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Rhetorik Und Aufmerksamkeit. Die Fünf Officia Oratoris (PDF) Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit. Die fünf officia oratoris (Melanie Möller, FU Berlin) Terminologie der Aufmerksamkeit: • gr. : προσέχειν (τòν νοῦν) • attendere, intendere, contendere, (tendere) • anim(um) advertere • erigere, incitare, excitare, movere • videre, audire • observare, intueri Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 2 Rezeptionshaltungen: benivolus, attentus, docilis Prozess der „Interattention“ (B. Waldenfels, Phänomenologie der Aufmerksamkeit, Frankfurt a.M. 2004) Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 3 officia oratoris/partes rhetorices inventio „Auffindung“ dispositio „Anordnung“ elocutio „Vertextung“ memoria „Auswendiglernen“ (Mnemotechnik) actio/pronuntiatio „Vortrag“ Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 4 inv. 1, 9: partes autem eae, quas plerique dixerunt, „Die Teile aber sind diejenigen, die die meisten inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, angeführt haben: Auffindung, Anordnung, pronuntiatio. inventio est excogitatio rerum stilistische Durchformung, Auswendiglernen, verarum aut veri similium, quae causam Vortrag. Beim ‚Auffinden‘ handelt es sich um das probabilem reddant; dispositio est rerum Ersinnen wahrer oder wahrheitsähnlicher inventarum in ordinem distributio; elocutio est Gegebenheiten, die den Fall plausibel machen idoneorum verborum ad inventionem sollen; unter ‚Anordnung‘ verstehen wir die accommodatio; memoria est firma animi rerum Verteilung der aufgefundenen Argumente auf ac verborum ad inventionem perceptio; eine bestimmte Reihenfolge; mit ‚stilistischer‘ pronuntiatio est ex rerum et verborum dignitate Gestaltung ist die an die Stoffwahl angepasste vocis et corporis moderatio Auswahl geeigneter Wörter gemeint; die ‚Erinnerung‘ beschreibt das gefestigte geistige Erfassen der Gedanken und Wörter gemäß der Auffindung; der ‚Vortrag‘ ist als der Würde der Gedanken und Wörter entsprechendes stimmlich- körperliches Maßnehmen aufzufassen“. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 5 Redekunst und Kulturgenese (inv. 1, 2): quo tempore quidam magnus videlicet vir et sapiens „Zu dieser Zeit erkannte ein augenscheinlich cognovit, quae materia esset et quanta ad maximas res bedeutender und weiser Mann, welches Potential und opportunitas in animis inesset hominum, si quis eam welch große Möglichkeit zur Verwirklichung der posset elicere et praecipiendo meliorem reddere; qui bedeutendsten Dinge dem menschlichen Geist dispersos homines in agros et in tectis silvestribus innewohnen, wenn nur jemand imstande wäre, diese abditos ratione quadam conpulit unum in locum et hervorzulocken und durch Unterweisung zu congregavit et eos in unam quamque rem inducens verbessern; dieser trieb die auf den Feldern utilem atque honestam primo propter insolentiam versprengten und in den Wäldern verborgenen reclamantes, deinde propter rationem atque ora- Menschen nach einem gewissen Plan an einem Ort tionem studiosius audientes ex feris et immanibus zusammen und verband sie zu einer Gemeinschaft, und mites reddidit et mansuetos. indem er sie an jede einzelne nutzbringende und ehrenhafte Tätigkeit heranführte, wogegen sie zunächst wegen der mangelnden Gewöhnung protestierten, dann aber infolge der [sc.: seiner] vernünftigen Redeweise aufmerksamer zuhörten, hat er sie aus wilden und unbändigen Kreaturen zu sanftmütigen und umgänglichen Menschen gemacht“. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 6 (a) inventio de inventione (1, 9): inventio est excogitatio rerum verarum aut veri similium, quae causam probabilem reddant; „Beim ‚Auffinden‘ handelt es sich um das Ersinnen wahrer oder wahrheitsähnlicher Gegebenheiten, die den Fall plausibel machen sollen“. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 7 (a) inventio Telos der Rede: ratio/ affectus/ mores/ logos pathos ethos delectare/ docere movere conciliare Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 8 (a) inventio argumentatio πίστεις bzw. probationes (confirmatio/refutatio) artificiales/inartificiales (Aristoteles: ἄτεχνοι/inartificiales; ἔντεχνοι/artificiales) inv. 1, 34: Confirmatio est, per quam argumentando nostrae causae fidem et auctoritatem et firmamentum adiungit oratio. „Unter Bekräftigung verstehen wir etwas, mit dessen Hilfe die Rede unserer Sache durch Beweisführung Zuverlässigkeit, Würde und Solidität hinzufügt“. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 9 (a) inventio persuasio/utilitas • loci der confirmatio . Name, Natur, Lebensweise, Schicksal, Haltung, Stimmung, Bestrebungen, Absicht, Taten, Zufälle und Reden • (nomen, natura, victus, fortuna, habitus, affectio, studia, consilia, facta, casus, orationes) • Die drei Begründungsformen lauten (inv. 1, 18 bzw. 2, 46): . confirmatio coniecturalis (Vermutung), confirmatio legitima (Gesetze) oder confirmatio iuridicialis (Rechtfertigung). dazu kommen sechs Methoden (ratio constitutionis): • probabile, collatio (Vergleich), signum (Umstände), argumentum (Überführung), consecutio (Folgen) und approbatio (Zustimmung). Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 10 Auf der Jagd (a) inventio de orat. 2, 147: „Und darin liegt das Ganze begründet, atque hoc totum est sive artis sive sei es nun eine Wissenschaft, Beob- animadversionis sive consuetudinis nosse achtung oder Gewohnheit, dass man die regiones, intra quas venere et Gefilde kennt, in denen man das, was pervestiges, quod quaeras. ubi eum man sucht, jagen oder aufspüren will. locum omnem cogitatione saepseris, si Sobald man dieses ganze Revier im modo usum rerum percallueris, nihil te Geiste eingezäunt hat, wird einem, wenn effugiet atque omne, quod erit in re, man nur durch praktische Erfahrung klug occurret atque incidet. geworden ist, nichts entgehen, und alles, was zur Sache gehört, wird sich uns darbieten und in die Hände fallen.“ 11 Topik/loci communes: (a) inventio Klassifikationen nach Cicero (inv. 1, 34ff.): Personenbezogene loci Sachbezogene loci nomen „Name“ locus „Ort“ natura „Natur“ tempus „Zeit“ victus „Lebensweise“ occasio „Gelegenheit“ fortuna „Schicksal“ modus „Art und Weise“ habitus „Haltung“ facultas „Mittel“ adfectio „Stimmung“ adiunctum [sc.: negotio] „(mit dem Geschäft) Verbundenes“ studium „Interesse“ maius – „größer“ minus – „kleiner“ consilium „Absicht“ aeque magnum – „gleich groß“ facta „Taten“ simile – „ähnlich“ casus „Zufälle“ contrarium – „gegensätzlich“ orationes „Reden“ genus „Gattung“ pars „Art“ eventus „Ergebnis“ 12 Topik/loci communes (top. 10-23): (a) inventio loci der benevolentia (v.a. im exordium) loci ab nostra persona = integres Auftreten des Redners loci ab adversariorum persona = Akzentuierung negativer Eigenschaften des Gegners loci ab iudicum persona = Umschmeicheln der Richter loci a causa = Aufwertung der eigenen Sache Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 13 (a) inventio Jagd in den Topica (7): Ut igitur earum rerum quae absconditae sunt „Wie nämlich das Auffinden von Dingen, die demonstrato et notato loco facilis inventio est, verborgen sind, durch das Zeigen und sic, cum pervestigare argumentum aliquod Bezeichnen eines locus erleichtert wird, so volumus, locos nosse debemus; sic enim müssen wir, wenn wir irgendein Argument appellatae ab Aristotele sunt eae quasi sedes, e aufspüren wollen, die loci kennen; so nämlich quibus argumenta promuntur. Itaque licet definire hat Aristoteles sozusagen die ‚Sitze‘ genannt, von locum esse argumenti sedem, argumentum autem denen wir die Argumente hernehmen. Es darf rationem, quae rei dubiae faciat fidem. daher der locus als ‚Sitz eines Arguments‘ bezeichnet werden, das Argument aber als ein Verfahren, das einer zweifelhaften Sache Überzeugung verleiht”. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 14 Statuslehre (status/constitutiones): (a) inventio Cicero: vier Klassen (inv. 1, 10-16) • status coniecturae/constitutio coniecturalis • („auf einer Vermutung beruhende Begründungsform“: personenbezogene oder kausale loci) • status finitionis/constitutio definitiva • („auf einer Begriffsbestimmung beruhende Begründungsform“: definitorische loci) • status qualitatis/constitutio generalis • („gattungsbezogene Begründungsform“: loci der Gerechtigkeit) • status translationis/constitutio translativa • („übertragende Begründungsform“: loci der Rechtsordnung) Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 15 (a) inventio Praesuppositiones: • natura, ars (doctrina, scientia) und usus (exercitatio) • iudicium, prudentia Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 16 Aufmerksamkeit und Überraschung (a) inventio de inventione (1, 23) Attentos autem faciemus, si „Aufmerksam aber werden wir sie demonstrabimus ea, quae dicturi machen, wenn wir darlegen, dass das, erimus, magna, nova, incredibilia esse, was wir sagen wollen, bedeutend, neu […]. nam et, cum docilem velis facere, und unglaublich sei, […]. Denn auch, simul attentum facias oportet. Nam is wenn man jemanden wissbegierig est maxime docilis, qui attentissime est machen will, muss man ihn zugleich paratus audire. aufmerksam machen. Es ist nämlich derjenige am gelehrigsten, der bereit ist, besonders aufmerksam zuzuhören“. Dialogi Berolinenses 2018: „Rhetorik und Aufmerksamkeit“ (Melanie Möller) 17 (b) dispositio de inventione (1, 9): dispositio est rerum inventarum in ordinem distributio „unter ‚Anordnung‘ verstehen wir die Verteilung
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