建立一 个储备中心。由于目前海湾国家——卡塔尔， 阿布扎比和阿曼——与亚洲其他国家的液化天然气交易量很大， 迪拜才决定发展此项服务。实际 ，迪拜是从卡塔尔获得天然气，而后者是世界 最大的液化天然气供应国。两年之后，迪 拜就开始进口液化天然气。到2010年末，这三个液化天然气的出口国计划每年出口7,700万吨液化天然气，是现在的两倍多。 总部在德国的E.ON Ruhrgas的副总裁John Roper说， 液化天然气是 天然气国际 易增长的 要 。 着迪拜液化天然气 易中心的成立，阿联酋的天然气汽车产业会受益其中并快速发展。
孟加拉 孟加拉道路运输公司计划增加国营运输服务，打算引进400辆压缩天然气汽车。北欧发展基金和经济发展合作基金将提供资金 和贷款以补贴这些车辆的购买。
印度 印度Gurgaon城的天然气汽车车 将高兴地发现该城的53区和29区建设了更多的配有快冲系统且天然气直接来自管道的加气站。 公交车和大型商用车也可以从这些站加气。自从开始营业后，燃气的销量在前5天增长了一倍，达6,000公斤。Haryana燃气销 售公司把天然气的 格从每公斤27.5卢比降为24卢比。由于从以前的使用移 设备运输天然气改为使用管道运输，天然气的 运输成本得以减少。Haryana燃气销售公司的高级副总裁Khatkar说，公司预期如果州政府免除CNG的销售税，天然气的 格将 还会降低。该市还将在8个场所建设更多的加气站。Gurgaon市2021年的发展规划显示，届时25座加气站将建成运营。 在此期间，GAIL公司将投入100亿卢比用于建设2000座CNG加气站，使该国 要国道 形成CNG加气网络。这些加气站每天将供 应140万立方米天然气，是现在印度全国400座加气站供应量的3倍多。此外，石 天然气管理委员会公布，到2018年，建有加 气站的印度城市数将从现在的30个增加到250个。到2011年，全国84座城市将有天然气运营商，其中，64座城市将建成加气站 ，而其他城市将开始建设加气站。据报道，在过去一年中，印度天然气汽车保有量以从25万辆增加到65万辆，然而也有一些 业内人士认为75万辆更为准确（包括还没有注册的车辆）。 对于汽车产业，通用印度公司计划除2006年导入的雪弗兰Optra压缩天然气汽车，将对其现有车型推出CNG和LPG版。Mahindra -Renault公司最近引入了国内畅销的Logan的天然气版。 该车配有1.6升发 机和12公斤的气瓶，在每分钟5500转速下，最大功率可达84.5 Bhp，每分钟3100转下，最大扭矩可达128 Nm。 印度汽车工业协会（SIAM）还计划在5月份进行HCNG车辆的测试运行。其间，将有Tata, Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Bajaj, 以及 Eicher等印度本土汽车公司的商用车使用氢气与压缩天然气的混合燃料， 穿越Delhi和Faridabad 长达50,000 公里的路线。 初步测试已经完成，使用的是 从明年4月起， 所有印度的客车必须满足 地第三和第四阶段排放标准。 为了满足未来的市场需求，博世公司已将用于高端车的共轨喷射技术和用于专用车的先进CNG技术引入印度，这些技术对于印 度的其他车型也适用。CNG喷射系统由微处理器控制， 此精度高。
巴基斯坦 由于对卡拉奇公交公司500辆CNG公交车的补贴已转入下一次预算，如果到 年6月补贴还没有下来的话，这个5亿卢比的项目 将被暂时搁置。尽管这笔款项的拨付已经延迟，据说已经转入环境部的帐户。
菲律宾 菲律宾政府正在加快向可再生能源领域投入更多资金以降低石 进口量。从2009年2月开始，全国273座加 站必须提供含5%乙醇 的汽 。而165座LPG站服务于13,866辆LPG车。至 ，已有19座CNG公交车运行于Batangas市，以及Laguna 到Manila 的线路 ，在Batangas市的Tabangao设有一座加气母站，在Laguna市的Binan设有一座子站，l两座站都是2008年4月建成运营的。
泰国 2009年第一季度，泰国皇家空军从Italthai工业有限公司购买了6辆海格牌CNG城市客车。 此外，Thales (Thailand)——公交电子车票供应商——打算向曼谷的4000 辆CNG公交车提供其智能卡技术。 此项技术制作的车票既可用于现有轨道交通，也可以兼容以后出现的各 轨道交通，还可以用于其他交通 ，如城市客车等。
8 May 2009
승, NGV 사업 성장의 신을 의 한 . / CNG . 4 , 를 결정하는 뉴욕 업 거래소에서는 5 의 를 52.64 USD/bbl, 6 를54.52 USD/bbl 승 체결하였 . 최근의 만 봐도 OPEC( 수출 구)에서 했던 2009년 허용치 수 인 50 USD/bbl 보 높게 나타나고 있 . 러한 배경에는 럽 대표 연합 세계 최대 경제 구 구성 G20정 들 세계적 몰아 닥친 경제위 를 벗어나 위해 제 통화 금(IMF)및 관련 단체에 1조를 신청하 결정하면서 생한 .
분야에 있어서 DMCC(두바 종합 품 거래소) 는 에 레 트를LNG의 무역의 중심 개 한 는 계획을 표하였 . 현재 카타르, 아부 비, 오만 - 아시아 사 에는 세계적 장 많은 양의 LNG 거래되고 있긴 하나 정식 무역 거래소를 거치지 않고 거래 루어지고 있어 두바 러한 서비 를 제공하 결정한 . 사실 두바 도 는 세계 최대의 LNG 공급 인 카타르 부터 공급받아 서비 를 제공하게 될 . 2년 후면 본 적인 무역 루어 보인 . LNG를 공급하게 될 3개 (카타르, 아부 비, 오만)은 를 위해 2010년 말까지 연간 수출 물량의 2배 넘는 77 M 톤의 LNG를 비해 놓고 있 . 두바 래 LNG 무역의 중심 열리게 되면 에 레 트도 그 흐름의 영향을 받아 NGV산업 빠르게 성장할 대해 본 .
방글라데시 방글라데시의 도 교통공단(BRTC)은 간의 운송 서비 를 강화하고 400대의CNG버 를 늘릴 계획하고 있 . 노르딕 개 금 경제 개 협력 금은 400대의 활한 버 조달을 위한 자금정책을 제공할 .
인도 Gurgaon시에 살고있는 NGV 소 의 사람들은 도시의 53, 29 구역에 파 프라인을 통해 고압력 급속 충전 능한 시 템을 갖춘 CNG충전소 생긴 는 소식을 듣고 뻐하고 있 . 물론 버 , 대형, 업용 트럭도 곳에서 충전 할 수 있 . 충전소 오픈하게 되면 첫 5일만에 되면 매출량 6,000kg 평소의 배 될 . 게 HGDCL(하리아나 공급 회사)는 CNG 을 Rs 3.50/kg to Rs 24/kg . 는 전에는 트럭을 용해 를 운 했던 는 달리 제는 파 프라인을 통해 공급받 면서 운송비 어 들 . HGDCL의 수 부회장 M S Khatkar 은 만 정부 CNG 매세 면제 을 시 한 면 은 대 고 말했 . 한 Gurgaon시에 CNG 충전소를 하 위한 8개의 계획 배정되 . Gurgaon 계획에 르면 2021년에는 지역에 25개의 충전소 운영될 라고 한 .
한 GAIL(인도 공사) 은 고속도 를 는 사 형 CNG 지 만들 위한 2,000개의 충전소 에100 루 를 자할 계획 . 들 충전소를 통해 하루에 1,400만 mmscmd의 연 공급 능해 인도의 400개의 충전소에서는 현재 3.7mmscmd의 3배 넘는 공급될 . 게 PNGRB( 및 연 관리 관)은 인도의 CNG충전소 보 도시 현재 30개 시에서 250개 시 할 라고 보고하였 . 2011년까지 84개의 도시들 도시 공급을 받게 될 중64개의 도시는 충전소를 보 하고 나 지 도시들도 충전소 공사를 하게 될 . 그 인도의 NGV인구는 거의 200,000에서 650,000 하였 .
자 분야에 있어 GMI(인도GM)은 2006년에 소개되 던 CNG 비 트라 는 도 을 용해 CNG- LPG 용 량을 소개할 계획 . 라-르노 자 는 최근 인 있는 CNG 버전의 간을 인도 시장에 놓 . 는 1,6리터 에 12KG의 실 를 장 했 최대 파 는 5500 rpm에서 84.5Bhp, 최대 3100rpm에서 128Nm을 자랑한 .
한 SIAM(인도 자 제조업 협회)는 번 5 에 HCNG (수소-CNG) 자 의 시험 프 젝트 실 을 계획하고 있 . 시험 간 수소-CNG 혼합 연료를 사용하는Tata Motors, Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Bajaj, Eicher 등의 업용 량들은 리 파리 바 를 지르 50,000km를 를 하게 될 . 처음 시도되는 5%-30% 비율의 수소-CNG 혼합 연료 자 는 Ashok Leyland, Mahindra Bajaj에 의해 제작되 .
년 4 부터 인도의 든 버 는 Bharat Stage III V 배출 을 만족 시켜야 한 . 보쉬, 럽 제품, 특수 량을 위한 먼 레일 인젝션 시 템 및 앞선 CNG 술솔루션 갖춘 배출 인도 량에도 적용되는 . CNG 인젝션 시 템은 정교하고 세한 컴퓨터 처리장치 제어 .
파키 탄 각 KMTC( 라치 대중 교통 지부)의 500대 CNG버 에 제공하 했던 자금을 2009년 6 까지 지급하지 않는 면 5 루 프 젝트는 종결될 보 관련 자금을 년 산 포함시켰 고 파키 탄 뉴 치는 전했 .
필리핀 필리핀 정부는 수입 의 도를 위한 신 재생 에너지에 대한 자를 아끼지 않고 있 . 2009년 2 부터 필리핀은 전 237개의 소에 자 용 에 에탄올 5%를 함 시키도록 의무화 시켰 . 한 165개의 LPG충전소에서는 13,886대의 LPG개조 량을 수용하고 있 . 지금까지 바탕 시에서는 19대의 CNG버 라구나- 닐라 노선 운 되고 있 타 오, 바탕 , 비난, 라구나시에 있는 CNG 충전소에서 공급을 받고 있 .
태 얄 타 공군학교인 Air Vice Marshal Vittaya Kaewwattana은 2009년 1학 에 Italthai Industrial Co.,Ltd 부터 6대의 CNG 도시형 버 를 구입했 . 한 태 의 대중 교통 전자티켓 공급업체인 탈레 는 방콕에 있는 4,000대의 CNG버 에 자 트 카 공급에 대한 관심을 표명하고 있 . 현재 전 시 템에 사용되는 카 는 같은 능 연계 른철도 노선 나 도시형 버 를 연결시키 위해 자인되 .
10 May 2009
が上昇し、ＮＧＶビジネスの信頼 がこれから成長する と天然ガス ガソリンや軽 とＣＮＧ の差はまもなく広がると予想されている。４月初旬にニューヨーク商業取引所における米国 基準 は５月契約分で１バレル５２.６４米ドル、６月契約分で５４.５２米ドルに値上がりした。最近の はＯＰＥＣの１バレル５０米ドルと する許容できる２００９年レベルより高値であった。世界の主要経済国とＥＵが集まったＧ２０サミット会議が世界同時不況を克服するた めにＩＭＦ（国際通貨基金）や他の機関に１０億米ドルの財政出動を決定した後に 上昇が起きた。しかしながら、「 の 低 と安定化が１バレル５５米ドルに復帰するためには必要である。」とスイスの貿易コンサルティング会社ペトロマトリックス社のオリ ビア・ジャコブ氏は語った。
天然ガスでは、Dubai Multi Commodities Centre（ＤＭＣＣ） がアラブ首長国連邦をＬＮＧ貿易のハブにし、 ＬＮＧ貯蔵センター を建設することを計画していると発表した。カタール、アブダビ、オマーンといった湾岸諸国からアジアへの大量のＬＮＧは現在、貿易 センターによるものではないので、ドバイは貿易センターの役割を受けることを決定した。実際、ドバイは世界最大のＬＮＧ供給国であ るカタールからガスを受入れている。輸入は今後２年以内に開始される。ＬＮＧを輸出する３ヶ国は現在の２倍以上の７千７百万トンま で２０１０年末に輸出する用意がある。ドイツのルアーガス社副社長のジョン・ローパー氏は、「ＬＮＧがガスの国際貿易の中で急成長を 遂げている。」と語った。ドバイに将来、ＬＮＧ貿易センターが開設されることでアラブ首長国連邦のＮＧＶ産業はそこから利 を て、 急成長するかもしれない。 バングラディッシュ Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation（ＢＲＴＣ）は、 州間の路線拡充を目的にし、４００台のＣＮＧバスを導入することを計画している。 北欧開発基金と経済開発協力基金が資金を提供し、ＣＮＧバス導入を実施する。 インド グルガオン市のＮＧＶユーザーは、高い圧力のパイプラインから直接ガスの供給を受け、急速充填システムを持つＣＮＧスタンドが市 内の５３セクターと２９セクターにオープンするので幸運である。バスや大型商用車もこれらのスタンドでＣＮＧを充填する。オープン以 来、最初の５日間でガス売上げは２倍の６,０００ｋｇまでになった。それに加え、ＣＮＧ がハリーヤーナガス（ＨＧＤＣＬ）によると３.５０ ルピー／ｋｇ下がり、２４ルピー／ｋｇになった。ＣＮＧ の値下げは従来のトレーラーによるボンベ輸送からパイプラインからの直接 供給によるコスト削減により可能になった。ＨＧＤＣＬのカッカー上級副社長は、「州政府がＣＮＧから売上げ税を免除するのであれば 更なる値下げが期待できる。」と語った。市内にはさらに８ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが計画されている。グルガオン市２０２１年マスタープラ ンによると、ＣＮＧスタンドは市内に２５ヶ所になる計画である。
一方、Gas Authority India Limited (GAIL)社は、 国内の主要高速道路網にＣＮＧネットワークを構成するために２,０００ヶ所のＣＮＧ スタンド建設のため１００億ルピーを投資する計画がある。 インドでは現在、４００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドで３７０万立方フィートのＣＮＧを供給しているが、これが現在の3倍以上の１日あたり約１,４０ ０万立方フィートのＣＮＧ供給を可能にするだろう。それ以上にPetroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) は、ＣＮＧスタンドがある都市が２０１８年までの現在の３０から２５０になるだろうとしている。２０１１年までに８４の都市に天然ガスが供給 され、そのうちの６４の都市がＣＮＧスタンドを持つであろう。また、残りは建設中になる。過去において、ＮＧＶ普及台数は、あるＮＧＶ 関係者が非登録台数を含めて７５万台近くであるとしているが、２０万台から６５万台に増加したと報告されている。
自動車関係では、ＧＭインド（ＧＭＩ）が２００６年に発売したシボレー・オプトラＣＮＧとは異なるモデルのＣＮＧ車とＬＰＧ車を発売する 計画であった。マヒンドラ・ルノーは国内市場向けに普及モデルのローガンのＣＮＧ車を最近発売した。１.６リットルエンジン、１２ｋｇの ＣＮＧボンベを搭載し、最大出力８４.５馬力（５,５００ｒｐｍ）、最大トルク１２８Ｎｍ（３,１００ｒｐｍ）である。
一方、インド自動車工業会（ＳＩＡＭ）は今年の５月にＨＣＮＧのパイロットテストプロジェクトを立ち上げることを予定していた。テストでは 、デリーからフェアダバッドまでの５万ｋｍでＨ２－ＣＮＧ混合燃料がタタ、マインドラ、アショカ・レイランド、バジャそしてエイカー各社の 商用車に使用される予定である。最初のテストでは、５％－３０％のＨ２－ＣＮＧ混合燃料がアショカ・レイランド、マインドラ、バジャ製 の車両に供給される。
来年４月からインドのすべてのバスは、Bharat Stage IIIおよび IVに排ガスを適合させなければならない。 将来の需要に対して、欧州のボシュ社は高級車にコモンレールインジェクションシステム、そして商用車に最新のＣＮＧ技術を導入し た。それらはインドのＮＧＶにも適用することはできる。ＣＮＧインジェクションシステムは正確で、コンピューター制御である。 パキスタン ５００台のバスを運行するカラチ交通局に提示されているＣＮＧバスへの転換予算が次期予算に含まれているように５億ルピーのプロ ジェクトが、パキスタン・ニュース・ウォッチ紙が伝えているように政府が２００９年までに支払いを遅らせるならば、止まってしまう可能性 がある。しかしながら、ＫＭＣＴへの予算支払いが遅れてもその予算は環境省の予算委組み込まれた。 フィリピン フィリピン政府は輸入 の依存を下げるために再生可能エネルギーへの投資を奨励している。 ２００９年２月から輸送用燃料に５％エタノールを配合した燃料が国内２７３ヶ所のガソリンスタンドで供給されている。一方、１６５ヶ所の ＬＰＧスタンドで１３,８８６台のＬＰＧ車にＬＰＧを供給している。現在まで１９台のＣＮＧバスがバタンガス、ラグナからマニラへの路線で運 行されている。２００８年４月からタバンガオ、バタンガスのマザーステーション、ビナン、ラグナにドーターステーションがあり、バスにＣ ＮＧを充填している。 タイ ビッタヤ・カエワッタン空軍副司令官によると、タイ空軍は２００９年前期にItalthai Industrial社から６台のHigerというブランド名のＣＮＧバスを購入した。 一方、公共交通機関に電子切符システムを供給するThales社は、バンコクの４千台のＣＮＧバスに非接触式スマートカードシステムを 導入することに興味を示している。このバスカードはさまざまな鉄道会社や他のバス会社で導入されている 存の電子システムと接 できるよう設計されている。
12 May 2009
14 May 2009 NGVA Europe Conference&Show
Hacia una movilidad limpia y sostenible 17-19 JUNIOJUNE Towards a clean and 2009 Patrocinio sustainable mobility Hosted by
Main Sponsor
Feria de Madrid Madrid Fair Pabellón 1 Pavilion 1 [email protected] www.gnv2009madrid.com
Un evento de Organizado por An event of Organized by 16 May 2009 Procurement of a major CNG station and additional taxi fleet for Singapore
The previously reported biggest CNG Built on 7,066sqm land, the Old Toh country, with 3 refuelling stations station to be built in Old Toh Tuck Road Tuck Road station is currently under facilitating this “clean” fuel fleet in off Bukit Timah in Singapore, is now construction and scheduled to be Jurong Island, at Jalan Buroh and at planned to be the world’s largest CNG opened to the public this coming Mandai Link in the north. The fourth one refuelling station. According to an earlier August. It will also be the first in Serangoon North owned by Smart plan, this station was designed to have full-service CNG station in Singapore. Energy - an affiliate of Smart Taxis - was 38 nozzles. It will have several additional facilities supposed to open in February, but has such as a convenience store, a motor been delayed because of technical issues. Recently, it was reported that the USD workshop and a car wash. 16 million investment by gas distributor Apart from government incentives such and taxi operator Union Energy would The investor, Union Energy owns a fleet as favourable fuel tax and a rebate on be used to build 46 nozzles in the new of 2,600 Trans-Cab taxis, of which 500 the purchase of vehicles, NGV users in station, in which 44 units would serve units are powered by CNG. Managing Singapore consider that CNG refuelling CNG cars while the rest would be used director Teo Kiang Ang aims to have network coverage is very important to to refuel heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) 2,000 CNG taxis in total within one or ensure the success of the NGV such as buses and trucks. two years from now, of which 500 programme. Fuelling stations are The new CNG station will be named additional vehicles—most are likely to expected to be available in all districts C-Nergy. be added this year. The other taxis across the nation. operator, Smart Taxis, also has a CNG To date, the two biggest CNG refuelling taxi fleet. Smart is targeting about 4,000 As for the construction of this Old Toh stations in the world are located in to 5,000 CNG vehicles to refuel at four Road big station, Teo said it is Bangkok City in Thailand with 44 of its CNG stations by the end of 2009. important to have a large station when nozzles (12 for HDVs) in October 2008, serving taxi drivers as they tend to and in Lima City in Peru with 32 nozzles There are currently around 3,600 NGVs, change shift around the same time, and (5 for HDVs) opened in April 2008. mainly taxi cabs, operating in the so will arrive in large numbers. May 2009 17 18 May 2009 Melchers supplies Equipment to build the largest CNG Station in the World
On the occasion of the groundbreaking by Singapore, who is also the Chairman of the stations and industries which currently have Singaporean company Union Gas Pte Ltd CNG Committee @ SEAS, emphasized that no access to natural gas pipelines. (part of Union Energy Corporation Pte Ltd), it this is both a mile stone for the development Located in the heart of Singapore and in was also announced that C. Melchers is the of the CNG infrastructure in Singapore but close proximity to Exit 28 (Bukit Batok, Toh supplier of the CNG compression and also for the improvement of the air quality: Tuck) of the Pan Island Express Way (PIE), dispensing equipment. Union is also the “CNG Cars meet Euro IV standard. Versus this station dramatically improves the CNG company behind taxi operator TransCab, petrol cars, they will contribute to a 25% infrastructure in Singapore. With this station, who has already some 300 CNG Taxis in reduction of CO2, but more importantly it will now be even more convenient for operation. Developed versus Diesel Cars they contribute to an Singaporeans to make use of CNG and thus elimination of Particle Matter emissions.” Mr. to be able to reduce their daily cost of driving The CNG - Gas Station equipment Melchers also said that CNG will continue to a vehicle. supplied by the Melchers Group is be much cheaper than petrol and thereby manufactured by market leader GNC CNG offers an answer to many Singaporean About C. Melchers GmbH & Co. GALILEO. GALILEO is represented by the car owners, who in times of economic C. Melchers GmbH & Co. is a 203 year old Melchers Group. downturn ask themselves how and where to German Trading and Engineering company. save money. Their diversified portfolio includes the Oil & After having built the SembGas / SPC Gas Division which primarily deals in Natural Station at Jalan Buroh, which has been in Facts Gas related products and solutions. operation since February 2008, this is the Covering a total area of 7,065m², the station second station by the Melchers Group. will have 44 pump hoses for cars and 2 C. Melchers is involved in the design, Melchers is also one of the pump hoses for buses and trucks. consultation and engineering of CNG leading CNG Conversion companies, under The station will be powered by 4 Galileo stations up to full CNG turn key solutions. their well established franchise Microbox Compressors each with a capacity Additionally they also supply CNG equipment, www.cng.com.sg. of 1500 Nm3/hr. The station will also CNG trailers and dedicated CNG vehicles. C. incorporate Galileo’s patented Virtual Melchers also operated the largest CNG At the Groundbreaking Ceremony, Mr. Pipeline™ system which will allow CNG to conversion franchise in Singapore under their Melchers, General Manager of C. Melchers, be transported to upcoming CNG daughter cng.com.sg trademark.
The Philippines to build two more stations
The Department of Energy (DOE) in the Philippines plans to authorise more bus operators to operate more CNG buses in the country. Four operators are already certified to run CNG buses, while 3 others are yet to be certified. The DOE is keen to see 185 CNG buses running on public highways this year. To date, there are about 19 CNG buses operating on the Cubao-Batangas/Laguna-Cubao provincial route, serviced by 2 refuelling stations. The DOE expects two more stations to be built in Bi an City near Laguna this year. May 2009 19 20 May 2009 Experiences from Heavy-Duty NGV fleets
From the International Gas Union’s ongoing survey made by Working Committee 5 -Utilisation, Study Group 5.3 (WOC S.G. 5.3), which amongst other things regards Heavy-Duty NGVs, the Union has so far collected information and input from various HDV (buses and trucks) fleets around the world. Among the results, it was noted that fleets which use OEM CNG buses gain about 50% reduction on fuel costs (depending on the case) compared to when diesel is used to power buses. Although results from maintenance cost could vary greatly depending on the generation of NG buses used, a modest increase in maintenance time is reported in almost all cases. Experience from a well-known dual-fuel extra time required to carry out leak LNG/CNG HD trucks operator for checks and filter changes. Among various inputs from survey long–distance haulage showed that the participants regarding the use of NG only extra maintenance costs in The International Gas Union’s 24th World buses, several expectations were servicing or maintaining dual-fuel Gas Conference (WGC) will be held in addressed, such as the reduction in the engines comes from purchasing NG next autumn in Buenos Aires, Argentina. price of NGV buses and the weight of filters, catalysts for methane reduction At the conference (and exhibition), NGV related issues will also be covered. As part fuel tank, the remedy for the start-up and a small additional time for of the preparations for the presentation (torque) issue; and the need to evaluate preventive maintenance inspections. from the NGV industry, a survey was actual requirements for filling stations. conducted to learn from the experience Thoroughly planned bus duty, driver Time for daily checking of methane of NGV fleet operators around the world. roistering, bus fuel storage and trucks compared to diesel trucks The survey was supported by NGV refuelling system were are also remained the same. Regular maintenance associations and fleet owners. The paper considered. intervals are slightly increased due to will be presented during the 2009 WGC.
Pune’s CNG pipeline to start in July
The supply of CNG via installations from the PMPML pipeline in Pune in India is bus depot at Narveer Tanaji anticipated to begin in some Wadi in Shivajinagar to parts of the city in July. Fergusson College road and along Paud road. The construction of the CNG pipeline and a mega-mother Sham Sundar, managing station at Chikhli near director of MNGL, said that Chinchwad and the PMPML the company plans to begin depot at Sant Tukaramnagar providing gas to a CNG depot in Pimpri has been station at the PMPML's finalised. Meanwhile the Kothrud depot soon. At first, pipeline construction from CNG will be offered through Pimpri to Shivajinagar is on several gasoline stations on the way. Fergusson College road and when the firm starts stations to be provided at Paud road. MNGL informed supplying CNG at the the PMPML depots in At the same time, CNG the residents in the area PMPML depot at Narveer Kothrud, Hadapsar and supplier in Pune and surroundings about the Tanaji Wadi in Shivajinagar. In Katraj. Gas from this pipline Pimpri-Chinchwad advantages of CNG. the 2nd phase, CNG will be project will be used to supply Maharashtra Natural Gas distributed to various areas CNG stations for vehicles Limited (MNGL), has The 1st phase of MNGL's of Pune City with the three and Piped Natural Gas (PNG) commenced pipeline project will be completed proposed main refuelling for households. May 2009 21 22 May 2009
The decrease in the oil price compared Fuel demand and sales to last year has resulted in a downturn in the demand for CNG kits. Apart from that, the NGV industry in Pakistan is of CNG kits in Pakistan facing several challenges such as a temporary low gas pressure during the cold winter that has had an effect on fuel supplies to CNG stations; the CNG retail price versus higher refuelling station operating costs that have to be paid by station owners and so influence the owners’ profit margin; reduced support to the industry from financial institutions and the government.
But it was the decreased price differential between CNG and oil caused by the downward trend of the oil price that was recognised as the cause of declining demand in NGVs. Gasoline consumption continued to grow in the period December 2008-March 2009 following a cut in retail prices in December 2008, from Rs 89.60 to Rs 57.70 per litre . Meanwhile CNG prices increased by Rs 3.50/ kg to Rs 48-50/kg in various cities. Since March, many refuelling stations—especially those in Karachi City, the biggest NGV city of the country--offer discounts to buyers of CNG.
Because of the decrease in the gasoline price followed by lower demand for NGVs, imports of CNG kits have temporarily gone down by 25%. In addition, CNG kit prices in Pakistan have decreased by around 28%, although this is not necessarily considered a loss. Leading CNG kit importers in Pakistan said that the price of CNG kits had hiked three times during the last eight months of 2008, generating about 60% increase. After the price cut, for example, Landirenzo CNG kits for manual cars are now sold at Rs 14,500 instead of Rs 17,500 per unit. CNG cylinders with 50-55 litre water capacity are sold at Rs 10,000 and Rs 12,000, whereas earlier these cost Rs 17,000 and Rs 19,000, respectively.
Meanwhile, CNG kits for automatic cars which used to cost around Rs 20,000 now cos Rs 16,000. CNG cylinders for cars with 50-55 litre capacity are Rs 10,000 and Rs 9,000 cheaper respectively and are now sold for Rs 15,000 and Rs 21,000.
In addition, the government has imposed high taxes on domestically manufactured and imported vehicles. May 2009 23
Pakistan continues to work on fuel prices The Supreme Court in Pakistan (Petroleum Development Levy) delivered a set of questions to the Ordinance, 1961, as amended on June Commission on Petroleum Prices for 29, 2001. consideration and answers on issues The court requested the committee’s related to inflated oil prices. recommendations on fixing the prices of The Court sought opportunities to allow oil, gas, CNG and LPG in a transparent consumers to benefit from the recent manner in line with trends in the oil price changes in the international international market. market. The current prices and taxes If prices of petroleum are reduced, Commercial banks have also practically for petroleum products adopted by the power costs at CNG refuelling stations stopped vehicle financing, which is Oil Companies Advisory Committee are should go down as well. Consequently, holding people back from buying new fixed to the prices between June 29, either the CNG retail price might go vehicles. 2001, and April 1, 2006, in pursuance down or the fuelling owner’s profit of Section 8 of the Petroleum Products margin could go up. Optimist outlook Although the CNG kits sector is facing challenges, it has not yet reached the extent where the industry would completely shut down said retailers. Some retailers even indicated that importers were using delaying tactics in providing kits, aimed at increasing the demand.
The decreased import kits also do not automatically reflect the same level of downturn in kits demand. As, for example, Landirenzo the leading of CNG conversion kits in the country which represent the major share of the market has reduced its components’ import by 30% since the firm has a CNG kits assembling unit in Pakistan to cater the market demand.
Although demand is reported to have slowed down in the biggest NGV country in the world – as in other countries across the globe — huge numbers of substandard CNG kits are still being openly produced at Gujranwala, underlining the considerably real demand in NGVs.
The NGV stakeholders, especially licensed CNG kits suppliers, urged the government to take firm disciplinary action against CNG kit counterfeiters.
Although CNG sales in various Pakistani cities have declined by 13 – 15% according to Malik Khuda Buksh, president of the CNG Station Owners Association, he believes that CNG sales would increase if the oil prices rebound in the global market. Since the end of March and early April 2009, the oil price has increased and recorded its highest point of 2009 at over 50 USD/blue barrel, compared to the level of November 2008 -mid March 2009. 24 May 2009 Bangladesh to procure thousands of CNG kits and cylinders
Petrobangla, the national gas distributor, announced that Bangladesh saves about USD 8000 million a year by replacing oil with CNG in the transport sector. As per government request, Petrobangla has formed an organisation, Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Limited (RPGCL), to promote and manage the use of CNG in vehicles and their refuelling.
CNG consumption in this sector reaches up to 58.14 million cubic metres (cbm) per month.
This is equivalent to 69.77 million litres of imported gasoline and octane worth USD 67.77 million per month or USD 813.29 million a year.
The country has around 290 CNG refuelling stations and 130 conversion workshops serving around 180,000 converted vehicles. Most of the vehicles—around 150,000 units-- were already registered. An additional 14 CNG refuelling stations are under construction. 26 more stations will also be installed as part of the Dhaka Clean Fuel Project (DCFP) funded by the Asian Development Bank. The 26 stations will be constructed on six highways -- Dhaka-Chittagong, Dhaka-Sylhet, Dhaka-Mymensingh, Dhaka-Aricha, Dhaka-Sirajganj-Bogra and Dhaka-Mawa.
In addition to the refuelling expansion programme through the DPFC project, RPGCL will import and deliver 5,000 CNG kits and 6,000 cylinders to private entrepreneurs running 100 CNG buses on commercial basis.
In Bangladesh, CNG for vehicles was actively introduced in 2003 through DCFP although activities had already begun in 2000 when the United Nations Devel¬op¬ment Program (UNDP) created a USD 1.2 million training scheme with RPGCL for alternative-fuel programme. In addition, the USD 5 million Air Quality Management Project financed by the World Bank was implemented to lower vehicle emissions and introduce air-quality monitoring.
In 2002, the Asian Development Bank May 2009 25 allotted USD 113 million funding while The impact is reflected in the income of the UNDP offered additional financing of the station owners. Fuel pressure is also USD 1.5 million in 2004. The funding an important issue to those owners: for was used to expand the natural gas example, due to the low pressure, a pipelines network and to improve CNG CNG cylinder can only accommodate technology and know-how in the 10 m3 instead of 12 m3 gas if the country, including the training of pressure is lower than 200 psi. engineers and mechanics to carry out CNG conversions and refuelling station As a result of the meeting, a committee installations. A conversion costs around will be formed under the ministry with USD 800 per vehicle (depending on the representatives from the association to vehicle size and type), while the average study the tariff and recommend its salary is USD 600. Conversions to NGV adjustment. Additionally, the committee systems are popular, however, because will also study the possibility of issuing of the fuel savings; and the payback an additional regulation to allow stations period could be less than a year. to be installed in different zones with certain limits. In 2003, two-stroke engines were banned completely and the government mandated the use of four-stroke CNG engines. Consequently, the level of Particulate Matter (PM) in Dhaka, the city where the programme was first introduced and where NGVs are mostly used, went down by 30-40%. Annual health cost were also reduced by around USD 25 million due to the cleaner air.
Nowadays CNG is used to power various types of vehicle from three-wheelers to other Light-Duty Vehicles and Heavy-Duty Vehicles such as passenger cars, jeeps, minibuses, city and inter-city buses, trucks, etc. Rapid expansion of the CNG network in the past few years has significantly contributed to the instability of gas pressure in various areas and affected gas-related activities in power generation and vehicle refuelling sectors.
To encourage the use of CNG, the government offers a highly subsidised Tk 7 per cubic metre gas to NGVs users. As the programme started to show a significant success, the gas rate was adjusted last year to Tk 16.75 per cubic metres. The number of consumers using CNG continued to rise after the price increase as CNG only costs 20% of the price of gasoline and 36% of the price of diesel.
However, by the second week of April, CNG Filling Station Owners Association in Bangladesh met the energy adviser of the prime minister proposing a reduced CNG tariff. Along with the proposal, the association also noted that in certain areas such as the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, the number of CNG stations are excessive. 26 May 2009 Business Alert Macau City to enter NGV business
The Macau vehicle equipment payback period could be covered company, Senen Natural Gas Vehicle within a year. Ho went on to remark Equipment Company Ltd, is planning that Senen could build one CNG to introduce vehicle conversion dispensing facility in an existing technology from Italy to convert gasoline station. gasoline vehicles to NGVs in Macau. Among the fuelling station options, mobile station or mother-daughter Sanny Ho Weng-fat, director of systems can be implemented in the Senen, who wished to introduce city. Italian technology and equipment—from M.T.M. - BRC Gas Equipment-- in He noted that government incentives Macau said that he is confident that could encourage vehicle owners to Macau’s air quality would be improved if switch their vehicles into NGVs, helping NGVs are adopted in this city. the industry to ensure the success of NGV adoption and business. He said that using NGVs can help drivers to save up to 70% of their fuel Nevertheless, the official launch of the expenses compared to other kinds of technology in Macau would depend on traditional fuels and LPG. when the government is going to announce the gas distributor and how He believes that vehicle conversion long the distributor will take to develop costs can be recovered in a short the supply network and scheme of the period. For a taxi, the conversion new energy, he continued.
24 al 26 de Septiembre, 2009 September 24-26, 2009 Jockey Plaza Convention Center Lima, Perú / Peru
I Cumbre Latinoamericana de GNV y Combustibles Alternativos I Latin American Summit of NGV and Alternative Fuels
Sponsors Silver Sponsors Bronze www.expognvperu.com [email protected]
Convoca Auspicia Organiza Hosted by: Supported by Organized by: May 2009 27 Business Alert Syria to join Western Asian NGV countries
The Syrian government recently addressed the importance of the country to learn from Iranian knowledge and experience regarding vehicle conversion to the NGV system. Last March, the Syrian Oil and Mineral Resources Minister Sofyan al-Alaw met the Iranian Oil Minister Gholam-Hossein Nouzari in Damascus, the capital of Syria. Al-Alaw stated that the visit would further strengthen the friendship of the two countries and lead to broader cooperation between Iran and Syria, including the launching of joint projects in oil and gas fields. Two years ago, Syria signed an agreement with Iran for the importation of Iranian gas. Al-Alaw underlined the need to implement the import-export as soon as possible so that the gas could be used by Syrian industries and for pursing joint projects. This 185,180 km2 country of 19.7 million inhabitants is located near the already well-known NGV countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Armenia and Georgia, Iran and the UAE. 28 May 2009 Business Alert Vietnam to open a CNG bus assembly plant and install
Government officials in Vietnam which will be processed at the Go Dau expressed their favourable opinion Industrial Zone in Dong Nai Province in about the strong possibility of the 2010 at a yearly capacity of 50-70 country becoming a big user of CNG in million cubic metres (cbm); and the the transport sector in the future. Southwestern frozen warehouse in the The first two targeted cities are Ho Chi Hiep Phuoc Industrial Zone in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) and Hanoi. These two Minh (HCM) City, which will open in major cities were targeted to operate 2012. However, at the moment only one public CNG buses this year. facility produces CNG. Since last year, the gas production facility in southern Apart from the environmental benefit Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province offers an initial that Vietnam could gain by using “clean” capacity of 30 million tonnes/year of gas. CNG stated by the Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade Nguyen Thanh Bien, As reported in the February 2009 and the economic savings that vehicle edition of Asian NGV Communications, users would make, as noted by Bui Van Quyen, head of the the HCM Department of Transport’s Director Duong Hong southern office of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Thanh aims to have 800 CNG buses in the city by 2011. By there is a more important reason why the country could gain 31 January this year, the Thanh Cong Automobile from using natural gas in the transport sector. Vietnam has Corporation had delivered 500 CNG buses to the Sonadezi abundant natural gas reserves. Company in Dong Nai Province on the south of Vietnam, 30 km from HCM. It has several natural gas sources of over 2,000 billion cubic Thanh Cong Corporation will install the Auto Assembling metre: the Dinh Co plant in Phu My Industrial Zone, Ba Ria – Factory No. 2 in Ninh Binh Province by the end of 2009. Vung Tau province; gas from oil and gas fields of Vietnam, When the plant is complete, CNG buses can be assembled locally.
Refuelling facilities will be available around HCM. PetroVietnam aims to invest USD 252 million to build 360 CNG stations at 360 bus stops across HCM city. Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group has promised to supply 50 million cbm of CNG in 2009 and 100 million cbm in 2010.
Being powered by cleaner fuel, vehicles running on dedicated CNG offer significant pollution reductions: 10-25% less Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 60-70% less Carbon Oxide (CO), 87% less NOx, and 87% less Non-methane organic gas (NMOG). As NGVs emit less CO2, these create 20% less greenhouse emissions compared to gasoline vehicles and 15% less compared to diesel automobiles. More importantly, NGVs emit virtually 0% particulate matter (PM), the harmful microscopic component of air pollution that penetrates deep into the lungs.
The country and owners of NGV fleets could benefit from using CNG; buses could save up to 8,308 USD /year on fuel costs. The operating cost of CNG buses is about 50% less than those powered by diesel.
Due to the environmentally-friendly characteristics of CNG and the fact that CNG is cheaper than diesel and gasoline, Quyen stated that CNG consumption in Vietnam would develop strongly in the future. Air pollution in big cities is caused by over 1 million vehicles, including buses. Following expectations to make Vietnam an industrialized economy by 2020, the number of vehicles are expected to increase rapidly. Thus, the market for CNG for buses and taxi cabs are expected to be considerable in big cities, concluded Quyen. May 2009 29 Business Alert
Africa, a new potential market LNG stations and HDVs for Tasmania
Natural Gas processing capacity on Songo Songo gas field in the LNG Refuellers Pty Ltd (LNGR), an Australia- Lindi region of Tanzania will be based consortium comprising seven Tasmanian doubled to meet the growing transport operators, has made a deal with demand for gas for electricity industrial gas company BOC / CRYOSTAR for generation, industrial and the supply of LNG fuel for more than 120 LNG- domestic use and vehicles. powered heavy-duty vehicles. When the production expansion plan has been full implemented, Tasmania is an Australian state -and island - gas processing capacity will reach up to 140 millions of located 240 kilometers (150 miles) south of the standard cubic feet per day (mmscf/day). Additional NG supply eastern side of the continent, being separated is expected to be delivered to Dar es Salaam. from it by the Bass Strait. BOC, with the support of CRYOSTAR, will design and Presently, five out of eleven NG wells in Songo Songo provide construct the entire supply chain infrastructure 70 million mmscf/day although processing for LNG Refuellers including LNG road tankers capacity is insufficient. To double gas production, more wells and six refuelling stations. must be drilled to the north and west of the island according to the Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation. This project includes CRYOSTAR equipment such as the new submerged SUBTRAN pump Currently, the country has four gas fields at Songo Songo, and its dedicated skid, the station PLC control Mnazi Bay, Mkuranga, and Nyuni. As the system, and the brand new LNG dispenser. government has signed gas production agreement with more than 20 Oil & Gas exploration companies, there is more By: Cryostar SAS, France likelihood of additional gas fields being discovered. 30 May 2009 Australian fuel tax adjustments
On 7 April this year, the Assistant Treasurer and Minister for fishing and heavy goods transportation industries through a Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs, Chris Bowen MP, new 'CPRS fuel credit' scheme. LPG, LNG and CNG are revealed exposure draft legislation and explanatory materials substitutes for gasoline and diesel but lie outside the fuel tax for the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) - Fuel Tax system, so to maintain neutrality between these fuels and Adjustment Arrangements. “traditional” fuels, the exposure draft legislation also provides a CPRS fuel credit to LPG, CNG and LNG. Copies of the draft legislation, commentaries, etc can be found at: www.treasury.gov.au.
Australia and South Korea to strengthen cooperation
Among the various issues addressed during South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak’s meeting with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in March this year, two important issues were seen as priorities: the completion of a free trade agreement (FTA) between the two countries and the Building on the White Paper, Carbon Pollution Reduction establishment of a stronger relationship between the two Scheme: Australia's Low Pollution Future, released on 15 countries in the LNG sector. December 2008, the draft legislation outlines the Australian Ambassador Sam Gerovich for South Korea 'cent-for-cent' excise reduction that will offset the impact of expressed Australia’s intention to strengthen their emission pricing on all fuels currently subject to the general relationship by, amongst other things, contributing to rate of AUD 38.143 cents/litre. Korea’s energy and resources security in terms of LNG. Gerovich also noted that Australia is a reliable supplier in The exposure draft legislation also sets out how the the region and that their LNG is very competitively priced. government will provide transitional assistance to agriculture,
12a Conferenza ed Esposizione fieristica dell’Associazione Internazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV 12th Conference and Exhibition of the International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles - IANGV Dal 8 al 10 giugno 2010 June 8-10, 2010
Nuova Fiera di Roma New Rome Fair Padiglioni 9, 10 e area esterna Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor area Roma, Italia Rome, Italy La soluzione attuale per un trasporto migliore Today's solution for sustainable transportation
Un evento di Ospitato da Organizzato da An event of Hosted by Organized by
www.ngv2010roma.com [email protected] May 2009 31 Jakarta to open more CNG stations
Following news in the April 2009 edition of Asian NGV Communications regarding three newly constructed CNG stations which have yet to be opened, there is a strong possibility that the three stations owned by PT Aksara Andalan Prima (Aksara) will soon be in service. The opening of the stations had to be put back due to PT Perusahaan Gas Negara’s (PT PGN) delays in integrating their pipeline with Aksara’s compressors, although Pertamina, the gas supplier had already requested to supply gas to the stations several months ago. The reason for the delay was actually caused by an outstanding debt between parties other than Aksara.
The dispute between PT Petross (the station owner) and the Based on the agreement for CNG station procurement, Jakarta city administration has caused a delay in the gas Petross must build gas refuelling stations to serve supply from PT PGN. Transjakarta CNG buses, while the administration must However, the Jakarta city administration recently agreed to ensure the procurement of the gas from PGN. settle its debt to PT Petross Gas. The city administration will pay Rp 9.5 billion to Petross, the gas supplier for Transjakarta Petross's director Andika Anindyaguna Hermanto said that CNG buses, for the services provided by the company from according to the agreement, the city administration should May 26, 2006 to March 2008. The city administration has make the transactions with PGN to provide the gas. In reality, allocated Rp 50 billion of reserve funds for unexpected it was Petross who was currently dealing with PGN. projects. Muhayat stated that the administration would review the City secretary Muhayat expects that it would allow Petross to agreement between the two parties. pay its debt owed to PT PGN. With the settlement of this In 2006, the city administration and PT PGN set a target to debt, it is expected that the three Aksara’s CNG stations will build 77 CNG refuelling stations in Jakarta although no dead- be in service soon. line was identified. 32 May 2009 Heavy-Duty NGVs made in Asia Natural Gas HDVs availability in China Brand NGV models Remarks China Anhui Hualing Automobile(Group) Co., Ltd Hualing Star HN4180PT23C4M CNG Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor Beijing Bus General Plant Jinghua BK6141CNG Hinge Jointed City Bus Dedicated CNG buses Changjiang CJ6110G3Y7H Bus Changjiang CJ6110SG2Y7H Double Decker Bus Changzhou Iveco Bus Co., Ltd Changjiang CJ6110SG2YH Double Decker Bus Changjiang CJ6120G2Y7H Bus Chongqing CNG Technologies Co., Ltd CNG bus Chongqing Jiangchuan Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd Chuanjiang CJQ6790KCS Bus Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6830RACN Bus Chassis(Class 3)* Dongfeng EQ6111RCDN Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG buses Dongfeng EQ6122KS Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dongfeng EQ1165F Truck Dedicated CNG trucks Dongfeng EQ1165K2 Truck Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ1140GL1 Truck Dongfeng EQ1140GL Truck Dongfeng EQ1250GL2 Truck Dongfeng EQ1250GL3 Truck Dongfeng EQ6590PC1 Bus Dual fuel buses Dongfeng Nanchong Automobile Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6590PC Bus Jiefang CA1127L5A CNG Truck Dedicated CNG trucks Jiefang CA1150P1L1A80 CNG Truck First Auto Works (FAW) Jiefang CA6101D92-9 Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG buses JiefangCA6110D118-1T Bus Chassis(Class 3) JinlngJLY6101SA CNG Double Decker Bus Nanjing Jinling Double- decker Bus Plant JinlngJLY6101SB CNG Double Decker Bus Mudan CNG 3-Ton Light Truck Dedicated CNG truck Shanqi SX4254BK294T Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor Shaanxi Automobile (Group) Co., Ltd Shanqi SX6112F Luxury City Bus Dedicated CNG bus Shanqi SX6112C City Bus Dual fuel bus Shanghai Huizhong Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd SHAC SH4251A4B31K Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor Yaxing-Benz Motor Coach Co.,Ltd Yaxing YBL6110GNH Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus Yantia Shuchi Vehicle Co NG buses 120 models NGVs exported to Europe, Japan, Bangladesh and Pakistan Yuchai Diesel Engine Co.,Ltd For export purposes Yuejin Automobile(Group)Co., Ltd Yuejin NJ67001M5EG Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus Zhongda Industrial Group Co. JLY6101SA CNG bus and double deck buses Japan Dutro Delivery & garbage trucks Hino Ranger Truck Middle-size low-floor bus Bus Elf AFG-NKR82AN 2 tonnes delivery & garbage trucks Forward PB-FRR35J3S 4 tonnes delivery & garbage trucks Forward PB-FRR35K3S 4 tonnes delivery & garbage trucks Isuzu Wagon R (CBA-MH21S) Truck Big-size low-floor bus Bus Middle-size low-floor bus Bus Mazda Titan AFG-LKR82AN Truck Fighter NX Delivery & garbage trucks Mitsubishi-Fuso Big-size low-floor bus Bus Canter KK-FE73CEV Truck Atlas KR-AKR81EP 2 tonnes truck Condor AFG-BKR82EP 2 tonnes truck Condor PB-MK36A 4 tonnes truck Condor PB-PK37A 7 tonnes truck Nissan-Diesel Big Thumb KL-CD48L 10 tonnes truck Big-size low-floor bus Bus Middle-size low-floor bus Bus Civilian KK-BHW41 Small-size low-floor bus Toyota Dyna Toyoace Delivery truck Toyota Dyna Toyoace 7 tonnes truck Truck Kanto Machine Centre Working vehicle Komatsu Forklift Forklift Mitsubishi Motors Forklift Nissan-Diesel Fighter Working vehicle Subaru Working vehicle Sumitomo Yale Forklift CNG 11-FG25PV1 Forklift TCM TCM Forklift Toyota Forklift May 2009 33
Natural Gas HDVs availability in China Brand NGV models Remarks Korea BS090 9 m city bus: 24+1 seats BS106 10.6 m city bus: 26+29+1 seats BH115 11.5 m Inter city bus: 45+1 Daewoo BC211M 11 m Low floor bus: 29+28+1 BV120MA (12 m) 12 m Low floor bus : 25-45 seats BS120CN (12 m) 12 m Ultra low floor bus: 25-44 seats LNG bus In development (for demonstration project) Garbagetruck (Roll Pack) 19.3 Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Co., Ltd Garbage truck (Arm Roll) 11 Ton (Payload) 11 litre-LNG tractor In development (for demonstration project) Aero City City bus: 21+1 seats Aero Inter City City bus: 38+1 seats Hyundai Aero Inter City City bus: 45+1 seats Aero City Bus de GNV Low-floor bus: 27+1 seats Shinjeon Sweeper To be launched India Long distance LPO 1510 CNG Chassis of Intra-city bus (mini bus) Tata Motors Starbus Ultra Low Floor-LPO 1623 CNG Fully built bus, itra city bus CNG bus In plan Mahindra & Mahindra Commercial vehicles & three-wheelers In plan Piaggio CNG Ape Truck Iran S60G CNG Midibus S36CNG City Minibus Minibus Garbage collector CNG Renault Medium Truck Saipa Diesel CNG Tipper Renault Medium Truck Garbage Collector CNG Budsun Truck CNG Rigid Budsun Truck CNG city Bus MAN Bus Thailand In plan: pick-up truck to run on 80% CNG and 20% Chevrolet Colorado dual fuel diesel. Can be switched to 100% diesel. FM-CNG version Tractor truck, will be launched in April 2009 Hino FG-CNG version Isuzu Low-duty to Heavy-duty trucks In plan Summitr Motors Assembly of CNG buses and trucks Yantia Shuchi Vehicle Co In plan: opening an NG bus plant and investment in NGV bus(es) fuelling facility Indonesia Komodo Komodo Bus Daewoo CNG city bus Bus Malaysia Kosmo Motor Company Sdn Bhd Kosmo Bus
Natural gas engines for HDVs Brand NGV models Remarks Korea GE08TI 8,1 litre Dedicated CNG Engine (240ps, 260ps), Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd GE12TI 12 litre Dedicated CNG Engine (290ps, 310ps, 340ps)
To send and/or request more information, please contact [email protected] 34 May 2009 BusinessCentre Port of Long Beach example: LNG as alternative fuel POLA & POLB have adopted the “San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan” to improve air quality in the South Coast Air Natural gas is a fossil based source of energy which Basin more quickly and aggressively than has ever been represents more than one fifth of total energy consumption in attempted by any seaport, anywhere in the world. Since beginning the world. It is more and more attractive since it has many October 1st, 2008, 1988 and older trucks are banned. The ecological and economical advantages. LNG, as a fuel, is program will progressively ban all trucks that don't meet 2007 already a proven technology which gives significant results in emission standards within 4 years and encourages truck fleets terms of efficiency and emissions. As LNG represents an of alternatively-fuelled vehicles, for example LNG. important part of the natural gas vehicles market, especially for high duty vehicles, the main goal for our industry is to Hence the installation of the largest LNG Vehicle Refuelling communicate and educate on the advantages and specific Station in the world in the Port of Long Beach: equipped with aspects of the cryogenic state of the gas. Indeed, there is still 8 Cryostar new submerged centrifugal pumps SUBTRAN, 2 confusion about CNG, LNG and LCNG. Offload pumps GBS, 1 reciprocating pump MRP and the Cryostar LNG station control panel and software. 1. CNG refuelling stations (Gaseous source → refuelling vehicles with gas) 3. LCNG refuelling stations The CNG fuelling station is directly supplied by a natural gas (Liquid source → refuelling vehicles in gas) pipeline (or biogas) and fills vehicles at pressures up to 200 The LCNG station is a mix between CNG and LNG refuelling bars. This solution is not proposed by Cryostar since no technologies. Indeed, the LNG fuelling system which is cryogenic equipment is needed. directly supplied by a liquid natural gas (LNG) storage tank allows refuelling of vehicles with CNG at pressures up to 200 ADVANTAGES bars and more. ® Direct gas supply from the pipeline ® No storage capacity required ADVANTAGES ®Higher density DISADVANTAGES ®Completely independent from the grid, allowing using ® High operational costs of the compressor solution different gas suppliers ® Need to be connected to an existing grid. ®Increases natural gas stations cost efficiencies ®Investment and maintenance costs of an LCNG station are 2. LNG refuelling stations in some cases (especially for high flow stations) by far lower than (Liquid source → refuelling vehicles in liquid) investing in a CNG station equipped with large compressors The LNG refuelling system, using a liquid natural gas (or liquid ®Operational costs, in terms of power consumption, of an biogas) storage tank, allows refuelling of liquefied gas at LCNG fuelling station are approximately four times lower than pressures up to 15 bars. those of a compressor equipped CNG refuelling station. ADVANTAGES ® Reduction of the vehicles tank size ® Increase of the vehicles autonomy ® LNG as a fuel is an excellent solution for high duty vehicles ® Longer autonomy, reduced emissions, better efficiency and power ® Management of the gas losses ® No CH4 is vented to the atmosphere during normal refuelling operation.
Cryostar, founded in 1966 is a pioneer in the design and manufacture of cryogenic equipment. First producing pumps for industrial gas applications, then turbines used in air separation units. Progressively, Cryostar entered other business markets providing compressors and heat exchangers for use on LNG ships, turbines for hydrocarbon applications, L/CNG filling and fuelling stations, and turbo expander-generators for clean energy projects. From an equipment manufacturer, Cryostar has also developed their expertise for processes in the field of industrial gases, LNG and clean energy. www.cryostar.com May 2009 35 BusinessCentre Omnitek Engineering signs exclusive distribution agreements for Bulgaria and Turkey
Omnitek Engineering Corporation (OTCQX: OMTK) today is more cost-effective than announced the appointment of Metan Market, Ltd. as the replacing high-polluting company’s exclusive agent in Bulgaria and an initial order diesel powered engines valued at approximately USD 600,000 for its diesel-to-natural with new natural gas gas conversion systems. vehicles,” Funk said. The company also said it has signed a similar exclusive agent “Still in its infant agreement with Ruston Endüstrieyel, based in Ankara, Turkey. stage, there are The conversion order in Bulgaria is for public buses operated currently by Sofia Public Transport Company. The conversion project, approximately 500 which commenced recently, is expected to be completed CNG buses and over a two-year period. more than 1.2 million LPG vehicles in operation in “Bulgaria and Turkey represent regions with tremendous Turkey,” he said. growth potential, supported by an expanding infrastructure of Omnitek’s new CNG engine for compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling stations, and a Apart from that, also in Heavy-Duty Vehicles corresponding government and private-sector commitment to March 2009, Omnitek utilizing gaseous fuels. There are approximately 25,000 CNG Engineering Corporation announced the appointment of G&W vehicles operating in Bulgaria today, a figure that has doubled Group, S.A. as the company’s exclusive agent in Peru and an since 2006, and approximately 74 CNG refueling stations in initial order valued at approximately USD 4.5 million for its operation to support the growing demand,” said Werner diesel-to-natural gas conversion systems. Funk, president and chief executive officer of Omnitek Engineering Corporation. About Omnitek Engineering Corporation He noted Metan Market, Ltd. is aggressively engaged in Omnitek Engineering, Corp. develops and sells new natural multiple sectors of the CNG supply chain, including gas engines, as well as proprietary diesel-to-natural gas compression of natural gas; delivery of CNG for mobile conversion systems -- providing global customers with compressor stations, serving private and commercial innovative alternative energy and emissions control solutions customers; production of trailers for the transport of CNG; that are sustainable, affordable and designed to combat CNG bus and truck sales, in addition to managing the global warming. conversion of diesel buses and trucks to operate on CNG.
Contact: Omnitek Engineering, Corp. Funk also noted that Ruston Endüstrieyel has been a pioneer 1945 S. Rancho Santa Fe Rd, San Marcos, in the conversion of vehicles to operate on liquefied CA 92069, Tel. +1 760 591 0089 petroleum gas (LPG) and CNG since 1964. “Our partnership [email protected]; www.omnitekcorp.com with Ruston Endüstrieyel will enable this highly respected "Supplying alternative energy and emissions control solutions organization to offer diesel-to-natural gas conversions, which that are sustainable and affordable."
Compac’s 100th dispenser for Iran and the 1st for Thailand Compac Industries Ltd, A New Zealand-based dispenser manufacturer has sold 100 laser dispensers to Iran, one of Asia’s and the world’s strongest and biggest NGV countries. Compac local distributor in Iran, Zogico, made the recent sale to a new customer Tam Iran Khodro, the Middle East’s largest auto parts supplier. Tam has also placed an additional order of 33 dispensers via Zogico. In Thailand, the first Compac dispenser for this country was installed at the Hino truck factory in Bangkok. Hino’s CNG station is the first privately owned CNG station in this country. Other stations, over 300 units, are public stations owned by PTT Plc. Compac has also added 160m³/hour of compressor capacity to its CNG dispenser testing facility, which is now able to test up to 12 dual nozzle dispensers within an 8 hour period. For more information, visit http://www.compacngv.com/home_ngv/ 36 May 2009 Asian NGV statistics
NGV statistics Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations Monthly gas Country MD/HD MD/HD Under VRA consumption Last update Total Cars/LDVs buses trucks Others Total Public Private construction (M Nm3)
Pakistan 2.000.000 1.949.960 40 50.000 2.718 2.718 April 2009 Iran 1.215.593 1.209.381 6.200 12 764 703 61 1.003 February 2009 India* 700.000 315.200 12.000 715 372.085 500 181 319 52,00 March 2009 China* 400.000 231.685 112.755 1.100 54.460 1.336 920 416 230 9 February 2009 Bangladesh* 180.000 117.229 3.233 8.355 51.183 296 6 290 13 21,36 November 2008 Thailand 140.038 114.758 9.066 14.541 1.673 305 280 25 72 February 2009 Russia* 103.000 18.000 8.000 35.000 42.000 226 201 25 12 26,79 December 2008 Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 214 9 205 23,80 March 2008 Egypt 101.078 97.523 1.201 1.794 560 118 114 4 16 33,50 December 2008 Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 December 2007 Malaysia 40.248 40.067 170 11 101 99 2 10 January 2009 Japan 35.720 13.778 1.417 19.312 1.213 327 294 33 678 September 2008 Myanmar* 22.821 2.902 18.290 4 1.625 37 37 October 2008 Korea 19.745 238 19.078 429 130 130 2 13 43,94 April 2009 Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007 Kyrgyzstan* 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007 Singapore 3.609 3.570 30 9 3 3 April 2009 Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 35 0,40 July 2008 Georgia 3.000 3.000 4 4 December 2007 Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2008 Australia 2.453 130 1.263 1.060 146 127 19 130 March 2007 Vietnam 500 500 1 1 January 2009 United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 1 March 2007 New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007 Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006 Taiwan 4 4 1 1 April 2005 TOTAL ASIA 5.138.991 4.249.807 203.996 102.178 583.010 7.366 5.945 1.421 1.323 901 210,77 WORLD 9.936.444 8.791.609 269.184 148.154 715.357 15.198 13.365 1.816 1.368 9.220 865,63 April 2009 Share Asia/World 52% 48% 76% 69% 81% 48% 44% 78% 97% 10% 24%
Fuel Prices Cities with stations Premium Regular Diesel CNG CNG price CNG price Country Gasoline (Euro/ equivalent per equivalent per Gasoline (Euro/litre) (Euro/litre) (Euro/litre) Nm3) litre gasoline litre diesel 2.386 Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18 667 China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35 Egypt 0,24 0,12 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,06 India 0,83 0,76 0,53 0,27 0,24 0,28 Indonesia 0,55 0,44 0,61 0,23 0,21 0,24 Asia Worldwide Iran 0,110 0,075 0,012 0,015 0,014 0,015 Japan 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58 Korea 1,07 1,06 0,43 0,39 0,44 World review Kyrgyzstan 0,60 0,70 0,26 0,23 0,27 Cars MD/HD MD/HD fuelling Region Total NGVs Others Malaysia 0,51 0,49 0,49 0,19 0,17 0,19 /LDVs Buses Trucks stations Pakistan 1,75 0,62 0,45 0,40 0,46 Asia 4.928.583 4.156.272 185.673 47.552 539.086 6.913 Philippines 0,89 0,87 0,22 0,20 0,23 Singapore 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53 Eurasia 210.408 93.535 18.323 54.626 43.924 453 Tajikistan 0,55 0,45 0,21 0,19 0,22 Africa 226 220 6 7 Thailand 0,49 0,47 0,44 0,17 0,15 0,17 Europe 885.810 757.131 40.362 33.816 2.617 Uzbekistan 0,49 0,34 0,34 0,11 0,10 0,11 South&CA. 3.799.277 3.697.951 13.820 9.660 77.846 4.291 Armenia 0,79 0,73 0,71 0,27 0,24 0,28 Russia 0,80 0,69 0,70 0,22 0,20 0,23 North America 112.140 96.000 11.240 2.500 2.400 917 Turkey 1,70 1,60 1,26 0,78 0,68 0,76 WORLD 9.936.444 8.791.609 269.184 148.154 715.357 15.198