Volume IV Number 35 January 2010 OEM NGVs and CNG vehicle variants in Asia
NGV in the world NGV2010 Roma IGU report on The International NGV methane for transport Association event will take place this year
12a Conferenza ed Esposizione Mondiale dell’Associazione Internazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV 12th World IANGV Conference and Exhibition Dal 8 al 10 giugno 2010 June 8-10, 2010
Nuova Fiera di Roma New Rome Fair Padiglioni 9, 10 e area esterna Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor area Roma, Italia Rome, Italy Creating a Revolution in Transport Verso la Rivoluzione nel Trasporto
www.ngv2010roma.com [email protected]
Sponsor Principale Un evento di Ospitato da Organizzato da Main Sponsor An event of Hosted by Organized by
2 January 2010 Summary
Around 2 more million NGVs are 04 expected in 2010
Asian NGV Communications is a publication Oil price fluctuated between USD 75 of NGV Communications Group, publishing and almost USD80 per barrel by house and fairs-conferences organizer: October-early December 2009. Energy www.ngvgroup.com analysts predicted that price of oil ... In Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report, GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, the International NGV Guide. IGU SG 5.3 on summary of technology In Argentina, the Group publishes Prensa 22 development and an overview of NGV Vehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps, books and brochures while in Brazil, Folha The previous IGU S.G. 5.3 report for do GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps and the 2003 – 2006 triennium provided a posters, among others. In Peru Prensa Vehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.com comprehensive overview and analysis The signed articles are exclusive responsibility of of existing fuels and technologies ... the authors, as well as advertising companies and agencies are responsible for the published ads.
is member of the Chinese CNG engines for Bolivia ANGVA (Asia Pacific 28 NGV Association) The presence of China NGV industry is KOREA affirmed in more countries across Asia and South America. More and more countries in these regions are ... 300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-Myun Chuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911 Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419 OEM NGVs and CNG BusinessCentre +31 20 420 1076 16 vehicle variants 34 [email protected] ■ www.asiangv.com
Examples and tips of safety in Omnitek Engineering signed MoU 30 NGVs and CNG stations 34 with bio-energy company
China gas supply faces a big NGV2010, the IANGV Conference PERU 32 challenge 35 and Exhibition 8-10 June 2010 Av. Brasil 3222 oficina 403 - A Magdalena del Mar - CP: Lima 17 – Perú Thailand will see a growing End year statistics for your [email protected] 33 demand for natural gas in 2010 36 marketing plan and review ITALY Copies Distribution Vicolo Gonzaga 13 ■ 46045 Marmirolo (Mn) Tel.: +39 0376 294055 We print and mail to 24 Indonesia: 1.6% In addition, the magazine is [email protected] ■ www.thegvr.com countries about 4.000 copies Iran: 7.0% sent to over 19.300 readers addressed to governmental relat- ARGENTINA Israel: 0.1% in 94 countries ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gas Japan: 10.2% by e-mail (.pdf) and is also online companies, Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital Federal Korea: 5.1% in www.ngvgroup.com Tel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 associations, related NGV indus- Malaysia: 6.6% If your NGV business is in Asia, [email protected] tries, refuelling stations, Myanmar: 0.5% advertise with us. www.prensavehicular.com workshops and suppliers, New Zealand: 1.0% according the following list (some Pakistan: 11.4% Asian NGV Communications BRASIL figures rounded): Philippines: 3.6% 300-14, Changchon-Ri, Armenia: 0.3% Russia:4.3% Namsan-Myun, Av. Rio Branco, 131 Sala 1.701 Australia: 4.1% CEP: 20040-006 Rio de Janeiro - RJ Singapore: 3.1% Chuncheon-Si, Tel: +55 21 8572-1086 / 9999-0549 Azerbaijan: 0.2% Taiwan: 0.2% Kangwon-Do, [email protected] ■ www.folhadognv.com Bangladesh: 5.0% Thailand: 5.8% 200-911 KOREA China: 10.9% Turkey: 5.5% Tel : +31 20 420 1076 Printed: Rigraph S.R.L. Egypt: 1.9% United Arab Emirates: 2.1% Tel : +82 33 260 3419 • Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España India: 9.5% Vietnam: 0.1% e-mail: [email protected] • Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires
4 January 2010
Around 2 more million NGVs are expected in 2010
Oil price fluctuated between USD 75 and expected to form the basis of new small cars CNG refuelling stations the selling price from almost USD80 per barrel by October-early for Chrysler in the coming years. We are yet gas supplier would increase from Rs427.15 December 2009. Energy analysts predicted to see whether a Fiat-controlled Chrysler will to Rs504 per MMBTU. that price of oil will reach, at least, an offer commercial CNG versions of the However, government NGV projects continue average of 80 USD/bbl in 2010. This mini-vans in the US and/or around the world. as a model mega CNG station capable of prediction, coupling with the increase in Conversely, another European car refuelling 200-250 CNG buses in Karachi will economic confidence and (a small yet manufacturer, Volkswagen, have not yet soon be constructed. The station would cost positive) rise in trade movement, has considered introducing CNG/LPG versions of around Rs150.6 M. The Hydrocarbon generated more confidence in NGV business. its vehicles in India. However, India has lots Development Institute of Pakistan that would Although related experts have different of CNG variants models in almost all vehicle lead the project expects to open the station projections, around 5.5% by 2015-20% by segments, from LDVs (three-wheelers) to by end 2010. Around 15-20 such mega 2020 annual growth, the prognosis of NGV HDVs (trucks and buses). stations are expected to be built in Karachi adoption is highly promising. City to facilitate 4,000 CNG buses. Good news follow as Mahindra & Mahindra As temperature dropped a lot across China As per IGU SG 5.3 study, with oil price is planning to launch its passenger carrying and heavy snow attacked northern part of expected to reach 120 USD/bbl ten years vehicle in CNG variants including export the country, gas supply is mostly diverted for from now and 150 USD/bbl twenty years market potential. The new CNG model to be household use (as heating gas). Central, from now, around 50 M to 100 M methane launched soon, Gio, falls under a unique eastern and southern provinces are facing vehicles (NGVs) are expected by 2020 and utility segment between Tata Ace (mini truck natural gas shortage. The sudden drop in 2030 respectively. It would mean that NGV as a Light Commercial Vehicle) and the temperatures has slowed the flow of gas in share in the vehicle market will increase from three-wheeler range. Gio CNG price tag is pipelines, causing longer time for vehicle 1% in 2008 to 4.5% in 2020 and 7% by very economic, at Rs165,000, it costs only refuelling. 2030. Methane (NG) usage in the transport Rs25,000-30,000 more than a three wheeler. sector could reach up to 106 bcm in 2020 Also, Hindustan Motors’ Shifeng Winner 1.8 However, the condition might get better and 207 bcm in 2030. Major growth in NGV CNG Bharat Stage 4 (latest Indian emission when the cold winter passes. Also, a second population is anticipated in Asia-Pacific (44% of norm) 3-tonnes Mini Truck was introduced NG pipeline from west to the east part of global NGV market), followed by South America last September. China was scheduled to be opened by (26%), with the Middle East (including Western December 2009. Gas supply from overseas Asia) in the third place with 17% growth. In Thailand, Toyota introduced its Camry also continued to be explored as China will Hybrid (gasoline/electric) in July 2009. In the get (more) LNG from Australia in the near By end 2009, there are almost 11M NGVs in meantime, the carmaker has built two Camry future. Although gas experts call for gas the world. The IGU report showed that by Hybrid CNG/electric cars in the US. The car pricing reforms, the government did not end of 2010, there would be 11.64 – 13.7 M has 4 CNG composite cylinders, a driving introduce price reforms during end 2009, NGVs (the projection was made based on range up to 400km, an engine capacity of also taking into consideration the country end-2005 figure with 4.64 M NGVs). It will 170 hp, with an estimated fuel economy of economic stability. not be surprising if we see another 2 M City/Highway/Combined of 52/39/53 km per methane vehicles are added during this year gallon. As this car is not yet built for mass Despite of the “temporary” gas supply issue, alone (assuming global economic crisis will selling, the Hybrid CNG is not yet available in it is expected that NGV industry will remain not go further and oil prices is, at least, stable). Thailand. strong in China. Government is anticipated Chevrolet Thailand and GM showcased its to continue actively supporting the industry, Asia Chevrolet Optra CNG -in estate and sedan especially as China was chosen as the host In figures, according to the “Policy models- during a motor expo in the country country of the ANGVA2011 Conference and Government Scenario” reported by the IGU, in December last year. Exhibition. It is also worth noted that during Asian total NGV population including the this global economic crisis in 2009, China is Middle East and Russia would be 16.82- Several promotional packages were offered the only (major) NGV country that did not 21.99 million by 2015 versus the world’s to boost sales. Buyers can choose their own show a slow down in NGV adoption. total 34.29 to 39.46 million. According to the incentive package according to their needs. On the other hand, Australia is bound to “Business as Usual Scenario”, by 2015, The offers include 0% interest for payments become the world’s second largest LNG there will be 17.23 M NGVs in Asia versus over 36 months with a 25% down payment supplier and to experience an LNG boom. 29.19 M in the world. In the fuelling sector, and 0.99% interest for 36 monthly instal- By 2017, its LNG export is expected to 28,368 stations should be in operation by ments with a 15% down payment. In both double, according to energy consultancy the same year, versus 37,601 stations in packages, buyers will receive free one-year Wood Mackenzie. Asian market is projected total around the world. Below are a few first-class car insurance coverage when to use much more LNG by 2013 and recent stories from all over Asia. purchasing any of Chevrolet’s 4 models 2018.In this case, Australia will also supply including Chevrolet Optra. Special for buyers of gas to China, Japan, India, Korea and other CNG variants Chevrolet Optra CNG, free CNG fuel of up to countries in Asia and North America. Fiat India plans to introduce CNG variant of 10,000 THB during the first year will be given. Eighteen LNG projects (production plant) are Grande Punto in the Indian market. The going to be implemented in west, north and model will be available in the country by Fuel prices and gas supply east Australia, of which 3 units are under second quarter of this year. In Europe, Fiat The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority in construction or already exist. Apart from that, already offers CNG versions of the Grande Pakistan has decided that an 18% increase in Tasmania Island (south of Australia), an Punto, Punto, Multipla, Doblò and the popular in NG tariff for all categories of consumers LNG micro-plant and refuelling station are Panda. The Punto and Panda are both will be in force from January 1, 2010. For also being constructed. January 2010 5 6 January 2010
2010 NGV数量将增200万
从2009 10月到12月初，石油价格就在 款 向市场，包括Grande Punto, CNG款车的销费者，可在购买后第一 每桶75美元到80美元间波动。据能源分 Punto, Multipla, Doblò 和popular 享受10,000 泰铢的加气优惠。 析专家预测，石油价格将持续增长，到 Panda。同时，在未来一 里，克莱斯 2010 至少涨至80美元/每桶。人们对 勒汽车公司将仿照Punto 和Panda 燃料价格与天然气供给 经济复苏信心的重拾和贸易往来的增长 两款车 生产新 小 汽车。究竟克莱 巴基斯坦石油和天然气管理局决定从20 （仅仅是稍有起色），使得大家对NGV 斯勒公司的菲亚特版小 商用CNG卡车 10 1月开始，对所有使用天然气的用 产业的信心也得已恢复。尽管相关领域 能否在美国和全球上市，我们还将拭目 户增收18%的附加税。供气商提供给CNG 的专家对此另有它见，但从2015 的5. 以待。 加气站的天然气价格将从Rs427.15上涨 5%的 增长率到2020 20% 增长率可 到Rs504每MMBTU。 以看出，NGV产业发展的未来将一片光明。 与此相反，尽管在印度从轻 汽车（三 尽管如此，政府的NGV项目将继续开展 轮机动车）到重 汽车（如卡车和公共 ，计划在卡拉奇建设一个耗资1亿5060 如国际燃气联盟SG5.3的研究报告所述 汽车），已有很多车 都 出了CNG款 万RS并拥有百万容积的加气站，它可以 ，石油价格在10 后将增至每桶120美 ，然而一些 洲汽车生产商，如 为200-250辆CNG汽车提供补给。 元，在20 后达到每桶150美元，并且 Volkswagen仍然没有考虑将CNG/LPG车 在巴基斯坦碳氢化合物发展协会领导下 天然气汽车的数量将在2020 和2030 引入印度市场。 ，加气站建造项目有望在2010 底前完 分别增至5000万辆和1亿辆。这就意味 成。预期还将有15-20 着NGV汽车的市场占有率将从2008 的1 Mahindra & Mahindra 汽车公司计划 个这样的百万容量的加气站在卡拉奇建 %，增长到2020 的4.5%,并在2030 达 出其CNG款载客汽车并开发其海外市场。 成，为4000辆CNG公共汽车提供燃料。 到7%。同时，天然气在交通运输中的使 新款CNG汽车Gio将很快面市，其效能居 用量在2020 将增长到1060亿立方米， 于Tata Ace （迷你卡车， 由于中国气温骤降和北方部分地区遭受 2030 则为2070亿立方米。就NGV汽车 一 轻 商用车）和三轮机动车之间。 雪灾，天然气的供给多用于家庭使用（ 保有量增长而言，亚太地区增长量占全 Gio CNG款经济实惠， 供暖）。因此，中国中部、东部和南部 球NGV增长的44%，南美地区第二（26% 约Rs165,000，只比三轮机动车贵 的部分省市面临着天然气短缺。气温的 ），中东地区（包括西亚）排名第三， Rs25,000-30,000。 骤降还使天然气的管道传输速度降低， 为17%。 延长汽车加气的时间。 同时，印度汽车生产商Shifeng 当然，随着春天的到来，情况会有所好 截至2009 底，世界天然气汽车保有量 Winner还在去 9月 出了1.8 转。到2009 12月，另外一条贯穿中国 几乎达到1100万辆。国际燃气联盟的报 CNG巴拉特阶段4（印度最新排放标准） 东西的天然气管道将投入使用。中国还 告显示到2010 底，世界天然气汽车保 的3吨迷你卡车。 将寻求更多来自海外的天然气供给，中 有量将增至1164万- 国将从澳大利亚进口更多液化天然气。 1370万辆（基于2005 底464万辆的数 2009 7月丰田汽车公司在泰国 出其 尽管天然气专家呼吁天然气价格改革， 据而预测）。一 中增加两百万辆的天 旗下佳美混合动力汽车（汽油和电力） 但出于国家经济稳定的考虑，政府并没 然气汽车不足为奇（假设全球经济危机 。与此同时，该公司在美国 出佳美CN 有在2009 底调整天然气价格。 的形势不会恶化，且石油价格至少是稳 G/电力混合动力车。此款车 有4个CNG 定的）。 复合气瓶，续驶里程可达400km, 尽管天然气供给出现临时短缺，但是中 发动机功率可达170 hp， 国NGV工业发展势头仍然强劲。因为中 亚洲 其在城市/高速路/混合工况三 情形下 国被选为亚太天然气汽车协会2011 再来看亚洲的一组数据，根据国际燃气 的燃料经济性，分别为52/39/53公里/加仑。 会暨展览会的主办国，政府还将继续大 联盟的报告，在政府实施政策的情景下 因为此款车 并不计划大量销售，所以 力支持NGV工业发展。值得关注的是在2 ，到2015 亚洲（包括中东和俄罗斯） 并没有在泰国上市。 009 全球经济危机的情况下，中国是 天然气汽车的总保有量有望达到1682万 世界唯一一个NGV发展没有放慢的国家。 -2199万辆， 而届时世界天然气汽车 雪佛兰汽车泰国公司和通用汽车公司在 另外，澳大利亚将成为世界第二大液化 保有量为 3429万-3946万辆； 去 12月的汽车展会上展出了雪佛兰 天然气供给国，并将经历LNG的大发展 而在没有实施任何政策的情景下，到20 Optra CNG车 - 。据Wood Mackenzie 能源咨询， 15 亚洲和世界天然气汽车保有量将分 包括旅行车和轿车两款车 。 到2017 ，其LNG的出口将增加一倍。 别为1723万和2919万辆。到2015 ，亚 洲和全球加气站的数量将分别达到28,3 该公司还 出多 促销套餐提高其销售 到2013 至2018 间，亚洲市场将消耗 68和37,601座。 量。消费者可根所自己的需要选择适合 更多的液化天然气。因此，澳大利亚将 以下是来自亚洲的最新报道。 自己的套餐。包括：降价25%，36个月0 向中国、日本、印度、韩国等亚洲国家 %支付利息，和降价15%，36个月分期付 和北美地区供给天然气。18个LNG工程 新款CNG汽车 款利息0.99%。在这两款套餐中，只要 （LNG生产）将在澳大利亚西部和北部 菲亚特汽车印度公司计划将Grande 销费者购买雪佛兰汽车公司四款中的任 地区开展，其中三个项目正在建设或已 Punto汽车CNG款引入印度市场，并于今 意一款，包括Chevrolet Optra 经竣工。除此以外，在塔斯马尼亚岛（ 第二季度在该国市场面市。在 洲， 在内，均可享受到一 的一等车险。 澳大利亚南部），一个微 液化天然气 菲亚特汽车公司已经将几 车 的CNG 特别对于购买Chevrolet Optra 生产厂和加气站也正在建造之中。
8 January 2010
2010 2 NGV .
2009 10 -12 피아트 미 그랜드 푼토, 푼토, 그 도 구하고 200-250 대의 버스 USD 75 USD80 멀티플라,도블라 와 대중차량인 팬 의 충전 하 대형 CNG 충전소의 . 석 들은 CNG 용 모델을 판매하고 있 . 푼토와 모델 될 충전소 라치시 2010 평균 최소 80 USD/bbl 팬더 앞으로 크라 슬러 신 소형 부의 NGV 로 트 달할 것으로 예 하고 있 . 같은 차량의 형 갖추고 있을 것으로 계 중 . 충전소 으로 추측은 히려 NGV 업 확신을 심어 기대된 . 피아트 크라 슬러 따 자면 약 150.6 백만 피 도 될 주고 있 . 비록 관련 전문 들 연간 CNG용 미니 밴을 미국 나 전 세계 것 . 로 트 고 있 성장률을 2015 약 5.5%- 판매하게 될 아직 미 수 . 스탄 탄화수소 개발 연구소 2020 20%로 견 있 만 2010 말 충전소 할 것으로 NGV 채택의 예후 히 높은 편 . 반면 럽의 자동차 회 인 고 있 . 4,000대의 버스 폭스바겐은 아직 인도 CNG/LPG용 충전하기 위 러 모의 대형 IGU SG 5.3의 연구 따르면, 차량을 소개할 계획 없 . 하 만 충전소 약 15-20개의 라치시 금으로부터 10 후 120 인도 LDVs(삼륜차) 될 예 . USD/bbl로 20 후 150 USD/bbl HDVs(트럭,버스) 르기 달할 것으로 예측하고 있으 메탄 대부 의 모든 자동차 야 CNG 용 중국 대 기 히 어 고 차량(NGV) 2020 약 50백만 대, 모델을 적용하고 있 . 폭 리면 중국 부 역의 2030 약 100백만 대 달할 것으로 용 스(난 용) 증 . 예 하고 있 . 자동차 시장 마힌드라&마힌드라 수출 시장을 중부, 부,남부 역은 연 스 부 NGV 차 하 부 2008 1% 던 포함 CNG 용차량을 선 일 직면해 있 . 스 기 것 2020 4.5%로 2030 계획 라 은 소 . 하 라인의 스 을 7%로 증 것을 의미 . 운송 선 게 될 신 모델, 타타 더 게 만들 자동차 충전하 야 있어 의 메탄(NG) 용은 스(소형 업용 미니 트럭)와 시간을 연시 인 되고 있 . 2020 106 bcm, 2030 207 삼륜차량의 의 일 리티 하 만 추운 나 면 황은 bcm 달할 것 . 아시아- 평양(전 세계 차량 . 도 경제적 어 더 나아 것으로 인 . 게 중국 NGV 시장의 44%) NGV 인구의 주요 삼륜차 25,000-30,000 부 동부로 NG 성장을 일 것으로 기대되 그 뒤 어 비 165,000 피 . 라인 2009 12 남미(26%)와 17%의 성장률을 인 중동( 하기로 예 되어 있 . 중국 아시아 포함) 3위 것으로 인 . 토요타 2009 7 국 리 주 (더 은)LNG 하 리드( 발 /전기) 차량을 수 함으로 해 로 부터의 스 2009 말 현재 전 세계 약 11 백만의 선 . 반면 미국 2대의 리 수 도 계 될 것 . 스 NGV 존재하고 있 . IGU 고 CNG/전기 하 리드 차량을 . 전문 들 연 의 개 을 2010 말 NGV 11.64 – 13.7 백만 차량은 400km 주 4개의 요구하고 있 만 부 2009 대 르게 될 것임을 여 주고 있 . 더와170 마 의 을 갖추고 말 연 개 을 발표하 (2005 말의 수치인 4.64 백만 대 있으 예 연비 도심/고 도로/ 않고 국 경제 고 있 . 근거로 추측 함) 올 해만 추 의 2 백만 비 52/39/53 km 도된 . 대의 메탄 자동차 게 된 고 해도 “일시적인” 스 도 과언 아닐 것 .(세계 경제 위기 더 시 국과 GM은 12 구하고, 중국 의 NGV 업은 악화되 않고 적어도 적인 자동차 스포 수용 세 계 해 의 로 남아 있을 하 말 .) 시 트라 선 . 것 . 히 중국 ANGVA2011 그들은 따 판 총회 전시회 개최국으로 도 판매하기 나 . 소비자들은 선 되면 부의 적 고 IGU 발표 ” 부 책 시나리 ” 그들의 요성 따라 인 티 을 적 적인 기대되고 있 . 나타난 수치 의하면 2015 세계 선택할 수 있 . 중 25%의 중국은 2009 세계 경제 위기 총 NGV 인구 34.29-39.46 백만 계약금을 고 36개 할부 0% 을 도 NGV 채택 게을리하 달할 것 그 중 중동과 러시아 자 제 하 것 있 하면 않 던 일 (주요) NGV국 임을 포함 아시아의 NGV 인구 16.82- 15% 계약금 36개 할부 0.99% 시할 요 있 . 21.99 달할 것으로 고 있 . “ 일반 자 제 하 것도 있 . 업 시나리 ” 의하면 2015 모 소비자들 트라 포함 편 주 세계 로 전세계 NGV 인구 29.19백만인데 시 의 4 모델 중 하나 LNG 국 자 LNG 을 일으 비해 아시아의 NGV인구 17.23백만 구 할 경 1 동 으로 대 나라로 자리매 해 고 있 . 될 것 라고 . 충전소 야 차량 적용 된 . CNG 용 자문회 인 드 따르면 있어 같은 2015 시 트라 구매자들 게 1 2017 그들의 LNG 수출은 전세계적으로 37,601개소 운영되 동 10,000 THB CNG연 로 어 전 . 아시아 시장은 반면 아시아 만 28,368개소 제 라 택 주어 . 2013 과2018 더 은 LNG 운영될 것으로 고 있 . 용할 계획 . 게 되면 주 아시아 전역의 근황을 아래와 같 중국, 일 , 인도, 국과 그 아시아 소개하고자 . 스탄의 석 스 제 국은 국 미 스 하게 될 2010 1 부터 모든 소비자들 게 것 . 18개의 LNG 로 트( CNG 연 스 관세 을18% 인 하기로 장) 현재 주의 부, 부, 피아트 인도 그랜드 푼토라 CNG . CNG 충전소 스 동부 중 그 중 3개 자동차 인도 시장 선 일 업 로부터의 은 중 거나 미 되 . 편 계획 . 차량은 올해 MMBTU Rs427.15 Rs504로 매니아 ( 주 남부) LNG 반기(2/4) 출시될 것 . 럽의 인 될 것으로 인 . 소형- 장과 충전소 중 . ISO 15500 ISO 9000 BUREAU VERITAS Certification Nº 224008 / Nº 105507 10 January 2010
２０１０年ＮＧＶ普及予想⇒年間２００万台以上増加
が２００９ １０ から１２ する予定。欧州では、フィアットはすで １ １⽇からすべてのカテゴリーの顧客 にかけて１バレル７５ ドルと８０ にGrande Punto, Punto, Multipla, に対して天然ガス を１８％値上げする ドルの間で変動していた。エネルギー Doblò, PandaのＣＮＧ⾞を販売している。 ことを決定した。ＣＮＧスタンドでは、ガ アナリストは、 が２０１０ に PuntoとPandaは共に来 のクライスラ ス供給事業者からのガス販売 が１ＭＭ は少なくとも１バレル当たり平均８０ ーから発売される新しい⼩型⾞の基本⾞ ＢＴＵあたり４２７．１５ルピーから５０ ドルに達するだろうと予測している。経 種となることになっている。フィアット ４ルピーに引き上げられる予定である。 済の回復やまだ動きが少ないが、貿易量 傘下になったクライスラーがミニバンの の増加と共にこの予測はＮＧＶビジネス ＣＮＧ⾞を 国や世界で販売するかどう しかし、政府によるＮＧＶプロジェクト にとってより⾃信を深めることになる。 か注⽬したい。 は継続されており、２００〜２５０台の ＣＮＧバスに充てんできる⼤型ＣＮＧス ２０１５ に５.５％、２０２０ に２０ ⼀⽅、もう⼀つの欧州⾃動⾞メーカーであ タンドが⾸都カラチにまもなく建設され ％の 間成⻑率といった異なる予想をす るフォルクスワーゲンはインドでＣＮＧ⾞ る予定である。建設費は１億５,０６０万 る専⾨家もいるが、ＮＧＶ普及の予測に ／ＬＰＧ⾞を販売する予定がない。しかし ルピーになる。プロジェクトを管理して ついては肯定的である 、インドではＬＤＶ（三輪⾞）からＨＤＶ いるThe Hydrocarbon Development ＩＧＵ（国際ガス連盟）のスタディーグ （トラック、バス）まですべての⾞種、⾞ Institute of Pakistanは、２０１０ ループ（SG5.3）の分析によると、今か 両のＣＮＧ改造⾞がたくさんある。 末までにこの⼤型スタンドがオープンす ら１０ 後に１バレル当たり１２０ ド ることを期待している。このような⼤型Ｃ ル、２０ 後には１５０ ドルと予測さ 良いニュースは、マヒンドラ＆マヒンド ＮＧスタンドを１５〜２０ヶ所程度カラチ れている により、２０２０ に ラ社が輸出の可能性も含めて⼩型商⽤ト 市内に建設し、４,０００台のＣＮＧバス 約５,０００万台、２０３０ に約１億台 ラックGioのＣＮＧ⾞を発売する計画があ にＣＮＧを充てんする計画である。 のＮＧＶ普及を予測している。これを⾔ る。まもなくＣＮＧ⾞が発売されるGioは い換えると、２００８ には全⾃動⾞の 、タタ社のAce（⼩型商⽤⾞のミニトラ 中国では気温が下がり、北部では豪雪に 内、ＮＧＶが占める割合が１％であった ック）と三輪⾞の間を狙ったユニークな なるので、ガス供給は暖房⽤の家庭⽤燃 ものが、２０２０ には４.５％、２０３ ⾞である。ＣＮＧ⾞ は⼤変経済的な 料としてほとんど利⽤されている。中央 ０ には７％になることである。天然ガ １６５,０００ルピーで、三輪⾞との 、東部、南部の各省ではガスの供給不⾜ スを主としたメタンは２０２０ には１, 差はわずか２５,０００〜３０,０００ルピ に直⾯している。気温の急激な低下はガ ０６０億⽴⽅メートル、２０３０ には ーである。また、ヒンドスタン⾃動⾞の スパイプラインの流量を低下させ、ＮＧ ２,０７０億⽴⽅メートルまで輸送⽤燃料 ３トンミニトラックのShifeng Ｖへの充てん時間を⻑くしている。 として利⽤されるだろう。ＮＧＶが⼤き Winner１.８ＣＮＧがBharat Stage 4 く伸びる地域は、アジア太平洋地域（世 (最新のインドの排ガス規制)をクリアし、 しかし、寒い冬が過ぎると条件は良くな 界市場の４４％）が第１位で、それに続 昨 ９ に発売された。 る。また、中国⻄部から東部に⾏く第２ き、南アメリカ（２６％）、⻄アジアを の天然ガスパイプラインが２００９ １ 含む中東が１７％で第３位である。 タイでは、トヨタ⾃動⾞が２００９ ７ ２ に完成した。海外からのガス供給も にカムリハイブリッド（ガソリン／電 い 来にオーストラリアから中国がＬ ２００９ 末までにおよそ１,１００万台 気）を発売した。その間に 国では２台 ＮＧを輸⼊するように を継続してい のＮＧＶが世界で⾛っている。ＩＧＵレ のカムリハイブリッド（ＣＮＧ／電気） る。ガスの専⾨家はガス の改 を ポートでは２０１０ 末までに１,１６４ を作った。ＣＮＧコンポジットボンベを しているが、政府は国の経済の安定性も考 万台から１,３７０万台になるだろうと予 ４本搭載し、⾛⾏距離は４００ｋｍ、１ 慮して２００９ には実⾏しなかった。 想している。（２００５ 末の普及台数 ７０⾺⼒のエンジンで推定燃費は市街地 が４６４万台から予測している。）２０ 、⾼速道路、両者の混在のそれぞれで５ ⼀時的にガス供給の課題はあるにもかかわ １０ だけで２００万台も上乗せになる ２、３９、５３ｋｍである。この⾞はま らず、ＮＧＶ産業は中国で好調を持続して ことは驚くことではない。（もっとも現 だ市販では製造していないので、タイで いるようである。中国が２０１１ にＡＮ 在以上に世界同時不況が深刻にならず、 はＣＮＧカムリハイブリッドを購⼊する ＧＶＡのＮＧＶ会議・展⽰会を 催するよ 少なくとも が安定することが条 ことができない。 うに政府はＮＧＶ産業を引続き⽀援してい 件ではあるが。） る。２００９ の世界同時不況の間にも中 シボレータイとＧＭは昨 １２ に⾃動 国はＮＧＶ普及が減速しなかった唯⼀のＮ アジア ⾞ショーでシボレーOptraのステーション ＧＶ国であることが重要である。 ＩＧＵレポートの「政府による政策シナ ワゴンとセダンのＣＮＧ⾞を展⽰した。 リオ」によると、中東とロシアを含むア ⼀⽅、オーストラリアは世界第２位のＬ ジアでのＮＧＶ普及台数は２０１５ ま いくつかの購⼊促進パッケージが販売を ＮＧ供給国になり、ＬＮＧブームを経験 でに世界で３,４２９万台から２,９４６ 押し上げてきた。購⼊者は⾃分に必要な している。エネルギーコンサルタントの 万台に対して１,６８２万台から２,１９ インセンティブパッケージを選択するこ ウッド・マッケンジー⽒によると、２０ ９万台になるとしている。「通常のビジ とができる。２５％引きで３６ヶ の無 １７ までのＬＮＧ輸出量は２倍になる ネスシナリオ」によると、２０１５ ま 利息払いや１５％引きで０.９９％利⼦の だろうと予測されている。アジア市場は でに世界で２,９１９万台に対してアジア ３６ヶ 分割払いをこのパッケージは含 ２０１３ と２０１８ にさらにＬＮＧ では１,７２３万台になる。天然ガススタ んでいる。両⽅ともシボレーOptra が使われると予測している。このケース ンドでは、２０１５ に世界で３７,６０ ＣＮＧを含むシボレー４モデルのいずれ では、オーストラリアは中国、⽇本、イ １ヶ所に対してアジアでは２８,３６８ヶ の購⼊でも１ 間のファーストクラス⾃ ンド、韓国、他のアジア諸国、そして北 所になる。 動⾞保険が付帯し、ＣＮＧ⾞の場合には にガスを供給するだろう。１８のＬＮ 下記はアジアにおけるトピックスである。 最 の に１万タイバーツまでのＣＮＧ Ｇプロジェクト（ＬＮＧ液化基地）がオ 燃料代もついてくる。 ーストラリア⻄部、北部、東部で⾏なわ ＣＮＧ改造⾞ れており、その内の３つが建設中である フィアットインドでは、インド市場に 燃料 とガス供給 。それとは別に南オーストラリアのタス Grande PuntoのＣＮＧ⾞を投⼊する計 パキスタンのThe Oil and Gas マニア では、ＬＮＧミニプラントと充 画がある。今 の第２四半期までに発売 Regulatory Authorityは、２０１０ てん所が建設中である。 January 2010 11 12 January 2010
14 January 2010
Sekitar 2 juta NGV diperkirakan akan ditambahkan di tahun 2010
Harga minyak naik turun sekitar USD 75 Bisnis Dalam Keadaan Normal”, di mempunyai 4 tank komposit CNG, – hamper USD80 per barrel di bulan tahun 2015, jumlah NGV di Asia versus driving range sampai 400km, kapasitas Oktober-permulaan Desember 2009. di dunia akan menjadi 17.23 juta NGVs mesin 170 hp, dengan efisiensi bahan Menurut perkiraan pakar enerji harga dan 29.19 juta. Di sektor stasiun bakar dalam kota/jalan tol/kombinasi minyak di tahun 2010 setidaknya akan pengisian bahan bakar (BBG), 28,368 52/39/53 km/galon. Karena mobil ini bekisar sekitar 80 USD/bbl. Dengan stasiun dihaparapkan akan dioperasikan masih belum dipasarkan secara masal, adanya prediksi ini plus membaiknya dalam tahun yang sama, versus 37,601 Hybrid CNG masih belum ditawarkan di keadaan ekonomi dunia dan aktifitas stasiun di dunia. Tailand. perdagangan membuahkan dampak Di bawah ini adalah beberapa berita positif di industri NGV. Meskipun dari seluruh Asia. Chevrolet Thailand dan GM pakar-pakar industri ini membuat memamerkan Chevrolet Optra macam-macam proyeksi, prognosis Kendaraan versi CNG CNG-dalam versi estate dan bagi pertumbuhan tahunan dari Fiat India berencana untuk memasarkan sedan-selama pameran mobil di Tailand populasi NGV sangatlah menjanjikan, mobil Grande Punto dalam versi CNG bulan Desember lalu. sekitar 5.5% di tahun 2015-20% di (CNG variant) di India. Model ini akan Chevrolet menawarkan beberapa paket tahun 2020. dipasarkan di kwartal kedua 2010. Di promosi yang mana pembeli mobil Eropa, Fiat sudah memasarkan CNG dapat memilih satu dari beberapa tipe Menurut studi IGU SG 5.3, harga model (OEM) dari Grande Punto, Punto, paket. Macam promosinya terdiri dari minyak akan mencapai 120 USD/bbl Multipla, Doblò dan Panda. Merk Punto 0% bunga bagi pembayaran dalam sepuluh tahun dari sekarang dan 150 dan Panda akan dijadikan basis model jangka 36 bulan dengan 25% uang USD/bbl dua puluh tahun dari dari versi baru dari mobil-kecil buatan muka (DP), dan 0.99% bunga bagi sekarang, sekitar 50-100 juta Chrysler di tahun-tahun mendatang. pembayaran bulanan selama 36 bulan kendaraan berbahan bakar metan Waktu akan menunjukkan apakah dengan 15% DP. Selain itu juga (natural gas) diharapkan akan Chrysler akan menawarkan versi CNG tersedia asuransi mobil premium gratis beroperasi di tahun 2020 dan 2030. dari mini-van di USA dan dunia selama selama satu tahun bagi pembeli dari Hal ini berarti bahwa persentase dari perusahaan ini berada dalam tangan Fiat. empat model khusus Chevrolet yang NGV di industri kendaraan akan Di lain pihak, merk Eropa lainnya, ditawarkan di pameran tersebut menanjak dari 1% di tahun 2008 ke Volkswagen, belum berencana mema- termasuk Chevrolet Optra. Khusus bagi 4.5% di tahun 2020 dan 7% tahun sarkan model CNG/LPG dari mobil- pembeli Chevrolet Optra CNG, juga 2030. Pemakaian metane (NG) di sektor mobilnya di India. Meskipun demikian, ditawarkan bahan bakar CNG (BBG) transport dapat mencapai 106 bcm India mempunyai banyak CNG variants gratis seharga 10,000 THB selama tahun 2020 dan 207 bcm tahun 2030. di hamper seluruh segmen kendaraan, tahun pertama sesudah pembelian. Pertumbuhan utama dari populasi NGV dari LDVs (three-wheeler/bajaj) sampai diantisipasikan akan terjadi di HDVs (truk dan bis). Harga bahan bakar dan Asia-Pasifik (44% dari pasar NGV supply gas global), diikuti oleh Amerika Selatan Mahindra & Mahindra berencana untuk Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority di (26%), dan region Timur Tengah (termasuk memasarkan mobil-mobil CNG variant- Pakistan memutuskan untuk menaikkan Asia Barat) di tempat ketiga (17%). nya di lar negeri. Selain itu, model baru tariff natural gas (NG) sebanyak 18% Jumlah NGV di dunia di akhir tahun dari CNG variant akan diperkenalkan. bagi semua kategori consumer sejak 1 2009 sekitar 11 juta. Menurut laporan Model ini, Gio, termasuk dalam kategori Januari 2010. Bagi pemilik stasiun IGU di akhir 2010 jumlah NGV akan unik dari segmen kendaraan utilitas CNG (BBG), harga gas dari supplier mencapai 11.64 – 13.7 juta (proyeksi ini antara Tata Ace (truk mini/Light naik dari Rs427.15 menjadi Rs504 per dibuat berdasarkan jumlah populasi Commercial Vehicle) dan three-wheeler. MMBTU. NGV di akhir tahun 2005 dengan 4.64 Harga Gio CNG sangatlah murah. Di lain pihak, NGV proyek dari juta NGV). Diperkiraan sekitar 2 juta Kendaraan ini, seahrga Rs165,000, pemerintah akan terus digalakkan. NGV akan ditambahkan di tahun ini hanyalah Rs 25,000-30,000 lebih mahal Satu model mega stasiun BBG dengan (dengan asumsi bahwa krisis ekonomi dari three-wheelers. Selain itu, kapasitas layanan 200-250 bis CNG global tidak akan berlanjut dan harga Hindustan Motors Shifeng Winner 1.8 akan segera dibangun di kota Karachi. minyak, setidaknya, stabil). CNG Bharat Stage 4 (standard emisi Biaya stasiun ini berkisar sekitar India terbaru) 3-ton Mini Truck diperke- Rs150.6 juta. Hydrocarbon Asia nalkan September lalu. Development Institute of Pakistan yang Menurut “Skenario Pemerintah” di akan memimpin pelaksanaan proyek ini laporan IGU, jumlah total NGV di Asia Di Tailand, Toyota memperkenalkan mengharapkan stasiun ini akan dibuka termasuk Timur Tengah dan Rusia akan mobil Camry Hybrid (bensin/elektrik) di di akhir tahun 2010. Sekitar 15-20 mencapai 16.82-21.99 juta tahun 2015 bulan Juli 2009. Di Amerika, perusa- mega stasiun diantisipasikan akan sedangkan total NGV di dunia sekitar haan ini membuat dua prototip dari dibangun di Karachi untuk melayani 34.29-39.46 juta. Menurut “Skenario Camry Hybrid CNG/elektrik. Mobil ini 4,000 bis BBG. January 2010 15
Karena Cina mengalami musim dingin berat dengan banyak salju terutama di bagian utara, suply gas diprioritaskan bagi sektor perumahan (sebagai pemanas). Provinsi Cina Tengah, Timur dan Selatan mengalami kekurangan gas suply. Karena temperature udara turun secara drastis, aliran bahan bakar di pipa gas melambat. Dengan demikian, waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengisi bahan bakar gas di kendaraan menjadi lebih lama.
Namun demikian, kondisi ini mungkin akan segera membaik ketika musim dingin berakhir. Selain itu, pipa gas kedua akan dibangun dengan jalur Cina Barat-Timur dan direncanakan untuk dibuka bulan Desember 2009. Cina juga memperkaya suply gas dari luar negeri. Salah satunya, LNG (tambahan) akan diimport dari Australia dalam jangaka waktu dekat ini. Meskipun pakar gas menyatakan bahwa reformasi harga gas segera dibutuhkan, pemerintah tidak menaikkan harga gas selama akhir tahun 2009, dengan background, antara lain untuk mensuport stabilitas ekonomi domestik.
Industri NGV di Cina diharapkan akan tetap kuat. Pemerintah diharapkan akan terus mensuport industri in secara aktif, terutama karena Cina telah terpilih sebagai tuan rumah dari konferensi dan pameran ANGVA2011. Keunggulan Cina yang patut dicatat tahun ini adalah kapasitasnya sebagai satu-satunya negara NGV (besar) yang tidak menunjukkan penurunan dalam adopsi dan sales dari NGV dan BG beserta komponen-komponennya selama krisis ekonomi global di tahun 2009.
Di lain pihak, Australia diperkirakan akan menjadi pemasok LNG terbesar kedua dunia dan diharapkan akan mengalami sales booming. LNG export diharapkan akan berlipat dua pada tahun 2017, menurut enerji konsultan Wood Mackenzie. Pangsa pasar Asia diproyeksikan akan meng- gunakan LNG dalam jumlah yang lebih banyak lagi di tahun 2013 dan 2018. Sehubungan dengan hal ini, Australia juga akan mengexport gasnya ke Cina, Jepang, India, Korea dan negara Asia lainnya dan Amerika Utara. Delapan belas LNG proyek (pusat produksi LNG) akan dibuka di Australia bagian barat, utara, dan timur, yang mana 3 unit sudah atau sedang dibangun. Selain itu, satu LNG mikro-plant and BBG diban- gun di pulau Tasmania (di sebelah sela- tan Australia). 16 January 2010 OEM NGVs and CNG vehicle variants
NGV availability in Asia
Brand NGV models Remarks Australia HDVs 8x4 rigid truck with Cummins Acco F 2350 6x4 Compactor Iveco Wesport C Gas Plus (8.3l) engines. CNG Dual Control Dedicated CNG truck T908 Dedicated LNG trailer Kenwood Dedicated LNG truck (Model base Innovation T608) Mack Australia Mack Granite 8x4 Day Cab Dedicated CNG Rigid-Agitator FSR850 FSR700 Isuzu NPR300 Dedicated CNG trucks NLR 200 Isuzu CNG NPR 400 Light Truck
Brand NGV models Remarks Bangladesh LDV Second-hand bi-fuel cars imported Few Japanese Cars from Japan (no more than 3-5 models years old) Tata Motors Ace CNG model 275 CNG 15 Dedicated CNG mini-truck HDV Dedicated CNG bus imported from Aking Aking CNG China (Aking is the distributor) Dedeicated CNG bus (distributed Tata Motors LPO 1510 CNG by Nitol Motor)
Brand NGV models Remarks Korea LDVs
Hyundai i-10 Blue CNG Passenger car- available in Europe
HDVs BS090 9 m city bus: 24+1 seats BS106 10.6 m city bus: 26+29+1 seats BH115 11.5 m Inter city bus: 45+1 Daewoo BC211M 11 m Low floor bus: 29+28+1 BV120MA (12 m) 12 m Low floor bus : 25-45 seats BS120CN (12 m) 12 m Ultra low floor bus: 25-44 seats LNG bus In development (for demonstration project)
Tata Daewoo Garbagetruck (Roll Pack) 19.3 Commercial Vehicles Co., Ltd Garbage truck (Arm Roll) 11 Ton (Payload) 11 litre-LNG tractor In development (for demonstration project) Aero City City bus: 21+1 seats Aero Inter City City bus: 38+1 seats Hyundai Aero Inter City City bus: 45+1 seats Aero City Bus de GNV Low-floor bus: 27+1 seats Shinjeon Sweeper To be launched January 2010 17
Brand NGV models Remarks Japan LDVs Hijet Cargo CNG (LE-S320V) Cargo van Daihatsu Mira Van CNG (GBD-L250V) Van Honda Civic GX Sedan Mazda Familia van Van Mitsubishi Motors Minicab GD-U61V (2WD) Dedicated CNG van AD Van CNGV (CEF-VGY11) Emission reductions: 20%-30% Nissan-Diesel less CO2, 50% less NOx Caravan CNGV (LC-VPE25) Van Suzuki Wagon R (CBA-MH21S) Probox CNG (DFE-NCP52V) Small Van Toyota Camry Hybrid electric/CNG, con- cept car Subaru Legacy TA-BL5 Passenger car HDVs Hino Ranger Truck 2 tonnes delivery & garbage Elf trucks
Forward 4 tonnes delivery & garbage Isuzu trucks Wagon R (CBA-MH21S) Truck ERGA low-floor bus Bus ERGA Mio low-floor bus Bus Mazda Titan AFG-LKR82AN Truck Mercedes Citaro G Dedicated CNG bus Fighter NX Delivery & garbage trucks Mitsubishi-Fuso Big-size low-floor bus Bus Canter KK-FE73CEV Truck Nissan Atlas KR-AKR81EP 2 tonnes truck Condor AFG-BKR82EP 2 tonnes truck 4 tonnes truck & garbage Nissan-Diesel Condor PB-MK36A truck Condor PB-PK37A 7 tonnes truck Specialty vehicle Kanto Machine Centre Working vehicle Komatsu Forklift Forklift Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Forklift Sumitomo Yale Forklift CNG 11-FG25PV1 Forklift TCM TCM Forklift Toyota Forklift
Brand NGV models Remarks Indonesia HDV Bus (engine from Korea, Daewoo CNG city bus body/frame and assembly in Indonesia) Malaysia LDV Ria CNG Passenger car Naza Citra CNG Passenger car Proton Persona CNG Passenger car (taxi), in plan HDV Kosmo Motor Company Kosmo Bus Singapore LDV Chevrolet Optra Magnum Bifuel car Mercedes-Benz E200-NGT Sedan 18 January 2010
Brand NGV models Remarks Pakistan LDVs Adam Motors Co. Ltd. Revo 800 cc Dewan Passenger car Honda Civix GX Sedan Indus Motors Co. Ltd. Daihatsu Cuore 800 cc Isuzu Lancer Mehran Bifuel cars Alto Pak Suzuki Motor Co. Bolan Cultus Suzuki Liana Shahab Enterprises Pervaaz (3 wheeler) 125 cc TMC Alif CNG Bifuel cars TMC TMC Bay CNG TMC Bay Delivery van Bifuel delivery van Nexus Autos Chevrolet 800 and 1.000 cc HDV Hino CNG bus (Not yet in mass marketing) Yunma YM6-101-B CNG City Bus Dedicated CNG Iran LDVs Samand D class, 1.800 cc, passenger car Peugeot 405 C class, 1.800 cc, passenger car Iran Khodro Co. Peugeot RD C class, 1.600 cc, passenger car Peykan 1.600 cc, pick-up Saipa Pride C class, 1.400 cc, passenger car Saipa Group (Zamyad subsidiary Co.) Zamyad 2.400 cc, pick up M-HDVs S60G CNG Midibus S36CNG City Minibus Minibus Garbage collector CNG Renault Medium Truck Saipa Diesel CNG Tipper Renault Medium Truck Garbage Collector CNG Budsun Truck CNG Rigid Budsun Truck CNG city Bus MAN Bus Thailand3 LDVs Chevrolet Optra CNG Bifuel car DaimlerChrysler Mercedes E200 NGT Bi-fuel passenger car Chevrolet Optra Sedan bi-fuel 1,6 General Motors4 To be launched end Chevrolet Optra Sedan bi-fuel 1,6 2006/early 2007. Honda Expected to enter the market Monika CNG tuk-tuk Corolla Altis Passenger car, launching by Toyota Motor Thailand end 2008 Co., Ltd. Limo CNG (Altis) Bifuel car Hilux Vigo Pick Up Bifuel pick up Multifuel Proton Persona CNG (CNG/gasoline/alcohol) Volvo (S80) Expected to enter the market HDV Pick-up truck to run on 80% Chevrolet Colorado dual fuel CNG and 20% diesel. Can be switched to 100% diesel. FM-CNG version Tractor truck Hino FG-CNG version Summitr Motors Assembly of CNG buses and trucks Yantia Shuchi Vehicle Co In plan: opening an NG bus plant NG bus(es) and investment in fuelling facility January 2010 19
Brand NGV models Remarks India LDV-MDvs Atul Auto CNG three wheelers Dedicated CNG Powered by CNG/gasoline One-tonne twee-wheeler Bajaj Auto to be launched Tavera Passenger car, imported on DaimlerChrysler Mercedes NGT demand Fiat Palio Bifuel car Ford Ikon Flair CNG Bi-fuel car Bi-fuel car with 140-150km coverage on full fuel tank. The running cost is 70% Chevrolet Optra cheaper than the gasoline version (Rs.1.92/km with CNG vs Rs. 5.20/km with gasoline) General Motors India Chevrolet Spark Upper premium compact Chevrolet Aveo U-VA segment car Chevrolet Aveo Midsize car All future GM cars (including Cruze, Beat and the new Aveo) to be launched in CNG To be launched version as well Passenger car (factory-fitted Hindustan Motors Ambassador CNGV) Hindustan Motors & Mitsubishi Lancer 1.5 litre Passenger car Mitsubishi Motors Santro Xing CNG Compact car Hyundai Motors Accent Bi-fuel car/taxi Champion CNG Large three-wheelers Tempo Three-wheeler Alfa Small three-wheeeler Mahindra & Mahindra Scorpio CNG SUV, in plan Bolero Pick-up, dedicated CNG Mahindra CNG 3 door Sport Utility Vehicle bifuel Maxx Maxi Truck Dedicated CNG pick-up Mitsubishi & Hindustan Passenger car with 1,5 litre Lancer Motor engine Mitusbishi and Renault Renult Logan Bifuel car Omni 5-seater CNG Passenger car Maruti Udyong Ltd Alto CNG Passenger car Tata Engineering and Bi-fuel passenger car with Indica-CNG Locomotive Company Ltd 5-seaters hatchback, BS III compliant (Bharat stage III is Indigo Marina India's emission standard) TATA 407 CNG 4 tonnes GVW truck Tata Motors 0.75 tonnes mini truck, Ace dedicated CNG Corolla Altis Premium sedan Toyota Kirloskar Motor Innova Multi Untility Vehicles HDV Long distance LPO 1510 CNG Chassis of intra-city bus Tata Motors Starbus Ultra Low Floor-LPO Fully built bus, intra city bus 1623 CNG Dedicated CNG bus Kinglong Bus imported from China Piaggio CNG Ape Truck 20 January 2010
Brand NGV models Remarks China LDVs Astro Motor Technical Co. CNG three-wheeler Dedicated CNG CK150ZK-1 Bifuel Auto rickshaw (tricycle) CK2002ZK Bifuel Auto rickshaw (tricycle) Auto Rickshaw CK250ZK Rear Water Cooled Tricycle CNG/diesel autorickshaw VX150ZK Bifuel tricycle BIGMT125-6b CNG Bigmt125-6 CNG 110cc-1(horizontal engine) CD70-21 125cc-4(vertical engine) China Congqing Big Science & CNG Motorcycle (110cc-3&125cc-3) Motorcycle Technology (Group) 125cc-5(stand engine) 125CC-5(vertical engine) (125cc water-cooling engine) 125cc-4(horizontal engine) CNG 650cc Minibus Bifuel minibus Chinese Motor Industrial Co. CNG tricycle 175cc Dedicated CNG tricycle Bifuel 125cc motorcylce Motorcycle Middle engine tricycle Three-wheeler Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Tricycle goods Three-wheeler Ltd. Tricycle bifuel (gasoline and CNG) Three-wheeler Low Flooring Mini Bus Dual fuel CNG/diesel Chongqing Rightway Industry Three-Wheelers CNG Three-wheeler Chongqing Tengzhou Moto Co., Liyang LY150ZH-1 Disabled tricycle Biyadi Automobile Co., Ltd Biyadi QCJ7160A/CNG Chery SQR7160E/CNG Chery Automobile Co., Ltd Chery SQR7162A15/CNG Bi-fuel cars Chery SQR7200/CNG Chongqing Chanan Suzuki Chanan SC7130B CNG car 650 CC Car China CNG Bus CNG car 650 cc Minibus Yellow Minibus Dongfeng Citroën Citroën Elisee Bifuel car Dongfeng EQ102H15QAC Bi-fuel light-duty truck Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6490H15QAC Dongfeng Citroen DC7163MAN Dongfeng Citroen DC7163RAN Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Shenlong Fukang DC7142RDN Automobile Co., Ltd Shenlong Fukang DC7142EDN Shenlong Fukang DC7142EAN Dongfeng Yueda Kia Automobile Kia YQZ7130CNG Bi-fuel cars FAW Hongqi CA7180G4 Jetta FV7160CiF.C Jetta FV7160CiX.C FAW Volkswagen Automobile Co., Jetta FV7160CiX/CNG Ltd Jetta FV7160CiF.C Jetta FV7160GiX.C Jetta FV7160CiX/CNG BIGMT110cc-1 BIGMT 110cc-2 BGMT Tailand Honda 110-3 BIGMT125cc-4 Honda Bi-fuel motorcycles BIGMT110cc-4 BGMT150cc-1 BIGMT150cc-2 (Water Cooling Model) JMC Brand JMC Brand CNG 3 Wheeler Dedicated CNG three-wheelers CQBUS - Kingtonliyang Kingtonliyang KT125CNG-3 CNG motorcycle Lifan Lifan 520 Passenger car Mudan CNG 3-Ton Light Truck Dedicated CNG truck Shanghai Volkswagen Automobile Santana SVW7180Kei Jinbei SY6483LT1 Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co., Jinbei SY6483LT2 Ltd Zhonghua SY7200T Vela CA7156UM Vela CA7166UM Bi-fuel cars Xiali TJ7101AULM Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co., Xiali TJ7101AUM Ltd Xiali TJ7101BLM Xiali TJ7101BUM Xiali TJ7101UM Toyota Limo CNG Bi-fuel car Vision Geely King Kong Passenger cars Free Ship January 2010 21
Brand NGV models Remarks HDVs Ainy Ele-Mechanical Co. CKZ6180 CNG City Bus Dedicated CNG bus Anhui Hualing Automobile Hualing Star HN4180PT23C4M CNG Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor Beijing Bus General Plant Jinghua BK6141CNG Hinge Jointed City Bus Changjiang CJ6110G3Y7H Bus Changjiang CJ6110SG2Y7H Changzhou Iveco Bus Co., Ltd Changjiang CJ6110SG2YH Dedicated CNG buses Changjiang CJ6120G2Y7H Bus China Vehicles Co., Ltd Tourist bus Chongqing CNG Technologies CNG bus Chongqing Jiangchuan Chuanjiang CJQ6790KCS Bus CKZ6123 Chongqing Hengtong Bus Dedicated CNG version and bifuel CKZ6108 QB210-20 CA6105ZLQ Chongqing Hengtong Bus CA6DF2D-18 Dual fuel CNG/diesel buses EQB180-20 YC6112ZLQ CA6DF2-24 YC6105ZLQ Core Asia Transmart NG dual fuel truck CNG/diesel and LNG/diesel truck Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6830RACN Bus Dedicated CNG buses Dongfeng EQ6111RCDN Bus Dedicated CNG buses Dongfeng EQ6122KS Bus Dongfeng EQ1165F Truck Dongfeng EQ1165K2 Truck Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ1140GL1 Truck Dedicated CNG trucks Dongfeng EQ1140GL Truck Dongfeng EQ1250GL2 Truck Dongfeng EQ1250GL3 Truck Dongfeng Nanchong Automobile Dongfeng EQ6590PC1 Bus Dual fuel buses Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6590PC Bus Jiefang CA1127L5A CNG Truck Dedicated CNG trucks Jiefang CA1150P1L1A80 CNG Truck First Auto Works (FAW) Jiefang CA6101D92-9 Bus JiefangCA6110D118-1T Bus Hengtong Iveco Irisbus Iveco CityClass CNG Dedicated CNG bus Jiangsu Youyi Automobile Co. ZGT6100A CNG King Long Nanjing Jinling Double- decker JinlngJLY6101SA CNG Bus Plant JinlngJLY6101SB CNG Mudan CNG 3-Ton Light Truck Dedicated CNG truck Shanqi SX4254BK294T Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor Shaanxi Automobile (Group) Shanqi SX6112F Luxury City Bus Dedicated CNG bus Shanqi SX6112C City Bus Dual fuel bus Shanghai Huizhong Automobile SHAC SH4251A4B31K Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor FDG6121B Dedicated CNG bus for sight seeing Shenzeng Wuzhoulong Automobile FDG6121F Dedicated CNG bus Tata Daewoo Arm Roll CNG Refused Truck Dedicated CNG Yaxing-Benz Motor Coach Co.,Ltd Yaxing YBL6110GNH Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus The company was reported to have 120 models of NGVs exported to Yantia Shuchi Vehicle Co NGV buses Europe, Japan, Bangladesh and Pakistan
Yuchai Diesel Engine Co.,Ltd For export purposes Yuejin Automobile(Group)Co., Ltd Yuejin NJ67001M5EG Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus Yunma Aircraft Manufacturing YM6-101-B Dedicated CNG City Bus Zhongda Industrial Group Co. JLY6101SA CNG bus and double deck buses 22 January 2010 IGU SG 5.3: technology development and an overview of NGV industry today
The previous vehicles without catalytic converter); The all-steel cylinder is the ‘first’ IGU S.G. 5.3 ® Second generation with basically generation (excluding the historical report for the mechanical fuel system with electronic rubber-lined canvas bags as ‘first’ type 2003 – 2006 triennium provided a feedback control or electronically of non-pressurized gas storage container). comprehensive overview and analysis of controlled fuel system without feedback The development of the fibreglass, existing fuels and technologies control (closed-loop carburettor and hoop wound aluminium cylinder can be covering: petrol and diesel automotive throttle body injection / single port considered a ‘Second Generation’ technologies: state-of-the-art; hybrid injection engines (corresponding to Euro departure from the all-steel cylinder that vehicles; natural gas vehicles and 1 / 2 standard); began in 1982/1983 in the US. The power-trains; compressed natural gas ® Third generation with multi-point fuel move to Type 3 fully wrapped metal (CNG) technology; on board storage injection, electronic control and feedback liner cylinder is a further development and filling; liquefied natural gas (LNG); (closed-loop multi point gaseous injection from the Type 2 hoop-wrapped cylinder. bio-methane; synthetic fuels produced system engines with group injection or The development of the 100% full from natural gas; hydrogen produced continuous injection (corresponding to composite CNG cylinders that emerged from natural gas; and off-road Euro 2 / 3 standard)); and from aeronautic technology represents applications. This chapter presents a ® Fourth generation which is like third a third ‘generation’ of CNG storage. chronological overview of NGV generation but with OBD capabilities; Further refinement of these Type 4 technology development in last decade . closed-loop and lean-burn sequential cylinders so far have been refinements multi-point gaseous injection system of this third generation fuel storage Since the advent of NGVs in Italy in the engines. technology. However, Type I cylinders 1930s, natural gas vehicle technology generally are the most popular ones has made steady improvements and, in It is these systems that have due to their lower prices compared to some cases, technological ‘leaps’ as correspondingly over time been used in other types of cylinders. they have begun to penetrate world standard OEM gasoline vehicles, with Table 8 - Chronological Overview of country markets. Most of the the fourth generation, OBD compatible NGV Technologies Development improvements and subsequent system, the one of choice for the most (emphasis on Europe) “generations” of NGVs have, however, highly developed, currently available mirrored the dramatic changes experi- gasoline engines. 1-Information for Europe provided by John enced in the standard gasoline and Baldwin (CNG Services Ltd.), Peter Boisen (NGVA Europe) and Jeffrey Seisler (Clean Fuels diesel engines and vehicles. CNG cylinders, in parallel, also have Consulting). State-of-the-art in Russian NGV Manufacturers of gasoline and diesel seen new ‘generations’ as the need for market is described in detail by Eugene Pronin (Gazprom / NGVRUS). In depth review of U.S. vehicles/engines typically have used lighter weight and increased fuel capacity development has been provided by Rich NGVs as the benchmark for ‘what is a was driven by customer requirements. Kolodziej (IANGV / NGV America). clean vehicle?’ The most recent diesel engines with selective catalytic Period State of the art reduction (SCR) systems are being 1st generation NGVs, petrol conversions, tanks (cylinders) in boot of the car. In < 1997 – 2000 period: first generation factory built Volvo S70/V70 with cylinder in touted as ‘cleaner than natural gas’ but, 2000 in reality, considering all the regulated luggage space. In 1998 factory built Fiat Multipla with under floor cylinders. and unregulated pollutants, NGVs still 2001 2nd generation factory built Volvo S80 / V70 / S60 with under floor cylinders. are ‘cleaner’ than the best diesel technologies. And so it has been that 2002 2nd generation factory built VW Golf and Opel Astra with under floor cylinders. improvements in the basic gasoline and Factory built Fiat Punto and Doblò with cylinder in luggage space. Various French diesel systems, when natural gas is 2003 cars with cylinders in luggage space (Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, Renault adapted into these technologies, Kangoo, Citroën CX3). continue to produce superior emission Factory built Mercedes Benz E 200 NGT with compressor engine, but still with improvements and at a performance 2004 cylinders in luggage space. level similar to gasoline engines and that 2nd generation factory built Opel Zafira and Combo with under floor cylinders. is closing in on that of diesel internal combustion engine technologies. 2006 2nd generation factory built VW Caddy and Touran with under floor cylinders. 2007 Factory built Fiat Panda with under floor cylinders. The IGU Report (Study Group 5.3) for the 2003-2006 triennium, “Global Factory built Mercedes Benz E 170 NGT with under floor cylinders. Opportunities for Natural Gas as a Opel Zafira, 1.6 litre turbo engine, 150 hp. Transportation Fuel for Today and 2008 Tomorrow”, presented the various 3rd generation, Passat TSI, 1.4 litre, twin compressor plus turbocharger , > 450 generational changes in the basic km range, 150 bhp, 0 – 60 in 9.5 sec, ~120 g/km CO2 retrofit NGV systems: ® First generation with completely 4th generation – adding of stop-start technology, add regenerative braking, lower 2012 CO2/km to <100 g/km, range now 550 km. mechanical fuel system (carburettor January 2010 23
The offer of light duty NGVs in Europe natural gas vehicles directly supplied Engines are available from Daimler, (EEA - European Economic Area) can from an OEM and vehicles using Iveco, MAN, Scania, Tedom (a relatively be split into four categories : converted engines. small Czech manufacturer), and AB Volvo, leaving DAF as the only 1. OEM sales of light duty cars and In Europe, the vast majority of new NGV European HD engine manufacturer vans with a European Whole Vehicle registrations now consist of OEM currently without a gas engine offer. Type approval. Such vehicles are products, or QVM conversions made Bus chassis including engines, often accompanied by a CoC (Certificate of with the approval of the concerned also bodies, are sometimes offered Conformity) and registration of such OEM. Looking at LPG powered directly from the OEM or sometimes vehicles must be approved by the vehicles, the situation is quite different. from independent bus manufacturers. national road authorities in all EU Here the market is mainly based on countries and also other countries retrofitting of light duty gasoline Daimler buses sometimes are marketed accepting EC type approvals. powered vehicles. as Evobus or sometimes as Mercedes Citaro. MAN products are under both 2. QVM (Qualified Vehicle Modifier) Outside Europe, retrofitting solutions the MAN name and as Neoplan. Buses conversions of brand new vehicles with make up the bulk of the NGV volumes with Iveco engines are marketed in the the explicit support of the OEM vehicle but with a gradually increasing share of Iveco brand and in Irisbus or Karosa buses. manufacturer. Such conversions would OEM offers. normally be made in line with the ECE Scania has not been very active R115 regulation and the customer will OEM products also are being concerning natural gas powered buses have all normal warranties (some developed outside Europe to meet the within Europe (a few buses in Iceland directly from the manufacturer, and growing Asian demand for vehicles. and also in the Swedish town of some from the QVM). German offers of Though still dominated by a wide range Eskilstuna) but has sold many buses in Ford cars and vans, also Volkswagen of different quality retrofit systems, Australia (a right hand drive market). vans, follow this model. various OEMs have light, medium and heavy duty NGVs, though they currently RVI (Renault Vehicules Industrielle) now 3. Same as (2) above, but without the tend to be Euro 3, with some at the is part of the AB Volvo group (also explicit support of the concerned OEM. Euro 4 quality vehicles, since the Asian including American Mack and Japanese In these cases it is important for the emissions standards tend to be one or Nissan Diesel). Within Europe, engines customer to determine to what extent two steps behind emissions levels being up to the eight litre size are the OEM warranties and product liability produced in Europe, Japanese and manufactured in France, and larger in are still valid. Korean NGVs. Sweden. The French bus manufacturer 4. Aftermarket retrofitting of conversion Heuliez usually uses RVI engines. solutions, sometimes in line with ECE TATA in India is providing the light duty Renault trucks also have an agreement R115, sometimes in line with other Xenon, Magic Van, Winger, and Ace. with Russian GAZ group subsidiary older national regulations (depending Ashok Leyland produces the Viking RusPromAuto to supply common rail upon country). The OEMs will usually CNG BS-III. (Tata also produces three direct injection (cDi) engines. not accept any warranty or product separate CNG bus models and one ton, liability claims for failures, which can five, and eight ton vehicles designed for Ekobus, a small Czech bus directly or indirectly be attributed to the passenger and commercial applica- manufacturer, uses Cummins Westport conversion. tions). gas engines imported from America.
When listing European NGV offers it is In the U.S market there are OEM light Russia (re)started development and important to make a distinction duty sedans (American Honda Civic GX) production in OEM Heavy Duty between: (A) light duty natural gas as well as Small Vehicle Manufacturers segment: trucks and buses. Kamaz vehicles with a European Whole Vehicle (SVM) sedans (Ford 4.6L Crown manufactures dedicated natural gas Type approval; (B) medium/heavy duty Victoria, Lincoln Town Car and Mercury chassis which is used for different types natural gas vehicles with a European or Grand Marquis (BAF), Chevy Impala 3.5 of general and special purpose vehicles. national type approval arranged via the and 3.9L V-6 dedicated (Natural Drive) Powered with an 11.76 litre 260 HP gas OEM; (C) QVM conversions of new Ford Focus, 2.0L bi-fuel and dedicated engine, KAMAZ vehicle can drive up to natural gas vehicles made with the Ford Focus (Altech-Eco) and SVM light 500 kilometres with one filling. The approval of the OEM; (D) QVM trucks and vans (commercial work engine takes 29.1 normal m3 per 100 conversions of new natural gas vehicles trucks and vans): Chevy kilometres. According to customer made without the approval of the G1500/2500/3500 Series vans with request, the on-board gas storage may concerned OEM; and (E) other 6.0L engine (Baytech, IMPCO), Chevy have different volume. conversions of new or used vehicles. G4500 cab+chassis with 6.0L, Chevy C/K1500/2500/3500 series pick-ups Kamaz company has a separate bus For MD/HD vehicles, OEMs may, on a with 6.0L engine (Baytech, IMPCO), division named Nefaz which also mar- voluntary basis, issue whole vehicle Ford F150/250/350 (BAF, FuelTek), Ford kets OEM NGVs. The Nefaz 30-31 bus type approvals but the normal E350 series vans with 5.4L (BAF)). carries the same dedicated natural gas procedure is to have the engines engine as the Kamaz truck. Natural gas certified according to the EC regulations In the heavy duty segment (vehicles is stored in high pressure cylinders for and then have a national type approval above 12 tonnes) current OEM offers in 197 normal m3. It is sufficient enough of the complete vehicle. There is Europe include buses with a typical obviously a clear distinction between engine size of around eight litres. Continue to page 22 24 January 2010
Continued from page 21 models, and is offered for use in various gasoline-powered trucks and shuttle applications including port drayage bus chasses, including: the Chevy trucks, heavy-haul trucks, refuse W3500/W4500 and Isuzu NPR and transfer, dump trucks, roll-offs, line-haul, NPR HD COE with a 6.0L engine; the and other vocational applications. Chevy C6500/7500/8500 Topkick work trucks with a 8.1L engine; the Chevy Cummins-Westport, a partnership G3500 Series cutaways with a 6.0L between Cummins Engine Company engine; the Chevy G4500 series and Westport Innovations, produces the cutaway with a 6.0L; the Ford E450 ISL G. The ISL G engine is available in series cutaways with a 6.8L engine; and ratings from 250 to 320 horsepower, the Chevy C4500/5500 cutaways with a and already meets the strict U.S. EPA 8.1L engine. 2010 emission standards (0.2 g/bhp-hr NOx and 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM). The In addition to the above-mentioned engine combines Cummins exhaust gas products (globally) there also is a recirculation technology with a considerable interest in dual fuel three-way catalyst to offer improved conversions offered by Clean Air Power efficiency and lower costs. The ISL G is [CAP], the Hardstaff Group, and others. Kamaz 65116-40 CNG (OEM, range specified for the following heavy-duty (See Chapter on real life experiences). approx. 400 km), taken at Gassuf 2008 vehicles: trash collection trucks (Crane From a technical point-of-view, medium expo in Russia Carrier LET, Autocar Xpeditor, ALF and light duty vehicles could be fitted Condor, Peterbilt LCF 320 and Mack with dual fuel conversion systems. to drive 560 kilometres with one filling. TerraPro); Buses, shuttles and trolleys Gas consumption equals 35 normal m3 (NABI, New Flyer, Orion, Thomas, Vehicles in the weight class 3.5 - 12 per 100 kilometres. ElDorado, Blue Bird, variety of tonnes are defined as medium duty shuttle/trolley upfitters using FCC MB55 vehicles. Many of these vehicles are in There are two more gas bus original chassis); street sweepers (Elgin, the 3.5 - 6 tonne range with the same manufacturers today in Russia: Liaz and Tymco, Schwarze, Allianz-Johnston); vehicle available in three different Paz companies. Both companies use and work /vocational trucks (Sterling L configurations - vans, trucks, or small dedicated natural gas engines from series transition to Freightliner M2 buses. Iveco Daily and Mercedes Cummins. These buses are extensively tractor, then straight truck; Freightliner Sprinter are two typical examples of used in Moscow and Togliatti. Custom Chassis MT45/55; Ottawa; OEM offers, both available with natural Capacity yard hostlers). gas engines. Daimler is offering Econic natural gas trucks using the same engines as the A third company, Emissions Solutions, There also are other vehicles with this Evobus/Citaro buses, and the Iveco produces a “drop-in” replacement type of configuration that usually belong Stralis trucks use the same engines as engine for the very popular Navistar in the light duty class (up to 3.5 tonnes), Iveco/Irisbus/Karosa buses. Volvo also (International) diesel DT466 and but sometimes in the medium duty may offer trucks using the same MaxxForceDT engines. The DT466 class (above 3.5 tonnes). Fiat Ducato is engines as in Volvo bus models. replacement engine (the Phoenix NG one example. Other vehicles in this 7.6L) produces 175-265 hp and class are Volkswagen Transporter and In the United States, the heavy-duty 460-820 lb-ft of torque. The Ford Transit, both offered as QVM and medium-heavy segments have MaxxForceDT replacement (the Phoenix conversions approved by the vehicle received the most marketing focus from NG 9.3L) produces 350 hp and 1200 manufacturer. In France, this class can the NGV industry. In 2008, Westport ft-lb torque. Both are dedicated be found in the Boxer and Jumper Innovations introduced their spark-ignited engines. The Emissions models, both from Citroën and Peugeot high-pressure, direct injection LNG Solutions engines are repower options respectively, and in the Renault Master. ISX-G engine. Based on the Cummins for food/beverage delivery trucks; refuse ISX diesel engine with cooled engine trucks, school buses, and utility/public gas recirculation, the LNG version of the works trucks. engine offers the same horsepower, torque, and efficiency as the base diesel In the medium-duty market, Cummins engine it is replacing. The Westport Westport offers its 5.9L B Gas Plus LNG system is certified to 0.8 g/bhp-hr engine. This engine is factory available NOx and 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM. The from Freightliner Custom Chassis in Westport GX 15L engine is available their MT 45 and MT 55 walk-in van with 400 and 450 horsepower ratings chasses and MB55 bus chassis. These and up to 1 750 lb-ft torque for chasses are used in a wide range truck heavy-duty port, freight and vocational and shuttle bus applications. applications. LNG fuel tanks can be configured to In addition, aftermarket conversion suit customer range requirements. The system manufacturers (e.g., Baytech Westport GX is currently available in Corporation BAF Technologies IMPCO factory assembled Kenworth T800 LNG [FSS], Natural Drive) offer aftermarket and Peterbilt 386, 387, and 367 conversion for a range of medium Iveco Eurocargo CNG (OEM) January 2010 25
Emissions of Iveco Cursor 8 CNG engine vs. present and NOx Emissions Comparison : Diesel Versus Alternative future Euro limits Technologies, by Iveco
Available OEM natural gas technology petroleum-fuelled engine for almost any The industry welcomes the already offers superior emissions often application, including marine and improvements of gasoline and diesel below environmentally enhance vehicle railway vehicles. Experimental airplanes engines because the better these (EEV) limits. Emission comparison and helicopters also have been technologies become, the better it is for based on Iveco Cursor 8 CNG engines developed as ‘proof of concept’ NGVs. NGVs since a ‘better’ fuel typically will far below the EEV limit, as presented in Dual-fuel diesel/natural gas engines first make for a better engine, running on Figure below. appeared in the early 1980s (almost in natural gas. parallel in the U.S, Italy and Russia) Furthermore, NOx emission is based on a simple fumigation principle It is clear today that off-road compared with existing diesel technology, that added natural gas into the intake applications of natural gas within the but also with fuel cells technologies and airstream. Today these environmentally transportation sector will expand. conventional fuel hybrids. ‘unreliable’ systems have become In-door natural gas forklifts have been electronically controlled and a variety of around for several years. They are popular China represents the single most new developments, including high in indoor production and storage actively growing OEM market worldwide pressure direct injection, will create new facilities in a number of countries. for vehicles and engines and their opportunities for long-haul and other manufacturers are actively selling large, heavy duty vehicle applications. The agricultural sector is another very products domestically and in other promising market for NGV technologies. Asian markets, with numbers of them The addition of liquefied natural gas This sector consumes a lot of diesel seeking to penetrate new markets in (LNG), borne into NGVs as the need for fuel, which is a factor of the high cost of South America, Eastern Europe and additional fuel capacity and vehicle the end product. In a number of elsewhere. Though more expensive range emerged, is yet another very Russian agricultural cooperatives, than domestically produced natural gas positive development for vehicular farmers have converted their diesel engines, both Cummins and Iveco have natural gas applications. Increasing tractors to use natural gas. Although presence in China and are selling demands by government emissions and dual-fuel technologies for ICE are less engines for HDV and bus applications, environmental regulators will continue to efficient both economically and in particular. Other international help and positively influence NGV environmentally (compared to dedicated equipment suppliers and European development in the future. natural gas systems), they offer at least NGV conversion systems manufacturers In future, OEMs will apply their technical 25% fuel cost savings. also are doing business in China. In skills to adapting their gasoline and 2007, 58 vehicle manufacturers in diesel engines for superior performance The very recent breakthrough in the China produced 347 NGV models and emissions running on natural gas. NGV technologies was achieved in (including independent chassis but not But it is unlikely that the OEMs will Russia in 2009. The use of natural gas types of vehicles), covering buses, cars, produce the natural gas vehicle for rail-road locomotives has been trucks and utility vehicles. components. investigated for decades now. Positive Eighteen engine manufacturers offered As increasingly more OEMs develop results have been achieved in Russia, 98 types of NGV engine models with and produce NGVs, the upcoming USA, Germany, and Peru. However the the power ranging from 64 kW to 250 challenge for the NGV industry will be to real success came with installation of a kW. More domestic LDV and HDV supply the OEMs with the highest gas turbine to drive the locomotive's OEMs are entering the market with a quality ‘zero-defect’ components in the power generator. The GT-1 locomotive wide variety of equipment. Liquefied quantities that many developing NGV has one NK gas turbine with rated natural gas vehicles (L-NGVs) fleet use markets will demand. If this can be power of 8 300 kW and carries 17 tons is expanding and LNG use will become done, even by a handful of highly of LNG. In January 2009 the GT-1 loco- increasingly significant as part of the dependable equipment suppliers with motive set a new world record for a sin- NGV mix in the future. worldwide distribution then, ultimately, gle rail-way engine: it was successfully Another exciting aspect of the “NGV NGVs will move away from retrofit tested with a load of 15 200 tons. opportunity” is that natural gas can be dominance in the market to become a used in almost any type of true fuel alternative. Continued on page 24 26 January 2010
Continued from page 23
Compared to a conventional diesel locomotive, the LNG GT-1 saved 30% of the fuel cost.
Hydrogen is not forgotten by the NGV community. A Russian prototype vehicle equipped with a small on-board converter which generates hydrogen from natural gas and adds it (7 – 15%) to the fuel mixture is shown in Figure bellow. This addition of a small amount of hydrogen helps improve the environmental performance and operation CNG QVM forklift CNG QVM Belarus tractor (photo by (Gazprom, Kazan', Russia) NGVRUS, Omsk, Russia) of the NGV. An advantage of this technology is that there is no need to separately store hydrogen on-board.
Source: IGU S.G. 5.3 Final report Download the full report at http://www.iangv.org/tools- resources/reports.html?func=select &id=13 Or visit the IGU Knowledge Database at http://www.igu.org/knowledge For more information, contact: Davor Matic [email protected] or Eugene Pronin [email protected] LNG gas turbine GT-1 locomotive Natural Gas-Hydrogen blend vehicle (Russian Railways, Moscow, Russia) (photo by NGVRUS Railways, Moscow) January 2010 27 28 January 2010
www.hwa-young.co.kr Chinese CNG engines for Bolivia
The presence of China NGV industry is affirmed in more countries across Asia and South America. More and more countries in these regions are using China’s NGV-related products, mainly CNG engines and buses apart from cylinders.
In Santa Cruz, the biggest city in Bolivia, conversion of diesel buses to CNG system will be activated. This programme is supported by the government as it plans to approve the purchase of 6,000 units of CNG engines from China. The conversion will be carried out with full funding (for free).
This month, four units of 4500 cc engines, will be imported to this country for a full testing. Upon the completion and Alternative Fuel success of the test, final approval for purchase can be given. Bolivia has about 65,000 buses that require change or System’s Components conversion. Meanwhile, in La Paz City, 30,000 CNG • High-Low Pressure Regulators engines are required for the conversion. Santa Cruz and • CNG Fuel Filter Cochabamba were reported to have about 45,000 vehicles. Bolivia’s National Hydrocarbon Agency (ANH) has given the Hwa Young Co.,Ltd. #1063-14, Eu-Bang Dong, Kim-Hae City, Kyung-Nam Do, S.KOREA green light for the start up of CNG conversion programme in Tel: +82-55-322-2201 Fax : +82-55-322-2208 Cochabamba. www.hwa-young.co.kr, [email protected] January 2010 29 30 January 2010 Safety Corner Examples and tips of safety in NGVs and CNG stations
In manufacturing, installing the CNG system and operating the vehicle as well as the fuelling station, conformation to the (international) standards and (local) regulation is persistently underlined and insisted by authorities and NGV experts. Failing to do so could lead to unnecessary vehicle accidents and fatalities. Below are several examples of past accidents caused by the not considering safety the first priority. Cylinders burst and vehicle explosion during gas refuelling can be the result of: • Using LPG/water/O2 tanks and/or substandard tanks instead of CNG * Altering the raw material by stretching if there has been a collision to ensure cylinders. CNG cylinders are designed the metal tube before manufacturing the maximum safety. So, the concern of and manufactured to withhold up to cylinder, causing uneven “wall” strength cylinder burst is not necessary noting 200-220 bar gas pressure, while others, across the tube/cylinder. that proper CNG cylinders are used in such as LPG tank, can stand only up to • Illegal and improper installation of the vehicle. 10 bar. Putting a 200 bar gas (CNG) CNG kits and cylinders done by vehicle pressure to an LPG tank will easily owners (self-installation) or uncertified As corrosion in cylinders can damage cause tank outburst/explosion that technician in conversion workshops. the cylinder and cause gas leakage, could lead to vehicle blast; manufacturers coated the tanks with a • Adding LPG tank to a vehicle with Apart from the above-mentioned high-quality adhesive coating paint. For existing CNG cylinders; examples, of course, not all fire-related example, in case of Vitkovice, this • Altering the size of CNG cylinder by accident reported by various countries adhesive coating passed through 3,000 cutting the cylinder and welding the end occurred to NGVs are connected to hours tests in the salt-spray chamber. to make it short enough to fit the car failure in the CNG system/cylinders. To allow extra safety avoiding corrosion (done by an NGV installer); (caused by paint damage originated • Removing fiber wrap of a type 2 CNG Accidents were recorded in from stones or sharp materials hitting cylinder; Bangladesh, China, Korea, Malaysia, the cylinder during driving), some OEM • Failure in Pressure Relief Devices India, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand, South NGVs also use extra wrapping (metal, (PRD) in which the PRD did not America (Brazil, etc), USA, Ukraine, etc) around the cylinder, when it is operate/failed to release gas. Heat led France, etc. placed under the vehicle. to increase in internal pressure and at the same time the strength of the CNG in vehicles and CNG cylinders are Few safety tips cylinder wall weakened; not dangerous. Those are safe as long There are two types of cylinder testing. • Replacing "burst disks" PRD of the as standard and regulation for the One is a regular “visual” inspection. This cylinder that often fails with stronger installation of the system and the includes checking the cylinder’s label disks, in order to allow operators to put operation of the vehicles, components (see if it is really/proper CNG cylinder), more gas in CNG tanks and thus and refuelling facility are met. CNG (and heat and abrasion damages, mounting extend the hours of operation between LNG) are much safer than diesel and bracket, leak in the cylinder, cracks, CNG tank refills. Switching burst-disks gasoline as it has a higher auto ignition scratches, impact damage, corrosion, to enable CNG tank overfilling could point (the temperature at which a fuel and cracking of fiber glass composite lead to explosion of the CNG cylinders if will catch fire without the need for a wrap. Also, for cylinders type 1, 2, 3, the burst disk does not burst when spark or flame). The auto ignition point check for chemical and UV damages as needed; of CNG/LNG is 450˚C and 225 to 220˚C well as delamination. • Avoiding the required cylinder testing for diesel and gasoline respectively. and/or ignoring cylinder replacement Another inspection is a cylinder testing schedule. CNG cylinders are made of steel, that normally is conducted every five-year. • Reuse of cylinder from accidents or aluminium, or plastic (composite), from disposed cylinders (after repaired); extremely strong and durable, and are Apart from cylinder inspection, it is • Bad manufacturing that includes: made to hold much more than 200-220 advisable to check the “whole” package * Failure of Conformity of Production bar (2900–3200 psi). Safety valves are that includes a series of fuel line, CNG (COP) with improper heat treatment for also included in the cylinders to allow cylinders, PRDs, valves, vent line, filling the cylinders; the tank to release the CNG into the air connector, and regulator. January 2010 31 Safety Corner Measures In Islamabad City of Pakistan, the Oil OGRA concluded that the authority Safety in NGVs usage is a responsibility and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) should conduct inspection in all of the government and authorities, the conducted inspection of 211 CNG operational CNG refuelling stations at manufacturers of the components and refuelling stations through third party least once a year in order to ensure the vehicle (OEM NGVs) and conversion inspectors to determine their full-fledged safety and security of public centres, vehicle owners/operators as compliance with regulations. property and life. well as fuelling station operators. Eighteen CNG stations and licensees were found with one or more For more tips and information of safety In the vehicle segment, although deficiencies and accordingly served care and handling, standards and manufacturers, installers, and vehicle show cause notices. regulations of cylinder, NGVs and operators are the main actor in ensuring Eight stations were fined Rs50,000 refuelling stations, please see Asian safety, the role of the authority is highly each on account of safety violations NGV Communications edition important. Not only introducing the while gas supply to three stations was December 2008, January and February regulation and standard is crucial, but disconnected to ensure public safety 2009. Contact [email protected] to implementing or enforcing the regulation and interest. get these editions. as well as introducing measures are indispensable.
In India, CNG kits in buses must undergo a mandatory fitness test every three months at government authorized centres. But a majority of operators skip the tests and continue to ply due to lack of enforcement.
After experiencing few explosion-relat- ed-incidents in NGVs, the transport department in Delhi conducted road inspection on public CNG buses, school buses and commercial vehicles in December 2009. The transport department confiscated 300 Blueline and RTV buses found plying without the safety certifications for CNG kits. The inspection is planned to be continued on a daily basis.
By beginning December, the transport department issued notices against 1,900 commercial vehicles, including about 500 Bluelines. The owners have been asked to produce CNG leak-proof certificates (to be presented on December 18), and if they fail to do so, their permits will be cancelled. In Lucknow City, tempos (three-wheeled Light-Duty Commercial Vehicles) and cars will also be checked for an additional CNG cylinder which is fitted to the vehicles by fiddling with the original design of the vehicle.
Another important element is to ensure that supply of components should be sufficient and properly distributed. If the access to the component purchase is difficult, vehicle owners would not be able to replace the needed equipment on time. This could lead to small or big damages or incidents in the vehicle. 32 January 2010 China gas supply faces a big challenge Due to cold winter across China and snow hit in northern part of the country, the demand for NG is rising. In southern cities supplies are reaching their limits. Central and eastern provinces are also facing the worst natural gas shortage in years. China's largest oil and gas producer, CNPC, underlined that its NG supply has gone far beyond previous planning and some of its underground gas storage has been over exploited.
Gas supply is now mainly diverted to provide 100 Yuan as a daily subsidy to department of the National household use. China top gas supplier, more than 8,000 taxi drivers, who have Development and Reform Commission PetroChina, informed that the sudden to turn to gasoline because of the kept the 2009 price, at least, until drop in temperatures has slowed the natural gas shortage. Hangzhou City is December. flow of gas in pipelines, causing longer also experiencing the same challenge. It is anticipated that when this time for vehicle refuelling. Nevertheless, a second NG pipeline “extreme” winter passed, gas supply from west to the east part of China was and distribution will return to a normal In southern part of China, even in scheduled to be opened by December condition. Government endorsement to Chongqing, the country’s largest NG 2009. Also, China is going to import CNG/NGV business is expected to producer, gas supply is a big issue more LNG from Australia. Last year, remain strong, especially as next year during this winter. The Chongqing PetroChina signed a 20-year LNG the country will host the ANGVA2011 government has decided to levy 80% export contract with ExxonMobil from Conference and Exhibition in Beijing. surcharge on CNG by end November. Australia. The venue has been chosen near the Passenger of CNG taxis needs to pay 2008 Olympic Games major stadium two more Yuan on each trip. In Wuhan Gas analysts consider that gas pricing and not so far from China’s main City, the local government decided to reforms is a must. The head of the price international airport. January 2010 33 Thailand will see a growing demand for natural gas in 2010
The state’s sole gas supplier in environmental health concerns at the Thailand, PTT, has announced that the Map Ta Phut industrial estate in the total natural gas demand in Thailand is eastern province of Rayong. Thailand anticipated to increase by 10.6% in already considers building CNG refu- 2010 to 3.95 billion cubic feet per day elling station(s) along some industrial due mainly to growing demand from zones to lower pollution in the area. It is petrochemical plants. foreseen that by using CNG to power The expectation for 2009 for domestic vehicles operating around this area, the gas consumption showed that a 3.3% air quality will improve. growth would be recorded for that year, The economic recovery should help in which 3.57 billion cubic feet per day boost demand from industrial users and of gas would be used throughout the for NGVs, concluded Permsak. nation, said Permsak Shevawattananon, senior executive vice president for PTT's gas business. In 2009, four percent of natural gas was used in transport sector, while the rest RAIL was for power producers, petrochemi- cal plants and industrial users. The gets the world moving 2009 demand for CNG for vehicles was projected to grow by 75% to 133 million while helping the environment cubic feet per day from 76 million in 2008, according to PTT. On the other hand, it is expected that by February 2010, a Thai court will give a verdict regarding a case involving
Mark your agenda!
“Creating a Revolution in Transport” June 8-10, 2010 New Rome Fair, Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor area – Italy
www.ngv2010roma.com [email protected]
injectorsinjectors
May 13-15, 2010 Beijing, China
Overseas exhibition sales and marketing 300-5, Changchon-Ri, Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do, 200-911, SERVICE EXPERIENCE INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY South Korea, Tel. +31 20 420 1076 - RAIL S.p.A. www.asiangv.com Via A. Grandi , 10 - 42030 Vezzano sul Crostolo (RE) Italy - P.IVA e C.F. 02207560356 [email protected] tel +39 0522 603801 - fax +39 0522 602145 - www.railspa.net - [email protected] 34 January 2010 BusinessCentre Omnitek Engineering signed MoU with bio-energy company in the Philippines Omnitek Engineering Corporation (OMTK) today announced it has signed a memorandum of understanding with Philippine- based Alternative Bio-Energy Technologies Company (ABET), with the goal of building a strong and mutually beneficial relationship utilizing Omnitek’s proprietary diesel-to-natural-gas conversion technology to address growing local market demand for biogas engine solutions.
“Omnitek’s conversion technology complements ABET’s mission to create a cleaner environment in the Philippines, while promoting the use of environmentally friendly biomethane or biogas” said Werner Funk, president and chief executive officer of Omnitek Engineering Corporation.
He noted that ABET is a leader in the design and installation of biogas energy systems in the Philippines -- utilizing animal waste, agricultural and food waste to create methane and biogas fuels. “This represents an inexpensive energy source for existing diesel generators to operate when converted by utilizing Omnitek’s diesel-to-gas technology,” Funk said.
He added that ABET works closely with AsiaBIOGAS Co. Ltd., Southeast Asia’s largest biogas systems design, engineering, construction and operating company, and intends to supply small- and medium-sized engines for power generation operating on biogas. Headquartered in Bangkok, AsiaBIOGAS Co. Ltd. currently operates in Thailand, The Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia.
“Omnitek’s diesel engine conversion technology is being applied throughout the world with great success. Applying this technology also in the Philippines would add a significant number of biogas-powered generators in a short timeframe at an economical cost well below the price of a new engine,” Funk said.
He noted that the company intends to provide training support to the local workforce in the Philippines engaged in engine conversions and may also supply Omnitek’s brand biogas engines to the local market. About Omnitek Engineering Corporation Omnitek Engineering Corporation develops and sells new natural gas engines, as well as proprietary diesel-to-natural gas conversion systems -- providing global customers with innovative alternative energy and emissions control solutions that are sustainable, affordable and designed to combat global warming.
Contact: Omnitek Engineering, Corp. Investors Relations. 1945 S. Rancho Santa Fe Rd San Marcos, CA 92078 Tel. 760-591-0089 [email protected] January 2010 35 BusinessCentre NGV2010, the IANGV Conference and Exhibition 8-10 June 2010
The 12th biennial International NGV Association, the biggest methane (NG) for transport event of 2010 is going to be performed in the capital city of Italy, Rome. The conference and exhibition, to be hosted by the Consorzio NGV System, will gather the whole industry in one colossal event.
After several years having its international conference and exhibitions performed in South America and Africa, the IANGV decided to hold the next event in the European continent. The chosen venue Italy, main European market, is the world’s number one in adopting OEM NGVs and one of the biggest NGV/station component suppliers.
Italy has historical tradition and a powerful industry, with over 70 years of existence in the natural gas for vehicles: it has a domestic demand that is receptive to changes and innovations whereas its products are exported worldwide. Italian products and Countries already present with stand: visit Trambus’ Tor Pagnotta fuelling technology are accepted and Germany, Argentina, Canada, France, station, company that manages public acknowledged as those with high UAE, USA, England, Italy, Korea, transportation in Rome. A total 237 quality. Poland, Switzerland, Spain. buses operate daily from there. Then, the tour will continue in Agip Magliana During the financial crisis, the use of Outdoor exhibition area is located station, which supplies CNG, HCNG conventional fuel decreased while NGV between Exhibition Hall (9) and and has also delivered hydrogen. Here, is proved to be a real option. An Conference Hall (10) ENI will serve refreshments, and it is extraordinary result in the sector has being evaluated the possibility of been recorded in 2008, and 2009 Conference holding the official opening of the confirmed that trend with around 6% of NGV 2010 Rome conferences will be station during the technical tour all vehicles sold in the country were developed in plenary meetings and two (participants would also attend it). CNG-driven. Local Press media reflect simultaneous sessions, and will be Partner Programmes and a gala dinner the situation referring to it as the NGV translated into Italian and English. will also take place during the event. boom. Fifty papers will be selected. Apart from Ecorally-Raid Exhibition the regular prizes granted by IANGV, the The organizers of the Republic of San Suppliers and buyers of OEM NGVs, best three presentations will be Marino– Vatican City International conversion equipment, compressor, awarded by NGV Communications Ecorally are defining the carrying out of dispensers and all components related Group with € 3,000, € 2,000 and € a competition that will end in Fiera to CNG and LNG stations as well as 1,000 and the winning authors’ Roma, coinciding with NGV 2010. The biomethane for vehicles segment, will all registrations as speaker will be rally is intended for off-road alternative gather in the Fiera Roma, the fair’s complimentary. Speakers whose papers fuelled vehicles. venue. are selected, as well as social and educational organizations, will pay 50% The IANGV as well as the NGVA Europe Around 3,000 m2 of space is available of the conference fee. will also hold their separate General for sale Meeting of the Members. Of which 2,000 m2 has been booked Concurrent activities by mid November 2009 Technical Tour Hotel transfers on NG buses will be And around 1,000 m2 are available for On Monday 7th June, from 9 to 14, provided for the route of Hotel sale plus the confirmation of booked participants will be taken on an NGV Sheraton-Fiera Roma-Hotel Sheraton spaces bus –departing from Sheraton Hotel- to on all three days of the event. 36 January 2010 Asian NGV statistics
NGV statistics Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations Monthly gas VRA Last update Country MD/HD MD/HD Under consumption Total Cars/LDVs buses trucks Others Total Public Private construction (M Nm3)
Pakistan 2.250.100 2.200.000 100 50.000 3.000 3.000 1.002 September 2009 Iran 1.638.284 1.632.313 5.971 981 957 24 884 177,00 October 2009 India 700.000 680.380 12.000 715 6.905 500 181 319 52,00 April 2009 China 500.000 320.000 150.000 30.000 1.339 1.140 199 230 9 October 2009 Bangladesh 180.000 168.412 3.233 8.355 463 463 13 21,36 October 2009 Thailand 158.002 127.786 11.065 17.473 1.678 369 344 25 36 0 November 2009 Egypt 110.100 107.442 1.209 708 741 119 115 4 16 33,90 June 2009 Russia 103.000 60.000 8.000 35.000 226 201 25 12 26,79 December 2008 Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 275 9 266 14 28,50 September 2009 Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 December 2007 Malaysia 41.921 41.442 465 14 128 126 2 10 November 2009 Japan 38.042 14.587 1.467 20.566 1.422 344 293 51 672 September 2009 Korea 24.358 1.183 22.416 758 1 157 157 5 13 81,68 October 2009 Myanmar 22.821 4.527 18.290 4 37 37 October 2008 Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007 Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007 Singapore 4.499 4.461 23 15 5 5 September 2009 Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 35 0,40 July 2008 Georgia 3.000 3.000 42 42 January 2008 Australia 2.825 100 1.700 275 750 47 4 43 39 130 November 2009 Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2008 United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 1 March 2007 New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007 Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006 Taiwan 4 4 1 1 April 2005 Vietnam 2 2 1 1 January 2009 Total Asia 5.948.140 5.504.019 246.694 133.719 63.708 8.173 7.193 980 2.226 895 430,62 November 2009 World 10.884.257 10.322.194 312.537 182.566 66.960 16.274 14.896 1.378 2.607 12.979 1.107 November 2009
Fuel Prices Premium Regular Diesel CNG CNG price CNG price Country Gasoline (Euro/ equivalent per equivalent per Gasoline (Euro/litre) (Euro/litre) (Euro/litre) Nm3) litre gasoline litre diesel Armenia 0,67 0,63 0,61 0,32 0,29 0,33 Australia 0,77 0,72 0,78 0,34 0,30 0,35 Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18 China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35 Egypt 0,24 0,12 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,06 India 0,64 0,48 0,27 0,24 0,28 World review Indonesia 0,44 0,31 0,33 0,18 0,16 0,18 Cars MD/HD MD/HD fuelling Region Total NGVs Others Iran 0,100 0,067 1,011 0,027 0,025 0,026 /LDVs Buses Trucks stations Japan 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58 Asia 5.858.631 5.415.092 246.163 133.705 63.671 7.986 Korea 1,08 0,96 0,84 0,48 0,43 0,49 Eurasia 89.509 88.927 531 14 37 187 Malaysia 0,40 0,35 0,34 0,15 0,13 0,15 Africa 226 220 6 7 Pakistan 0,68 0,57 0,40 0,36 0,41 Europe 910.589 832.273 40.777 36.687 852 2.751 Russia 0,80 0,69 0,70 0,22 0,20 0,23 South & Central 3.910.125 3.886.645 13.820 9.660 4.418 Singapore 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53 North America 115.177 99.037 11.240 2.500 2.400 925 Thailand 0,64 0,59 0,57 0,12 0,11 0,12 Total 10.884.257 10.322.194 312.537 182.566 66.960 16.274