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Pope Gregory I

Pope Gregory I

Pope Gregory I

“ Gregory” redirects herhere.e. For other uses, seesee Saint Saint ther is known about that position. Gregory’s mother,mother, Sil- Gregory (disambiguation).. via, was well-born and had a married sister, Pateria, in . His mothemotherr and two paternalpaternal auntsaunts are honoreddhonore by and Orthodox churches as .[11] Gre- Gregory I ( (LatinLatin:: Gregorius I ; c. 540 – 12 March [12] [1] gory’gory’ssgreagreat-gret-great-graat-grandfndfatheatherrhadhadbeenbeenPoPopeFelix III,, 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great,, [13] was Pope ffroromm33SeSeptptemembeberr595900totohihissdedeatathhinin60604.4. GrGre-e- the nominee of the Gothic king,king, Theodoric Theodoric.. Gregory’s elelecectitionontoto ththeeththroroneneofofStStPPeteterermamadedehihissffamamililyyththeemomostst gorgoryyisis wewellllknownwn kno fforor hishiswriwritintings,gs, whiwhichchwewereremorere mo pro-- pro [14] lific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.[2] HeHe distinguisdistinguishedhed clerical dynasty of the period. is also known as St. GregGregoryory the DialogististDialog in in Eastern Eastern The family owned and resided in a villa suburbana onon because of his Dialogues . For this reasoreason,n, thethe Caelian , fronting the same street, now the Via English of Eastern texts will sometimes list di San Gregorio, with the former palaces of the Roman him as “Gregory Dialogus”. emperors on thethe Palatine op oppospositeite.. The northnorth of ThrThrououghoghoutut thetheMiMiddlddleeAgAgeseshehewawassknoknownwnasas “th“theeFaFathetherr the street runs into thethe Colosseum; the south, thethe Circus . In Gregory’sGregory’s day the ancientancient buildinbuildingsgs were of Christian ”Worship” because of his exceptionalexceptional effeffortsorts [15] in revising the Roman worship of his day.[3] His contri- in ruins and were privatelyprivately owned. Villas covered the areaarea.. Gregory’ Gregory’ss ffamilamilyy also ownedowned working working estatesestates in butions to the development of thethe Divine of the [16] [17] Presanctified Gifts, ststililllininususeeininththeeByzaByzantine Rite, were Sicily and around . Gregory later had por- soso sisignignificficantantthathattheheisisgeneraerallllyyrecrecogn gen ognizeizeddasas itsitsdede ffacactoto traits done in frefrescosco in their formerformer home on the Caelian author. andandthethesese wewerere dedescrscribeibedd300300yeyearsarslalaterterbybyJohJohn theDea- con. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He was the first of the to come from aa monasti monasticc He wore a beard.beard. Silvia Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue bacbackgrokground.und. Gregory Gregory is aa Doctor Doctor of the andand eyeeyess and a cheerfucheerfull look. They had anotheranother son whose one of thethe Latin Fathers. He is consconsididerereded a sainta saint inin name and fate are unknown.[18] thetheCatholicCatholicChurch,,EasteEasternOrthodoxChurch,,AnglicanAnglican , and somesome Lutheran Lutheran churches. ImImmemedidi-- GreGregorgoryywawassborbornninintoto aapeperiorioddofofuphupheaeavavallininItaItalyly. FrorommF. ately after his death, Gregory was canonized by popular 542 the so-calledso-called Plague swept through the acclaim.[4] TheThe Protestant Protestant reformer reformer John admired proprovincvinceses of the empire, includingincluding Italy.Italy. The plagueeplagu Gregory and declared in hishis Institutes Institutes that Gregory was caucausedsed famine,famine, panic, and sometimesometimess rioting. In some the last pope.[5] He is the of musicians,s,musician parpartsts ofofthethecocountuntry,ry,ovoverer1/31/3ofofthethepoppopulaulatiotionnwawasswipwipeded singers, students, and teachersteachers..[6] out or destroyed, with heavy spiritual and emotional ef- ffecectsts ononththeepepeopopleleofofththeeEmEmpipirere..[19] Politically, although thethe Western Western had long since vanished in

1 1 Earlrly Ea y liliffee Italyfavour was of gradually the Gothic retaken kings from of Italy,thethe Goths during by by Justinian Justinianthe I, emperor of thethe Eastern Eastern Roman Empire ruling from The exact date of Gregory’s birth is uncertain, but is usu- . As the fighting was mainly in the north, ally estimated to be around the year 540,[7] in the city of the young Gregory probably saw little of it.it. Totila sacked Rome. His parents named him Gregorius , which accord- and vacated Rome in 546, destroying most of its ancient ing toto Aelfric Aelfric in in An on the Birth-Day of S. Gre- population, but in 549 he invited those who were still gory, "... is a , which signifiessignifies in the Latin alialiveve to return to the empty and ruinedruined streets.streets. It has Tongue , that is in English, Watchful....”[8] been hypothesized that young Gregory and his parents The medieval writers who give this etymology[9] do not retired during that intermission to their Sicilian estates, [20] hehesisitattatee to apapplplyy it to the lifelife of GregoryGregory.. AeAelflfriric,c, to return in 549. TheThe war war was over in Rome by 552, foforr example,example, goes on: “He was very diligentdiligent in ’s and a subsequent invasion of thethe Franks was defeated in Commandments.”[10] 554. After that, there was peace in Italy, and the appeaappear-r- ance of , except that the central government Gregory was born into a wealthywealthy patrician Roman fam- now resided in Constantinople. ily with clcloseose connectictionsconne ons to the church church.. His fatherfather,, Like most young men of his position in Roman soci- theGordianus, whoof the served City ofas aRome, Senator[11] andalso for held a timethe posi- was ety, Saint Gregory was well educated, learning grammar, tion ofof Regionarius in the church, though nothing fur- , the sciences, literature, and law, and excelling in

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22 3 APOCRIAPOCRISIARSIARIAIATETE (579–585)

all.all.[11] reported that “in grammar, di- to stealing three pieces. Gregory forcedforced the to alectic and rhetoric ... he was second to none....”[21] HeHe die friendless and alone, then threw his body and coins on wrote correct Latin but did not read or write Greek. He aamamanunurereheheapaptoto rorottwiwithth aacucursrsee,, “T“Takakeeyoyoururmomoneneyywiwithth knew Latin authors, natural science, history, mathemat- you to perdition”. Gregory believedbelieved that punishmentpunishment of ics and music and had such a “fluency with imperial law” can begin, even on one’s deathbed.[25] However, this that he may have trained in it “as a preparation for a ca- wawassdodonenetotohehelplpththeemomonknktoto rerepepentnt ofofhihisssisin,n, ananddnonott ououtt reer in public life.”[21] Indeed, he became a government of a misplaced . The from St Gregory did official, advancing quickly in rank to become, like his fa- in fact help him to repent, and afterwards St GregoryGregory of- ther, PrefPrefectect of Rome, the highest civil office in the city, fered 30 Masses in his remembrance toto assist assist his soulsoul be- [11] when only thirty-three years old. fore thethe final final judgment. He later appeared to his [26] The of the of St. Andrew, Andrew, establisheddestablishe and said that he has been released and is in . by Gregory at the ancestral home on the Caelian, had a Eventually,Eventually, Pope Pope II ordained him aa deacon and porportratraitit ofofhimmad himmadeeafafterterhihissdedeathath,, whwhicichhJohJohnnthetheDeDea-a- solicisolicitedted his help in trying to heal the schismthe of the Three Chapters in in northern . However, Italy was not healed con also saw in the 9th century. He reports the picpictureture of [27] a man who was “rather bald” and had a “tawny” beard until well after Gregory was gone. like his father’s and a face that was intermediate in shape GregGregoryory had a deep respecrespectt for the monasticmonastic life.life. HeHe between his mother’s and ffather’s.ather’s. The hair that he had viewed being a monk as the 'ardent quest for the on the sides was long and carefullycarefully curled. His nose was of our Creator.'[28] His three paternal aunts were “thin and straight” and “slightly aquiline.” “His forforeheadehead renownrenowneded for their sanctity. However, However, after the two el- was high.” He had thick, “subdivided”“subdivided” lips and a chin “of dest passed away after seeing a vision of their ancestor a comely prominence” and “beautiful hands.”[22] Pope Felix, the youngest soon abandoned the religious In the modern era, Gregory is often depicted as a man life and married the steward of her estate. Gregory’s re- sponse to this family scandal was “many are called but at the border, poised between the Roman and Germanic [29] , between East and West, and above all, perhaps, few are chosen.” Gregory’s mothermother Silvia Silvia herself is a between the ancient and medieval epochs.[23] saint..

2 Mona Monaststiicc yeyearsars 3 Apocri Apocrisisiariariateate (579(579–585–585))

Jerome and Gregory.

On his father’s death, Gregory converted his family villa into aa monastery monastery dedicated to thethe apostle apostle Saint Andrew (af(afterterhishisdedeathathititwawassredredediedicacatedtedasasSanSanGregorioMagno al Celio). InIn hishisliflifeeofofcontemp contemplatilation,on,Gregory Gregoryconconclucludedded that “in that silence of the heart, while we keep watch within through contemplation, we are as if asleep to all things that are without.”.[24]

IllumIlluminatiinationon inin aa12th-c12th-centurenturyymanuscript ooffaaletletterterofGregoryory’s ’s ofGreg orIt seemspleasant to somefor that that matter, Gregory even was in not his always monastic forgiv years.ing, toto Saint Saint Leander , , bishop of (Bi (Bibl.bl. MunMuniciicipalpale,e, MS 2, For example, a monk lying on his death bed confessed ).).

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In 579, Pelagius II chose Gregory as his works.[36] Gregory lefleftt Constantinople for Rome in 585, (ambassador to the imperial court inin Constantinople Constantinople), aa returning to his monastery on thethe Caelian Caelian Hill..[37] Gre- post Gregory would hold until 586.[30] Gregory was part gory was elected byby acclamation acclamation to succeed Pelagius II in of the Roman delegation (both lay and clerical) that ar- 590, when the latter died of thethe plague plague spreading through rived in Constantinople in 578 to ask the emperor for the city.[37] Gregory was approved by an Imperial iussio military aid against thethe Lombards..[31] With the Byzan- from Constantinople the following September (as was the tine militarymilitary focused focused on the East, these entreaties proved norm during thethe Byzantine Byzantine Papacy).).[37] unsuccessful; in 584, Pelagius II wrote to Gregory as apocrisiarius , detailing the hardships that Rome was ex- periencing under the Lombards and asking him to ask Emperor to send a relief force.[31] Maurice, 4 Papa Papaccyy (59(590–60–604)04) however, had long ago determined to limit his efforts against the Lombards to intrigue and diplomacy, pitting thethe Franks Franks against them.[31] It soon became obvious to Although Gregory was resolresolvedved to retire into the monas- Gregory that the Byzantine emperors were unlikely to tic lifestyle of contemplation, he was unwillingly forced send such a force, given their more immediate difficul- back into a that, although he loved, he no longer [38] ties with the PersiPersiansans in the East and thethe Avars Avars and and Slavs wanted to be a part of. In texts of all genres, espe- to the North.[32] cially those produced in his first year as pope, Gregory bemoaned the burden of office and mourned the loss of AcAccorcordingdingtotoEkonom Ekonomou,ou, “if“ifGregory’ Gregory’ssprinprincipcipalaltaskwas taskwas the undisturbed life of he had once enjoyed as a to plead Rome’s cause before the emperor, there seems monk.[39] When he became Pope in 590, among his first to have been little left for him to do once imperial policy acts was writing a series of letters disavowing any ambi- toward Italy became evident. Papal representativerepresentativess who tion to the throne of Peter and praising the contempla- pressed their claims with excessive vigor could quickly tive life of the monks. At that time, for various reasons, becbecomomeeaanuinuisansanceceandandfinfinddthethemsemselvlveses exexclcludeudeddffromromthethe thethe Holy had not exerted effective leadership in the [32] imperial presence altogether”. Gregory had already West since the pontificate ofof Gelasius Gelasius I. The episcopacy drawn an imperial rebukerebuke for his lengthy canonical writ- inin Gaul was drawn from the great territorial families, and ingingssonon thethesusubbjecjecttofof thethelelegigittimacacyyofofJohnim JohnIII Scholasti- identified with them: the parochial horizon of Gregory’s cus, whohadwhohadoccupi occupieded thethePatriar Patriarchachatete ofofConstanti Constantinoplnoplee contemporary,contemporary, Grego Gregory of Tours, may be considered typ- for twelve years to the return ofof Eutychius Eutychius (who had ical; in Visigothic SpaSpaininthethebishopsbishops hadhadlilittlttleeconcontactacttwiwithth [32] been driven out by Justinian). Gregory turned him- Rome; inin Italy Italy the territories which had de facto fallen self to cultivating connections with the Byzantine elite under the administration of the papacy were beset by the of the city, where he became extremely popular with violentviolent Lombard Lombard dukes and the rivalry of the in thethe [32] the city’s upper class, “especially aristocratic women”. Exarchate of and in the south. Ekonomou surmises that “while Gregory may have be- come spiritual father to a large and important segment PoPopepe Gregogory Gre ry had strstrongong coconvnvicictiotionsns on missisions mis ons:: of Constantinople’s aristocracy, this relationship did not “Al“AlmimightghtyyGodGodplaplacecessgoogooddmemennininautauthohoritrityythathattHeHe mamayy significantly advance the interests of Rome before the impart through them the gifts of His mercy to their sub- emperor”.[32] Although the writings of John the Deacon jejectcts.s. AndndA ththisiswewefinfinddtoto bebe ththeecacasese wiwithth ththeeBrBrititisishhovoverer claim that Gregory “labored diligently for the relief of whom you have been appointed to rule, that through the Italy”, there is no evidence that his tenure accomplished blessiblessingsngs bestowed on you the blessingsblessings of heavenheaven might much towards any of the objectives of Pelagius II.[33] be bestowed on your people also.”[40] He is credited with re-energizing the Church’s work among the Gregory’s theological disputes with Eutychius non-Cnon-Chrishristiantian peoplespeoples of northernnorthern Europe. He is most would leave a “bitter taste for the theological specula- famous for sending a mission, often called thethe Greg Gregorianorian tion of the East” with Gregory that continued to influence mission, underunder Augustine Augustine of , prior of Saint [34] him well into his own papacy. AccoAccordingrding to WesternWestern Andrew’s, where he had perhaps succeeded Gregory, to soursources,ces, Gregory’sGregory’sververyypubpubliclicdebateate deb with Eutychichiusus Euty culcul-- evangelize the paganpagan Anglo- Anglo-Saxons of England. It seems minated in an exchange beforebefore Tiberius Tiberius II where Gregory thathattthethePoPopepehadnevhadnevererffororgotgottententheEnglitheEnglishshslslavaveseswhwhomom cited a biblical passage ("Palpate et videte, quia spiritus he had once seen in the Roman .[41] The mission [35] carnem et ossa non habet, sicut me videtis habere"" )) was successful, and it was from England that missionar- in support of the view that was corporeal and ies later set out for the NetherlNetherlandsands and Germany. The palpable after his Resurrection; allegedly as a result of preachpreachinging of the Catholic and the eliminationelimination of allall this exchange, Tiberius II ordered Eutychius’s writings deviations from it was a key element in Gregory’s world- [34] burned. Ekonomou views this argument, though exag- view, and it constituted one of the major continuing poli- gerated in Western sources, as Gregory’s “one achieve- cies of his pontificate..pontificate [42] ment of an otherwise fruitless apokrisiariat ".".[36] In re- ality, Gregory was forced to rely on Scripture because AccoAccordingrding to thethe Catholic , he waswas declared declared he could not read the untranslated Greek authoritative a saint immimmedediaiatetelyly afafteterr hihiss dedeatathh bbyy “p“popopulularar acclamation”.[1]

44 5 WWOORRKKS S

In his official documents, Gregory was the first to make between the fifth and the eleventh centuries whose cor- extensive use of the term ""ServantServant of the Servants of respondence and writings have survived enough to form God" (" (servus servorum Dei ) as a papal , thus initiat- a comprehensive corpus . Some of his writings are: ing a practice that was to be followed by most subsequent [43] popes. •• Commentary on , frequently known in English- language histories by its Latin title, Magna Moralia, or as Moralia on Job. This is one of the longest pa- 5 Woorrkkss W tritrististiccwoworkrks.s. ItIt wawasspospossisiblblyyfinifinishsheded asas earearlylyasas591.. 591 It is based on talks Gregory gave on the of Job to his 'brethren' who accompanied him to Con- 5.1 Liturgi Liturgicalcal reformreformss stantinople. The work as we have it is the result of Gregory’s revision and completion of it soon after John the Deacon wrote that made a gen- his accessioaccessionn to the papal office.[47] eral revision of the liturgy of thethe Pre-Tridentine Pre-Tridentine ,, “removing many things, changing a few, adding some”. •• LiberLiber regulae pastorpastoralis alis ( (Book of Pastoral Rule / / The The In letters, Gregory remarks that he moved the Pater Nos- Rule for )), in which he contrasted the role of ter (Our Father) to immediately after thethe Roman Roman as pastors of their flock with their position and immediately before thethe Fraction. This This positiitionpos on is as nobles of the church: the definitive statement of stilstilll maintainedmaintained today in the Roman Liturgy.Liturgy. The pre- the nature of the episcopal office. This was proba- GreGregogoriariannposposititioionnisisevevididenenttininthetheAmbrosiAmbrosian Rite. Gre- bly begun before his election as pope and finished in gory added material to the Hanc Igitur of the Roman 591. Canon and established the nine (a vestigial rem- nant of thethe litany which was originally at that place) at •• Dialogues , a collection of four of , the beginning ofof Mass Mass. He also reduced the role of dea- signs, wonders, and healings done by the holy men, cons in the Roman Liturgy. mosmostltlyymomonasnastictic,,ofofsisixthxth-ce-centunturyry ItaItalyly,,wiwithth thethesecsec-- directly influenced by Gregorian reforms ondBenedict book[48] entirely devoted to a popular life of Saintof Saint are referred to as SacrementariaSacrementaria Gregoriana. Roman and otherother Western Western liturgies since this era have a number of •• , including:ng:includi praprayeyersrs thathattchchangangeetoto rerefleflectct thetheffeaseasttoror liliturturgigicalcalseseasoason;n; •• T Thehe sesermrmononss ininclclududee ththee 2222 HoHomilmilaeae inin these variatiovariationsns are visiblevisible in thethe collects and and prefaces prefaces as as Hiezechielem ((HomHomiliesilies on EzEzekiel ekiel ), dealing dealing well as in the Roman Canon itself. wiwiththEzekikielel1.1 Eze 1.1-4.-4.33ininBookkOne Boo One,, andEzekiekiell Eze In thethe Eastern andand Eastern Eastern Catholic 40 in Book 2. These These werewere preachedpreached duringngduri Churches, Gregory is credited as the primary influence in 592-3, the years that the Lombards besieged conconstrucstructingtingthetheDiDivineLiturgy of the Presanctified Gifts,, Rome, and contain some of Gregory’s most a fully separate fformorm of the Liturgy adapted to the needs profprofoundound mysticalmystical teachings.teachings. They werewere re- of the season ofof Great Great .. vised eight years later.

•• TheThe HomHomilaeilae xlxl ininEvangel Evangeliaia ((FoFortyrtyHomilieiliessonon Hom 5.1.1 Gregoria Gregoriann chanchantt the ) for the , delivered durduringing591591andand592592,,whiwhichchwewerereseeseeminminglglyyfin-fin-

Main article:article: Gregorian Gregorian ishedcodex bysurvives 593. Ain papyrus thethe British British fragmentfragment Museum fromfro,m Lon- this don, UK.[49] The mainstream form of WesternWestern plainchant plainchant, standard- ized in the late 9th century,[44] was attributed to Pope •• Expositio in Canticis Canticorum. Only 2 of Gregory I and so took the name of . The these sermons on the survive, earliest such attribution is in John the Deacon’s 873 biog- discussing the text up to Song 1.9.

raphy of Gregory, almost three centuriescenturies after the Pope’s •• In Librum primum regum expositio ( (Commentary on death, and the chant that bears his name “is the result 1 Kings )) of the fusion of Roman and Frankish elements which took place in the Franco-German empire underunder Pepin Pepin,, •• Copies of some 854 letters have survsurvived.ived. During and their successors”.”.successors [45] Gregory’s time, copies of papal letters were made by scribes into a Registrum ((Register ), which was then kept in the scrinium. It is knowownkn n thatthat in the 5.5.22 WWrirititingngss 9th century, when John the Deacon composed his Life of Gregory, the Registrum of Gregory’s letters

dievalGregory papacy is commonly and so many credited attribute with the founding beginning the of me- towas estimate formed howof 14 many papyrus letters rolls this (though may ithave is difficul repre-t dieval to him.[46] Gregory is the only Pope sentesented).d). Though Though these originaloriginal rolls are now lost,

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the 854 letters have survived in copies made at vari- 6 IcIcononogograraphphyy ousouslatlaterertimes, times, thethelarlargegestst sisinglngleebatbatchch ofof686lelettettersrs 686 being made by order ofof Adrian Adrian I (772-95).[47] The majority of the copies, dating from the 10th to the 15th century, are stored in thethe Vatican ..[50]

Opinions of the writings of Gregory vary. “His charactercharacter strikes us as an ambiguous and enigmatic one,”one,” Cant Cantoror

terminedobsobserverved.ed. administrator, “On the one a handhaskillednd he and was clever an able diplom andandat, de- a leader of the greatest sophistication and vision; but on the other hand, he appears in his writings as a supersti- tious and credulouscredulous monk monk, hostile to learning, crudely limited as aa theologian theologian, and excessively devoted to saints, miracles, andand relics".".[51] Gregory wrote over 850 letters in the last 13 years of his life (590–604) that give us an accurate picture of his work.[52] A truly autobiographical presentation is nearly impossiblimpossiblee for Gregory.Gregory. The developmedevelopmentnt of his mind and personality remains purely speculative in nature.[53]

5.3 Controrover Cont versysy withwith EutychiEutychiusus

In Constanti Constantinoplnople,e, Gregory Gregory took ississueue with the aged Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, who had recentlyyrecentl Gregory and his Dove,Dove, Corpus Corpus Christi College, CambrCambridgeidge Ms Ms published a treatise, now lost, on thethe General General Resurrec- 389 tion. Eutychius Eutychius maintainmaintaineded that the resurrecteresurrectedd body [54] In art Gregory is usually shown in full pontifical robes “will be more subtle than air, and no longer palpable”. with thethe tiara tiara and and double double , despite his actual habit of Gregory opposed with the palpability of the risen Christ dredress.ss. EarliliererdedepipictictiononssarearemorEar moreelilikekelylytoto shshowowaamonmonas-as- inin Luke Luke 24:39. As the disputedispute couldcould not be settled,settled, the tictic tonsureand plainer plainerdresdress.s. OrthodoxiconsOrthodoxicons traditionally Byzantine emperor,, Tiberius Tiberius II Constantine, undertook shoshoww St. Gregory Gregory vestedvested as a bishopbishop holdingholdin a Gospelag to arbitrate. He decided in favorfavor of palpabilitypalpability and or- Book and blessing with his right hand. It is recorded thatthat dered EutycEutychius’hius’ book to be burned. Shortly afterafter both he permitted his depiction with aa square square halo, then used Gregory and Eutychius became ill; Gregory recovered, for the living.[61] A dove is hishis attribute attribute, from the well- but EutyEutychichiusus died on 5 April 582,582, at age 70. On his known story recorded by his friend Peter the Deacon,[62] deathbed Eutychius recanted impalpability and Gregory who tells that when the pope was dictating his drodroppeppeddthethemamattetter.r. TiberieriususTib alalsoso diedieddaaffewewmonmonthsthsafafterter onon Ezechiel Ezechiel a curtain was drawn between his secretary Eutychius. and himself. As, however,however, the pope remained silentsilent for long periods at a time, the servant made a hole in the cur- taitainnandand,,lolookiokingng thrthrouough,gh,bebeheheldldaadodoveveseaseatedtedupouponnGrGre-e- 5.5.44 IdIdenentitificficatatioionn of threethree figurures fig es in ththee gorgory’sy’sheheadad wiwithth itsitsbeabeakkbetbetweweenenhishislilips.ps. WhennthethedodoveveWhe Gospels withdrew its beak the pope spoke and the secretary took down his words; but when he became silent the servant again applied his eye to the hole and saw the dove had Gregory was among those who identifiedidentified Mary Mary Magda- [63] lene with with Mary Mary of , whomwhom John John 12:1-8 recounts replacereplacedd its beak between his lips. asashavinging anointed hav anointed JesJesususwithprec withpreciousiousointmointment,ent, an evententev ThiThiss scscenenee is shshowownn as a veversrsioionn of the traditiotionalnaltradi that some interpret as being the same as thethe anoint anointinging Evangelist portrait (where thethe Evangelists’ Evangelists’ symbols are of performe performedd by a woman that Luke (alone among also sometimes shown dictating) from the tenth century thethe synoptic ) recounts as sinful.[55] Preaching on onwardonwards.s. An early exampleexample is the dedicationdedication miniature the passage in thethe Gospel , Gregory remarked: frfromom thethe anan eleleveventhenth-cen-centuryturymanuscrip manuscripttofofSt. Gregory’sGregory’s “This woman, whom Luke calls a sinner[56] and John Moralia in Job..[64] The miniature shows the scribe, Bebo calls Mary,[57] I think is the Mary from whom Mark of Seeon Abbey, presenting the manuscript to thethe Ho Holyly [58] [59] reportsBiblBiblicaicallschscholarthatolarssdist sevendistinguiinguishsh demons thethe werethreeefigur thre castfigures, out.”es, but thetheyyareareToday seenRoman writing Emperor the text,, Henry Henry under II .divine In the inspiration.upper left the Usu authorally the is all still popularly identified.[60] dove is shown whispering in Gregory’s ear for a clearer

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composition. ably saw no such distidistinction.nction. The churchchurch had no inter- The imaginativimaginativee and anachronisticanachronistic example at the top of est in secular profit and as pope Gregory did his utmost this article is from the studio ofof Carlo Carlo Saraceni or by a to encourage that high standard among church person- cloclosese fofollollowewer,r, ca. 1610. FromthetheFrom Giustini Giustinianianicollecti collection,on, nel. Apart from maintaining its facilities and supporting the painting is conserved in thethe Galleria Galleria Nazionale d'Arte its personnel the church gave most of the donations it re- Antica, Rome.[65] The face of Gregory is a caricature of ceived as . the features described by John the Deacon (mentioned Gregory is known for his administrative system of char- under hishis early early life above): total baldness, outthrust chin, itabitablele reliefrelief of the poor at Rome. They They were predom-m-predo beak-like nose, where John had described partial bald- inantly refugees from the incursions of thethe Lombard Lombardss.. ness, a mildly protruding chin, slightlyslightly aquiline nose and The philosophy under which he devised this system is strikstrikinglinglyy good looks. In this picturepicture also Gregory has that the wealth belonged to the poor and the church was his monastic back on the world, which the real Gregory, only its steward. He receivedreceived lavish donationsdonations from the despite his reclusive intent, was seldom allowed to have. wealthy families of Rome, who, following his own exam- ple, were eager to expiate to God for their sins. He gave alms equally as lavishly both individually and masse. He wrote in letters:[67]

“I have freqfrequentlyuently chargedcharged you ... to act as mymy reprepreseresentatintativeve ... to relieverelieve the poor in their distress ....” "... I hold the office of steward to the property of the poor ....”

The church received donations of many different kinds ofof property:: consumables such as food and clothing; investment property: real estate and works of art; and capital , oror revenue revenue-generating property, such as thethe Sicilian Sicilian latifundia, or agriculturalagricultural estates, staffed and operated byby slaves slaves, donated by Gregory and his family. The church already had a system for circulatingcirculating the con- sumasumablebless to the poor: associate associatedd with eacheach was aa diaconium or office of thethe deacon deacon. He waswas givevengi n a building from which the poor could at any time apply for assistance.[68][69] The state in which Gregory became pope in 590 was a The Mass of St Gregory , byby Robert Robert Campin , 15th century ruined one. The Lombards held the better part of Italy. Their predations had brought the to a standstill. The late medieval subject of thethe Mass Mass of St Gregory They camped nearly at the gates of Rome. The city was shshowowssaaveversirsionon ofof aa7th7th-ce-centunturyry stostoryry thathattwawasselelaboaboratrateded ininlatlatererhagiographyhagiography. GreGregogoryry isis shshowownnsasayinyinggMasMassswhwhenen packed with refugees from all walks of life, who lived in the streets and had few of the necessities of life. The Christ as thethe Man appears on the . The seaseattofofgogovevernmrnmententwawassffarar ffrorommRomRomeeininConstantinopleConstantinople,, subject was most in the 15th and 16th centuries, which appeared unable to undertake the relief of Italy. andandrerefleflectctededgrowiwingng gro emphas emphasisis ononthetheRealReal Presence,and The pope had sent emissaries, includingincluding Gregory, asking after thethe Protestant Protestant was an assertion of the for assistance, to no avail. doctrine against Protestant theology.[66] In 590, Gregory could wait for Constantinople no longer. He organized the resources of the church into an admin-admin- 7 AAllmmss istration fforor general relief.relief. In doing so he evidencedevidenced a talent for and intuitive understanding of the principles of accounting, which was not to be invented for centuries. Alms in in Christianity Christianity is defined by passages of thethe New New The church already had basic accounting documents: ev- Testament such asas Matthew 19:21, which which commands commands eryeryexpense waswasrecorecordedrdedininjournalsjournals called ,,“li“listssts”” "...go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor ... and of amounts, recipients and circumstances. Revenue was come and follow me.” AA donation donation on the other hand is a recorded in polyptici , ""booksbooks". Many Many of thesethese polylyp-p-po gift to some sort of enterprise, profit or non-profit.non-profit. On the one hand the alalmsms of St. Gregory Gregory are to be dis- chchurcticiurchhand werewere ledgersandthetheassets ledgersassets recording, the patrimonia the operating. AAcecentntrarallpapapapalladad-- expenses of the tinguished from his donations, but on the other he prob- miniministratstration,ion,thethenotarii ,,unundederraachchieief,f, ththee primicerius primiceriusno-no-

77

tariorum,,kekeptpt thetheledledgergerssandandississueduedbreviabreviapatrimonii patrimonii ,,oror Great to the rise ofof Italian the papacy was lisliststs ofofproper propertyty fforor whwhicichheaceachh was responsible. responsible.[70] most influential in ruling Italy. Gregory began by aggressively requiring his churchmen to seek out and relieve needy persons and reprimanded them if they did not. In a letter to a subordinate inin Sicily Sicily 8 Famo Famousus ququoteotess and aneanecdcdoteotess hehewrwrotote:e: “I“I asaskkededyoyouumomoststofofalallltototatakkeecacarereofofththeepopooror.. And if you knew of people in poverty, you should have pointed them out ... I desire that you give the woman, Pa- teriteria,a, fofortyrtysolidi fforor thethechchilildredren’sn’sshshoesoesandandffortortyybusbushehelsls ofofgragrainin...... ”.”[71] SoonSoonhehewasrep wasreplacilacingngadminist administratorratorsswhowho would not cooperate with those who would and at the same time adding more in a build-up to a great plan that he had in mind. He understoodunderstood that expensesexpenses mustmust be matcmatchedhed bybyincomeincome. ToTopapayyfforor hishisinincrcreaseaseded exexpepensensesshehe liquidated the investment property and paid the expenses in cash according to a budget recorded in the polyptici. The churchmen were paid four times a year and also per- sonally given a golden coin for their trouble.[72] Money, however, was no substitute for food in a city that was on the brink of famine. Even the wealthy were going hungry in their villas. The church nownow owned between 1,300 and 1,800 square (3,400 and 4,700 km22) of revenue-generating farmland divided into large sections called patrimonia. It produced goods of all kinds, which were sold, but Gregory intervened and had the goods shshipippedpedtotoRomeefforordisdistritribut Rom butioionninin thethediaconia. He gagaveve orordedersrs totoststepepupupprprododucuctitionon,,sesettququotaotassananddpuputtananadadmimin-n- istrative structure in place to carry it out. At the bottom was the rusticus who prodproduceduced the goods. Some rustici 19th centurycentury mosaic in in Westminster , , Non Angli sed were or owned slaves. He turned over part of his produce Angeli to a conductor from whom he leased the land. The latter reported to an actionarius , the latter to a defensor and the latter to a rector . Grain, wine, cheese, meat, fish and oil •• Non Angli, sed angeli – “They are notnot Angles, but began to arrive at Rome in large quantities, where it was ".". Aphorism, summarizing words reported to given away for nothing as alms.[73] have been spoken by Gregory when he first encoun- tered pale-skinned English boys at aa slave slave market,, DistributioDistributionsns to qualified persons werewere monthlymonthly.. How- sparking his dispatch ofof St. St. Augustine of Canter- ever, a certain proportion of the population lived in the bury to England to convert the English, according streets or were too ill or infirm to pick up their monthly toto Bede..[74] He said: “Well “Well named,named, foforr they have food supply. To them Gregory sent out a small army of charitable persons, mainly monks, every morning with gelsangelic in heaven.” faces and[75] oughtDiscovering to be co-heirs that their with province the an- prepared food. It is said that he would not dine until the waswas Deira, he went on to add that they would be res- indigent were fed. When he did dine he shared the family cued de ira, “from the wrath”, and that their king table, which he had saved (and which still exists), with 12 was namednamed Aella Aella,, , he said.[76] indigeindigentnt guests. To the needy living in wealthy homes he sent meals he had cooked with his own hands as gifts to •• Ecce locusta – – “L“Looookkatat ththee locust locust.” Gregory himself spare them the indignity of receiving charicharity.ty. Hearing of wanted to go to England as a missionary and started the death of an indigent in a back room he was depressed out for thethere.re. On the fourthfourth day as they stoppededstopp for days, entertaining for a time the conceit that he had for lunch a locust landed on the edge of the fafailediled in his duty and was a murderer.[72] GregGregoryory was reading.reading. He exclaimexclaimeded ecce locusta,, TheTheseseandoth andotherergoogoodddedeedsedsandandchchariaritabtablele fframrameeofofmindd min “look at the locust”, but reflecting on it he saw it as a complecompletelytely won the hearts and minds of the Roman peo- sign from Heaven since the similar sounding loco sta ple. They now looked to the papacy for government, ig- means “stay in place.” Within the hour an emissary noring the rump state at Constantinople, which had only of the pope[77] arrived to recall him.[75] disresdisrespectpect for Gregory, calling him a fool for his pacifistpacifist dealings with the Lombards. The office of urban prefectectpref •• “I beg that you will not take the present amiss. For went without candidates. From the time of Gregory the anything, however trifling, which is offered from the prosperity of St. Peter should be regarded as a great

88 9 MEMEMOMORIRIALS ALS

blessing, seeing that he will have power both to be- 9 Memo Memoririalalss stow on you greater things, and to hold out to you eternal benefits with Almighty God.” 9.9.11 LiLivveses

•• PrProocucuiuiussamamororeeinin eieiusus eleloqoquiuiooneneccmimihihi paparcrcoo ––“F“Foror InInBritain, Britain,appreci appreciatioationnfoforrGregGregoryoryremained remainedstrostrongng evevenen the love of whom (God) I do not spare myself from [78][79] after his death, with him being called Gregorius noster His Word.” The sense is that since the creator (“our Gregory”) by the British.[85] It was in Britain, at a of the human race and of him unworthy monastery inin Whitby Whitby, that the first full lengthlength life life of Gre- gave him the power of the tongue so that he could [86] wiwitntnesess,s, whahattkikindndw ofofaawiwitntnesessswowoululddhehebebe ififhehedididd goryininRomRomeeand wasandItaItalylyitsitselelf,f, written, in c. 713. hohowewevever,r,AppreciAppreciation dididdnonotcomtationcomeeunt ofuntilillatlater.er. Gregory not use it but preferredpreferred to speak infirmly??infirmly TheThefirsfirstt vita ofofGregor Gregoryywriwrittettenninin ItaItalylywawassnotnotprproduoducecedd untiluntil John John the Deacon in the 9th century. •• “F“Foror thetheplaplacece ofof heherereticticssisis veveryry pripridede itsitselelf..f...f.foror thethe plplaceaceofofthethewiwickckededisis pripridedejusjusttasas coconvnverserselelyyhumhumil-il- [42] ity is the place of the good.” 9.9.22 Monu Monumementntss

•• Non enim prproo loclocisis reres,s, sed pro bonbonisis rerebusbus loca amanda sunt – “Things are not to be loved for the sake of a place, but places are to be loved for the sake of their good things.” When Augustine asked whether to use Roman or Gallican customs in the mass in England, Gregory said, in paraphrase, that itit wawassnonottththeeplplacaceeththatat imimpapartrteded gogoododnenessss bubuttgogoodod things that graced the place, and it was more im-

pipickckoutportantoutwhwhatat to be pleasingpleasi wawass“pi“pia”,a”,ng to “re“reliligiogiosa”sa”the Almighty.andand“re“rectacta””ffrom They shoulduldshorom any church whatever and set that down before the English minds as practice.e.practic [80]

•• “For“For the rule of and reason suggestssuggests that oneone who desires his own orders to be observed by his successors should undoubtedly keep the will and or- of St. Gregory at St. Peter’s, Rome dinances of his predecessor.”predecessor.”[81] In his letters, Gre- gory often emphasized the importance of giving The namesake church ofof San San Gregorio al Celio (largely deference to last wills and testaments, and rebuilt from the original edifices during the 17th and 18th of respecting property rights. centuries) remembers his work. One of the three orato- ries annexed, the of St. Silvia, is said to lie over

•• “Compassion should be shown first to the faithful the tomb of Gregory’s mother. and afterwards to the enemies of the church.”[82] In England, Gregory, along withwith Augustine Augustine of Canter-Canter- bury, is revered as the apostle of the land and the source •• “At length being anxious to avoid all these incon- of the nation’s conversion.[87] veniences, I sought the haven of the monastery… For as the vessel that is negligently moored, is very often (when the storm waxes violent) tossed by the 9.9.33 Mussiicc Mu water out of its shelter on the safest shore, so underunder the cloak of the Ecclesiastical office, I found my- Italian composercomposer Ottorino composed a piece self plunged on a sudden in a sea of secular matters,matters, namednamed St. St. Gregory the Great (San Gregorio Magno) that and because I had not held fast the tranquillity of the features as the fourth and final part of his Church Win- monastery when in possession, I learnt by losing it, dows ( (VetrVetrateate di Chiesa ) works, written in 1925. hohowwclcloseoselylyititshshououldldhahavevebeebeennheheld.ld.””[83] InIn Moralia, sive Expositio in Job (“Commentary on Job,” also known as Magna Moralia), Gregory describes to the 9.9.44 Feasast Fe t dayyda Bishop Leander the circumstances under which he became a monk. The currentcurrent General General , revised in 1969 as instructed by thethe Second ,,[88] celebrates

•• “Illiterateture what menthey cancannot contemplate learn by meansin the linesof the of written a pic- assignedSt. Gregory Greg oryhis feastthe GreatGre dayat to on 12 3 March, September.Septem theber. day Before Bef ofore his that,that death it, it word.” [84] in 604. This day always falls within Lent, during which

99

there are no obligatoryobligatory memorials memorials. FoForr this reasoreasonn his BooBookk9,9, LeLettetterr1)1) hehe rerebubukekessBisBishohoppJanJanuauaririusus ofofCagliariCagliari,, feast day was moved to 3 September, the day of his epis- , excusing himself for not observing 1 Timothy copalcopal consecration in 590.[89] 5.1, which cautioncautionss against rebukingrebuking elders. 5.9 defines elderly women to be 60 and over, which may apply to ev- [note 1] TheThe Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church continue to com- eryoneryone.e. Gregory Gregory appears not to considerconsider himself an el- memmemorateorate St.St. Gregory Gregory on 12 MarchMarch whichwhich is during der, limiting his birth to no earlier than 539, but 540 is , the only time when thethe Divine Divine Liturgy of the the typical selection. Dudden (1905), page 3, notes 1–3. Presanctified Gifts, which names Saint Gregory as its au- The presumption of 540 has continued in modern times - thor, is used. see for example Richards, Jeffrey (1980). Consul of God. London: Routledge & Keatland . Other Churches also honour Saint Gregory: thethe Churc Churchh of England and thethe Lutheran Lutheran Church-Missouri on on [8][8] Aelfric;; Elizabeth Elstob (tra(translatornslator);); William Elstob 3 September, thethe Evangelical Evangelical Lutheran Church in Amer-Amer- (1709). An English- English-SaxonSaxon HomilHomilyy on the BirthBirth-da-dayy of of ica and thethe Episcopal Episcopal Church in the United States on 12 St. Gregory: Anciently Used in the English-Saxon Church, March. Giving an Account of the Conversion of the English from to Christianity. London: W. Bowyer. p. 4. A traditionaltraditional procession is held inin Żejtun Żejtun,, Malta in hon- our of Saint Gregory (San Girgor) onon Easter Wednesday, [9] Elizabeth goes on to state thattha "Paulus"t Paulus Diaconus, who first whwhicichhmosmosttofoftentenffallallssininAprAprilil,,thetheranrangege ofofpospossisiblbleedatdateses writ the life of St. Gregory, and is followed by all the after being 25 March to 28 April. The feast day of St. Gre- Writers on that subject, observes that 'ex Greco eloquio in gory also serves as a commemorative Day for the former nostra lingua ... vigilator, vigilator, seu vigilans sonat.” However,However, Paul the deacon is too late for the first vita, or life. puppupilsils ofofDownsi de School, thethe so-caso-calledlledOldOldGregoria Gregorians.ns. TraditionTraditionally,ally, the OG ties are worn by all of thethe society’s [10] The name is Biblical,Biblical, derivedderived fromm Newfro con- members on this day. texts: grēgoreingrēgorein is a present,present, continuouscontinuous aspect, meaning to be watchfchful wat ul of forsakingforsaking Christ.Christ. It is derived derived fromomfr a more ancient perfect, egrēgora, “roused from sleep”, of egeirein, “to awaken someone.” Thayer, Henry 1100 SSeeee aallssoo (1962). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament be- ingingGrimm’sm’s Grim WilkWilke’se’s ClaClavisvisNoviiTeTestamen Nov stamentiti TranTranslatedslated Re-Re- •• Category:Documents of Pope Gregory I vised and Enlarged . Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House. •• Libellus responsionum [11] Thornton, Thornton, pp 163-8 [12] Whether III or IV dependsdepends on whetherwhether Antipope Felix II 11 ReReffererenencecess is to be considered pope. [13] Dudden (1905), page 4.4. [1] Huddlesleston, Hudd ton, GilbertGilbert (1909).(1909). ""PoPope St. Gregory I (“the Great”)".". 66. NeNeww Yorkork:Y : Robertrt Robe [14] Richardsds Richar AppletoAppletonn Company. Gregory Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still [15] Dudden (1905), pagespages 11–15. applied to him. See John Moorhead,ad,Moorhe Gregory the Great ,, [16] Dudden (1905), pagespages 106–107. (Routled(Routledge,ge, 2005), p1p1 [17] Richards Richards (1980), page 25. [2] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 22. [18] Dudden (1905), pagespages 7–8. [3][3] ChChrisristiatiann LiLiffee and WWorsorshiphip (Di(Dissessertartatiotionsns in EurEuro-o- pean Economic History), 1941948,8, 1971979,9, GeGeralraldd EllEllardard [19] Markus Markus pg 4–5 (1894–1963), Arno Press,Press, ISBN ISBN 0-405-10819-2 ISBN [20] Dudden (1905), pagespages 36–37. 9780405108198, p. 125. [21] Richards Richards (1980), page 26. [4] F.L. Cross,Cross, ed.ed. (2005). (2005). “Gregorgory “Gre y I”. The Oxford Dictio- nary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford Univer- [22] Richards Richards (1980), page 44. sity Press. [23] Leyser pg 132 [5] F.L. Cross,Cross, ed. (1515). (1515). “Ins“Institutitutestes of the ChrisChristiantian Re--Re ligioligionn Book IV”. Institutes of the Christian Religion Book [24] Cavadini Cavadini pg 155 IV IV . New York: Oxford University Press. [25] Straw Straw pg 4747 [6][6] “St. Gregory the Great”. Web site of Saint Charles Bor- [26] Pronechen Pronechen,, Joseph. “InterviewJoseph. “Interview with Susan Tassone”. Re- romeo . Retrieved 2009-11-14. trieved 3 September 2012. [7] Gregorgory Gre y mentiotions men ns in DialogueDialogue 3.2 that he was alive [27] Gregory Gregory the great and his worldworld pg 3 whenwhen Totila Totila attempted to murder Carbonius, Bishop of Populonia, probably in 546. In a letter of 598 (Register ,, [28] Markus- Markus- pgpg 69

1010 11 REREFEFERERENCNCES ES

[29] Consul Consul of God, Richards.Richards. Pg 26 [55] Luke 7:36-50;;MattheMatthew 26:6-13;; Mark Mark 14:3-9

[30] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 8. [56] Luke 7:37

[31] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 9. [57] John 12:3 [32] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 10. [58] :9 [33] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, pp. 10–11. [59] “Hanc vero quam Lucas peccatricempeccatricem mulierem,mulierem, Ioannes [34] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 11. Mariam nominat, illam esse Mariam credimus de qua septem daemonia eiecta fuisse testatur” (Patrolo- [35] Luke 24:39 - “touch me, and look; a spirit has not flesh gia Latina 76:1239) and bones, as you see that I have.” [60] Ingrid Maisch, : The Image of a [36] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 12. Woman through the Centuries (Liturgical Press 1988ISBN [37] Ekonomou, Ekonomou, 2007, p. 13. 9780814624715), chapter 10 [38] Straw Straw pg 2552 [61] Gietman Gietmann,n, G. (1911).(1911). ""TheThe Catholic Encyclopedia"" XI XI.. NewNewYorYork:k: RobertRobertAppletoAppletonnCompanCompany.y. |chapter=|chapter=ignorignoreded [39] Cavadini Cavadini pgpg 39 ((helphelp))

[40] Dudden Dudden pgpg 124 [62] Peter Peter the Deacon,,Deacon Vita, xxviii [41] Dudden Dudden pgpg 99 [63] Catholic Encyclopedia article – see links, below. [42] Richards Richards pg 228 [64] Bamberg State Library, Msc.Bibl.84 [43] ""ServusServus servorum Dei".". Catholic Encyclopedia. NNeeww

YorYork:k: Robert AppletonAppleton Company. 1913. [65][65] Saraceni, Saraceni,Gregorythe CarloGre;at” Emil. WeWebbGall Kren;Galleryeryofof DanielArt. Marx RetrietrievedRe (1996).ved2008-2008- “St. [44] Kenneth Levy, Gregorian Chant and the Car- 08-23. olingians (Princeton University Press 1998 ISBN 9780691017334), p. 7 [66] Rubin, Rubin, Miri,,Miri Corp Corpusus ChristiChristi:: The EuchariEucharistst in Late Me- dieval Culture, pp. 120–122, 308–310, Cambridge Uni- [45] Gregory Murray, Gregorian Chant According to the versity Press, 1992,1992, ISBN ISBN 0-521-43805-5,, ISBN ISBN 978-0- (L. J. Cary & Co. 1963), pp. 3-4 521-43805-6 Google books [46] Straw Straw pg 44 [67] Dudden (1905) page 316. [47] RA Markus,us,Mark Gregory Gregory the GreGreatat and his WorWorld ld , (Cam- bridge: CUP, 1997), p15 [68] Later these became cardinals and from the orato- ries attached to the buildings grew churches. [48] •• Gardn Gardner,er, EdmundEdmund G. (editor) (editor) (1911.(1911. Reprinrintedted Rep 2010).2010). The The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great.. [69] Smith, William;; Samuel Cheetham (1875). A dictionary MercMerchantville,hantville, NJ: Evolution Evolution PublisPublishing.hing. ISBN of ChristChristianian antiquitiantiquities:es: ComprComprisingising the HistorHistory,y, InstiInstitu-tu- 978-1-889758-94-7. Check date values in: |date= tions, and AntiqAntiquitieuitiess of the ChrChristianistian ChurChurch,ch, frfromom thethe Time of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne. J. Mur- ((helphelp)) ray. pp. 549 under diaconia. [49] “A Papyrus Puzzle and Some Purple Parchment”.. British . 12 February 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. [70] Mann,,Hora Mann HoraceceKinKinderder;; JohannesesHollJohann Hollnstensteineinerr(1914)(1914).. The LivLiveses of the PopPopeses in the Early Middle AgeAges:s: VoVolumelume X .. [50] Ambrosini, Ambrosini, Maria Luisa;Luisa; Mary Willis (1996). TheThe Secret LonLondondon:: KeKegangan Paul,Paul, Trench,Trench, TrübneTrübnerr & Co., Ltd. p.p. Archives of the Vatican. Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 322. 63–64.63–64. ISBN ISBN 9780760701256.. [71] Ambrosini Ambrosini & WillisWillis (1996) pages 66–67. [51] (1993) pagepage 157. [52] R.A. Markus “Gregory“Gregory the GreatGreat and his world”world” pg I [72] Dudden (1905) pagespages 248–249.

[53] Gregory Gregory the greatgreat and his world.world. pg. 22 [73] Deanesly, Deanesly, MargaretMargaret (1969). A History of the Medie Medieval val Church, 590–1500. London, New York: Routledge. pp. [54] Smith, Smith, William William;; Henry Henry Wace (1880)..(1880) A Dictionary of 22–24.22–24. ISBN ISBN 9780415039598.. Christian BiographBiography,y, Literature, Sects and Doctrines:Doctrines: Be-Be- ing a ContContinuatinuationion of 'The DictioDictionarynary of the BibleBible':': VoVol-l- [74] Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, II.i. http://www. umeII Eaba – Hermocrates . BostBoston:on: Little, Little, BrBrownown and thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede2.shtml Company. p. 415. The dictionary account is apparently based onon Bede Bede, Book II, Chapter 1, who used the expres- [75] Hunt, WilliamWilliam (1906). The Political .. sion "...impalpable, of finer texture than wind and air.” Longmans, Green. p. 115.

12.12.22 TrTransanslatlationions s 1111

[76] The earliestearliest life written a generationgeneration earlier than Bede 12.12.22 Trans Translatlatioionsns at Whitby relates the same story but in it the English

are merely visitors to Rome questioned by Gregory (see •• The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great , trans Ed- Holloway, who translates from the manuscript kept att St. St. mund G Gardner, (London & Boston, 1911) Gallen). The earlier story is not necessarily the more ac- , as Gregory is known to have instructed Candidus inin Gaul Gaul by letter to buy young English slaves for •• , trans Henry Davis, ACW 11, (New- placement in . These were intended for mis- man Press, 1950) siosionarynarywoworkrkininEnglEngland:and: Ambrosrosiniini&&WillAmb Willisis(1996(1996))pagepage 71.71. •• Reading the Gospels with Gregory the Great: Homi- lieliessonon thetheGospelpels, Gos s, 2121-26 -26 , transtransSanthSanthaaBhatBhattachtachararji,ji, [77] Benedict I or or Pelagius Pelagius II.. (Peters(Petersham,ham, MA, 2001) [translations[translations of the 6 Hom- ilies covering Easter Day to the after Easter] [78] Dudden Dudden pgpg 317

•• The letters of Gregory the Great , translated, with in- [79] H Homilieomiliess on EzeEzekiel kiel B Booookk 1.1.1111.6.6.. FFoorr ththee tetextxt in manuscript see Codices Electronici Sangalienses: trodutroductictiononand notes, notes, bybyJohnRC JohnRCMartyn, Martyn, (Toront(Toronto:o: 211, page 193 columncolumn 1, line 5 (External links below.) Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2004). [3 volume translatitranslationon of thethe Registrum epistularum]] [80] Bede,, Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book I section 27 part II. Bede is translated in Bede; Judith Mc- •• Greg Gregoryory the Great:Great: On the Song of Songs , CS244, Clure, Bertram Colgrave, Roger Collins (editors, trans- (Collegeville, MN, 2012) lators, contributors) (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of thethe EngEnglislishhPePeoplople:e: The GrGreateaterer ChChroronicniclele ; Bede’se’sBed LetLetterter toto Egbert . Oxford University Press.Press. ISBN ISBN 9780192838667.. 12.3 Secondary Secondary literatuliteraturere

[81] Gregorgory Gre y the Great. The LettersLetters of GregoryGregory the Great.at.Gre •• Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the TrTranans.s. John John R. C. Martartyn.M yn. 3 vols.vols. (20(2004)04).. BooBookk VI, . New York: Harper. XII.

•• C Cavavadinadini,i, John, ed. (1995).. (1995) GreGregorygory the Great: : Great [82] Richards Richards pg 232 A Symposium. Notre Dame:Dame: Univer Universitsityy of NotreeNotr Dame Press. [83] Pope GregoryGregory I, Moralia, sivesive Expositio in Job, publishedpublished by Nicolaus Kessler Basel, 1496. •• Dudden, Frederick H. (1905). Gregory the Great .. LoLondndonon:: LoLongmngmanans,s, GrGreeeen,n, anandd CoCo.. OCLC [84] Theories Theories of Art: From to WinckelmWinckelmannann 502650100..

[85] Champ, Champ, Judith (2000).(2000). The English to Rome: •• Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. Byzantine Rome and A Dwelling for the . Gracewing Publishing. pp. ix. the Greek Popes: Eastern influinfluencesences on Rome and thethe ISBN 9780852443736.. papacy frofromm Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books. [86] A monk or at WhitbyWhitby A.D. 713; JuliJuliaa Bolton Hol--Hol

loway,gory the ed. great” (1997–2008).(1997–2008). “The. Julia Bolton “The Holloway. Earliest RetrievedLife of St. 2008- GGre-re- •• GaGardnerdner,r, Edmund Edmund G. (editor)(editor) (1911. Reprinte Reprintedd 08-10. 2010).2010). The The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great.. MerchanMerchantville,tville, NJ: Evolution Evolution Publishing. Publishing. ISBN [87] Richards Richards pg 260 978-1-889758-94-7. Check Check date valuevaluess in: |date== |date ((helphelp)) [88] , 108–111 •• Richards, Jeffrey (1980). Consul of God . London: [89] CaleCalendarndariumium Romanu Romanumm (Librerreria (Lib ia Editricrice Edit e VaVaticticanaana Routelege & Keatland Paul. 1969), pp. 100 and 118 •• Straw,Straw, CaroleCarole E. (1988). Gregory the Great: Perfec- tion in Imperfection. Berkeley: Berkeley: UniUniversiversityty of Cali- fornia Press. 12 BiBiblbliiogograraphphyy •• Leyser, Conrad (2000). Authority and AsceticiAsceticismsm fro fromm Augustine to GregorGregoryy the Great . OxOxfforord:d: 12.12.11 Modern Modern edititionedi onss Clarendon Press.

•• HomHomilaeilae in HiezHiezechihechihelemelem propprophetamhetam, ed Marcus •• Markus, R.A. (1997). Gregory the Great and His AdriaeAdriaen,n, CCSL 142, (Turnhout: Brepols, 1971) World . Cambridge: University Press.

1212 14 NNOOTTES ES

•• Ricci, Cristina (2002). Mysterium dispensatidispensationis.onis. TrTraccacceedidi unaunateoteologlogiaia deldellala stostoririaainin GrGregegororioioMagno Magno (in Italian). Rome: Centro Studi S. Anselmo.. Stu- dia Anselmiana, volume 135.

•• Thornton, Father James (2006). Made PerPerfefectct in Faith. Etna, California,California, USA: Center for Tradition- alist Orthodox Studies. ISBNStudies. ISBN 0-911165-60-6..

13 ExExteternrnalal lilinknkss

•• “Documenta Catholica Omnia: Gregorius I Mag- nus” (in LatiLatin).n). Cooperatorum VeritatisVeritatis Societas.Societas. 2006. Retrieveved Retri ed 2008-08-10..2008-08-10.. Index Index of 70 down-n-dow loadable .pdf files containing the texts of Gregory I.I.

•• “Complete English of Gregory’s Moralia in Job.”. . Found on the website: Cen- tral.

•• GreGregogoryry thetheGreGreatat(2007) (2007).. “Homiliaein Ezechielem I-XXII”.. Codices ElectronicElectronicii Sangallenses: Sangallenses: Codex 211 (in mediaevalmediaeval Latin Latin written in Carolingian mi- nuscule). Stiftsbibliothek St.Gallen. ReRetrtrieievevedd 2008-08-10. Photographic images of a manuscript copied about 850–875 AD.

•• “St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome”.. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 2008-08- 10. OrthodoxOrthodox icon and and synaxarion synaxarion..

•• Women’s : Barbara and Antonina, con- tains two of his letters.

•• St. Gregory engraved by Anton Wierix from the De Verda Collection

•• Saint Gregory the Great at thethe Christian Christian Iconogra- phy web site

•• Ofof theSt. GoldenGregory Legend the Pope from Caxon’s translation

1144 NNootteess

[1] anandd those Easternthose Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the

1313

15 TeTextxt anandd imimageage sources,sources, contrcontributibutors,ors, and lilicencensesses

1515..11 TTeexxtt

•• Pope Pope Gregor Gregoryy II Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Gregory%20I?oldid=645212965 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, Mav, JeLuF, Ktsquare, Leandrod, Hardy, Llywrch, Gabbe, Muriel Gottrop, Angela, JamesReyes, John K, Denny, JASpencer, Charles Matthews, Bishop, Rbraunwa, Tb, Dogface, Paul-L, Lord Emsworth, Kenatipo, AnonMoos, Wetman, Steffen Löwe Gera, Di- madick, Phil Boswell, Gentgeen, Romanm, Timrollpickering,Timrollpickering, Modeha, Lupo, DanceswithzeDanceswithzerglings,rglings, Dave6, Everyking, Dsmdgold, Andy- cjp, R. fiend, Jonel, Antandrus, Xandar, Kuralyov, El-Ahrairah, Neutrality, Gerald Farinas, MakeRocketGoNow, Famartin, Lacrimo- sus, D6, KNewman, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, ESkog, Djordjes, Closeapple, Kaisershatner, Mwanner, Quartier- Latin1968, Lima, Art LaPella, Slipperyweasel, Polylerus, Pharos, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Skud, Cdc, Garzo, Adrian.benko, Spartacus007, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Haller, WadeSimMiser, Tabletop, SDC, Mandarax, Cuchullain, RxS, Nicholassaulnier, Coemgenus, Jlundell, Ucucha, Yamamoto Ichiro, CalJW, Gurch, Arctic.gnome, Str1977, Malhonen, Chobot, Maltesedog, Jaraalbe, TTTR, Mhking, Portress, YurikBot, RobotE, Nighm, RussBot, Chroniclev, Pigman, Sophroniscus, Drt1245, Raquel Baranow, Stephenb, NawlinWiki, Veledan, Welsh, ZacBowling, Stijn Calle, Aldux, Number 57, Mlouns, Quillercouch, Misza13, DGJM, Dbfirs, Michael Drew, Evrik, Botteville, Bruce Hall, Tomisti, Alpha 4615, Zzuuzz, Closedmouth, RG2, Philip Stevens, GrinBot, SkerHawx, Luk, Edward Waverley, Attilios, Contributor175, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Elonka, KnowledgeOfSelf, Hydrogen Iodide, Unyoyega, Edgar181, Srnec, Fuchs, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Carl.bunderson, Angelbo, Ludi, Vlatovlaska, Persian Poet Gal, Švitrigaila, MK8, Sadads, CSWarren, Darth Panda, GoodDay, Scwlong, Tsca.bot, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas, Stevenmitchell, Kingdon, Savidan, Iblardi, An- drew c, Illnab1024, Pilotguy, Paolo Belzoni, NareekNareek,, Mouse Nightshirt, Akendall, Ocanter, Pat Payne, SirSir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington,Mimsy-Porpington, Bjankuloski06en, Joshua Scott, Nazl, The Man in Question, JHunterJ, MarkSutton, Freder1ck, Interlingua, Drieakko, Neddyseagoon, Ryulong, Andrwsc, Bwpach, MrDolomite, Jason.grossman, Delta x, Epistemos, Richard75, Courcelles, GiantSnowman, LonelyPilgrim, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, George100, Domnius, CmdrObot, Rwflammang, Drinibot, Bilcarter, Michaelsanders, KnightLago, Richard Keatinge, Montanabw, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Jonathan Tweet, Aristophanes68, Gogo Dodo, BlueAg09, ST47, Monchelsea, DumbBOT, Gimmetrow, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul, Zickzack, Missvain, PaulVIF, Escarbot, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Freddiem, Mdotley, JAnDbot, Aibara, Semioli, Kerotan, Magioladitis, Jaysweet, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Waacstats, Nyttend, KConWiki, Cgingold, ArthurWeasley, Vssun, DerHexer, JaGa, Philg88, Kask, MartinBot, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, VirtualDelight, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Nev1, DrKiernan, Numbo3, Keesiewonder, Laconic913, Johnbod, Ncmvocalist, Thomas Larsen, AdamBMor- gan, Kansas Bear, Student7, Tanaats, Juliancolton, MishaPan, Idioma-bot,Idioma-bot, Xnuala, Deor, VolkovBot,VolkovBot, WOSlinker, Philip Trueman, TXiK- iBoT, Hqb, Dickstracke, Guillaume2303, Emmo827, Una Smith, John Carter, JhsBot, Don4of4, Biomusician, Mannafredo, Snowbot,

ishedBotKung, User Alapa, 8a9b4725f8376, Anthony71, GrooveDoGrooveDog, Daufer,Daufer, Falcon8765,g, Bentogoa, Flyer22,Spinningspark, Monegasque, AlleborgoBot,Alleborg MoonrakerMoonraker12,oBot, Finnrind,12, SpellingGuru,Spel Hughey,lingGuru, SieBot, Faradayplank, Dbelange, Ptolemy ToePeToePeu.bot,u.bot, Caesarion, Van- Jc3schmi, Android Mouse Bot 3, Ealdgyth, Bede735, Fratrep, OKBot, G.-M. Cupertino, Vojvodaen, ShammahRCV, Vanished user ew- fisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoijfeoi210r39jf,210r39jf, Bepimela, Dabomb87, DRTllbrg, Denisarona, BenkenobiBenkenobi18,18, SlackerMom, ClueClueBot,Bot, Jackollie, The Thing That Should Not Be, DbelangeA, Hadrianheugh, EdChampion, Mild Bill Hiccup, CounterVandalismBot, Tradewater, Leadwind, Cunninge, PMDrive1061, DragonBot, Snaxalotl, ExciriExcirial,al, Alexbot, Yorkshirian, ProudPapa5,ProudPapa5, NuclearWarfare,NuclearWarfare, M.O.X, Elizium23, Muro Bot, BOTarate, Thingg, Wkgdyw, Schinleber, Oore, Ambrosius007, Against the current, RogDel, Skarebo, Good Olfactory, MKSWN, Bazj, Addbot, Poppoppop4, AVand, Prattlement, Ave , Blethering Scot, Ronhjones, Mukmak, Fieldday-sunday, Leszek Jańczuk, Groundsquirrel13, CarsracBot, Eltheodigraeardgesece, Debresser, Favonian, LarryJeff, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Kiril Simeonovski, Jan eiss- feldt, Luckyz, Luckas-bot, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Nallimbot, Sollos 01, Bryan.burgers, AnomieBOT, BennyK95, Jim1138, IRP, AdjustShift, , LlywelynII, Kingpin13, ImperatorExercitus, Citation bot, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Jeffrey Mall, DSisyphBot, Loveless, Mlpearc, DeepCoffee, Ruy Pugliesi, J04n, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, Caitlin2006, INeverCry, GhalyBot,GhalyBot, SD5, Fragger09, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Yx7791, DivineAlDivineAlphpha,a, Citation bot 1, Hchc2009, Aarbob, Gugu102, LinDrug,LinDrug, Hank kinger, OrthoAr- chitectDU, RedBot, MastiBot, ContinueWithCaution, Île flottante, B-Machine, Davide41, Julien1978, TobeBot, Aytrus, Srschu273, The Catholic Knight, Vikeke, Specs112, the Monk, TjBot, Alph Bot, S282963, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, Esoglou, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Lipsio, Tommy2010, Mmeijeri, Wikipelli, Hajensmage, Budija, ZéroBot, John Cline, Imadjafar, Eddievedder93, Za- cpo, Doggielover2579, SporkBot, Thine Antique Pen, Jbribeiro1, Abbyzwart, WillthacheerleadeWillthacheerleader18,r18, Chewings72, BrotherCraig, Heptacor- dus, ClueBot NG, TheConduqTheConduqtor,tor, Millermk, Peaceingalaxy, Oddbodz, HelHelpfulpful PixiePixie Bot, Tholme, BG19bot, LittleFlower4316, ISTB351, Joeykai, JohnChrysostom, Theol11111, HIXIH, Piguy101, NevinParks, CitationCleanerBot, Snow Blizzard, Jc1326, Vrok, Miszatomic, Epicdudemanthing, SergeantHippyZombie, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Icequibe, Tahc, YN Susilo, All Worlds, Dexbot, Esteban recht, Mo- gism, Gregorythegreatchip, Jsepe, Jamesx12345, CsDix, Camyoung54, Twilightstorm, Unixbytes90, Evensteven, Monkbot, Cade1717, BiscuitgummBiscuitgummyguy,yguy, Antity, JudeccaXIII, Naveenrodriguez,Naveenrodriguez, Potheminecraftbro,Potheminecraftbro, Fimatic and Anonymous: 395395

1515.2.2 Imagageses Im

•• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.03.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark

•• File:Campin-mass-of-saint-gregory-1440.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/ Campin-mass-of-saint-gregory-1440.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Aiwaz.net Original artist: Robert Campin (1375/1379– 1444)

•• File:Coat_of_aFile:Coat_of_arms_Holy_Srms_Holy_See.svgee.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li-Li- cense: Public domain Contributors:

•• Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 19781978 ISBN ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r

•• File:Coat_of_aFile:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Hrms_of_the_Holy_See.svgoly_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

•• Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 19781978 ISBN ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r •• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? ? Contributors: ? ? Original artist: ? ?

1414 15 TEXTEXTT AND IMAIMAGEGE SOURCES, CONTRIBIBUTORS,CONTR UTORS, AND LICENSES

•• File:Emblem_of_File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_Sthe_Papacy_SE.svgE.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

•• File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file byby User:Hautala User:Hautala - - File: File:Emblem of State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Openfrom Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006.2006. User User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded this version on 19 January 2007.

•• File:Folder_HFile:Folder_Hexagonal_Iexagonal_Icon.svgcon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? ? Original artist: ? ?

•• File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Pu Publicblic domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides

•• File:Jerome_and_Gregory.jpglic domainn domai Contributors: https://www.art-prints-on-demand.com/a/vivarini-an Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4dtonio/avivarini___jerome___greg.html/Jerome_and_Gregory.jpg OriginaOriginal License: l Pub-artist: t: artis Antonio Vivarini

•• File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC BY-SABY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf

•• File:Man_writingFile:Man_writing_Corpus_Christi_Co_Corpus_Christi_College_Cambridgllege_Cambridge_MS._389e_MS._389.jpg.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/ 10/Man_writing_Corpus_Christi_College_Cambridge_MS._389.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: from an medieval manuscript Original artist: Anonymous

•• File:Moralia_inFile:Moralia_in_Job_MS__Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpgdragonslayer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_ dragonslayer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned from BoucherBoucher,, François: 20,000 Years of Fashion, Harry Abrams, 1966; additional info fromfrom http://www.library.cornell.edu http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/mdvl10/olinuris/ref/mdvl103-1.html3-1.html Original artist: Illustrator unknown

•• File:Nicaea_icon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: [1],],[2[2]] Original artist: Unknown

•• File:Symbol_booFile:Symbol_book_class2.svgk_class2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CCCC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad byby Lokal_Profil Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

•• File:Thomas_AFile:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stainequinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpgd_Glass.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: e3000

•• File:Tomb_of_poFile:Tomb_of_pope_Gregorius_I.jpgpe_Gregorius_I.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Tomb_of_pope_Gregorius_I.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: my photo Original artist: Riccardov

•• File:Westminster_CaFile:Westminster_Cathedral_Non_thedral_Non_Angli_sed_AnAngli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpggeli_si_Christiani.jpgSource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ db/Westminster_Cathedral_Non_Angli_sed_Angeli_si_Christiani.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:FA2010

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