Tension Between “Roman” And “Catholic” In Catholic Missiology And Why It Matters William R. Burrows DOI: 10.7252/Paper. 000049 About the Author William R. (“Bill”) Burrows, Ph.D., is Research Professor of Missiology in Te Center for World Christianity at the New York Teological Seminary. Bill’s lifelong scholarly interest has centered on the adaptation of Christianity in non-Western environments and on Christian relations with persons in other faith traditions, particularly on how Christian mission should be understood and carried on in an ecumenical age. He is also Managing Editor Emeritus of Orbis Books. 26 | Tension Between “Roman” And “Catholic” In Catholic Missiology Introduction Te news in these very days about Pope Francis’s encyclical about humanity and the environmental crisis ofers a good occasion to illustrate what is at stake in the topic I chose to talk on several months ago. Praise and criticisms have been abundant, but few on either side of the argument show a very deep understanding of why a pope would write such a document, nor for the way in which Francis documents his thought in a large-scale hermeneutic of Scripture and in things said by his predecessors. Te directness and the marshalling of scientifc evidence for the case he makes is new. But he feels compelled to root the seeming novelty in Roman Catholic Tradition. In doing so, he shows that he is not a freelancer nor benevolent dictator. Indeed his way of proceeding is vintage “Roman” in its innate conservatism, and the way he proceeds shows the way in which he feels compelled to be “Catholic” – which is to say, speaks to the whole world, on the one hand, and is anchoring himself in the spirit of the whole Christ, not just in a sectarian enthusiasm for an aspect of Jesus’ life, work, and teaching. Francis stands in a long line of popes who have been critical of the modern project. In particular, since the Enlightenment popes have been exercising their teaching ofce in two fundamental ways. First, to articulate the Roman Catholic vision of the human community as organic, a living body that is interdependent and must not forget the least. Second, to counteract what they viewed as the negative efects of the Enlightenment. At the risk of glossing over negative elements in the popes’ statements and actions, what is enduring in their agenda can be summarized in two points: 1. Tey viewed modernity’s move to democratization as carrying with it the risk that laws and traditions would be treated as solely up to majorities to defne – without reference (a) to the law of nature and (b) divine revelation. 2. Tey sought to counteract the diminishment of revelation – both as contained in Scripture and clarifed in Tradition. Pope Benedict XVI crystallized this position in his well-known phrase, “dictatorship of relativism.” He tried to emphasize his belief that the Enlightenment had produced many wonderful things, but those whom William R. Burrows | 27 we label liberals or progressives seemed never to hear them, just as he had a tin ear for their fear that he and John Paul II wanted to bring humanity back to the bad old days of Pope Pius IX’s Syllabus of Errors and Vatican Council I’s teaching on the infallibility of the pope.1 Perhaps most of all neither John Paul II nor Benedict seem to have grasped what the Jesuit historian John W. O’Malley called the most important element of the Second Vatican Council: … a new way of speaking and behaving [that] … entails a shift in value-system. New way of speaking? Te implications are profound. To learn a new language so as genuinely to live within it entails an inner transformation. Much more is at stake than learning new words for old concepts. To properly learn a new language means to enter fully into the values and sensibilities of a culture diferent from one’s own and to appropriate them. One gestures, shrugs, bears oneself diferently, and responds diferently to situations to the point of, to some extent, becoming another person.2 1 For the full text of the Syllabus, see Henricus Denzinger and Adolphus Schönmetzer, eds., Enchiridion Symbolorum (Rome: Herder, 36th ed., 1976), pp. 576-84, §§ 2901-80; for an abridged English version, see Jacques Dupuis, ed., Te Christian Faith in the Doctrinal Documents of the Catholic Church (Staten Island, NY: Alba House, 7th ed., 2001), pp. 37-42; see also Dupuis, pp. 42-51 for Vatican Council I’s articulation of the doctrine of revelation, faith, and faith and reason; see also pp. 316-22 on the papacy and papal infallibility; see also Dei Verbum (Vatican II “Decree on Revelation,” 1965), §§ 7-10 for a balanced view on the interrelationship of Scripture and Tradition. Tis section, arguably one of the most important in the documents of the Council, concludes with the words, “It is clear, therefore, that in the supremely wise arrangement of God, sacred Tradition, sacred Scripture, and the Magisterium of the Church are so connected and associated that one of them cannot stand without the other. Working together, each in its own way under the action of the one Holy Spirit, they all contribute efectively to the salvation of souls.” 2 John W O’Malley, What Happened at Vatican II? (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), p. 50. 28 | Tension Between “Roman” And “Catholic” In Catholic Missiology Anyone who has struggled with learning a new language and culture knows that what O’Malley says is true. Te reality is dramatically portrayed in the words of Andrew Walls: “Te fundamental missionary experience is to live on terms set by others.”3 Te question I address does not presume that I think Catholic conservatives, who insist on close readings of Vatican II, are malevolent; indeed, I want to state clearly that I appreciate the indispensable role of conservatives in “conserving” at the same time as I bring into relief the tension between aspirations to be both “Roman” and “Catholic” in ecclesiology and missiology. Te positive side of the way Roman Catholicism works is expressed well by Lamin Sanneh when he says: Catholicism’s doctrinal core is arguably more stable than that of many other variants of Christianity. Even if its directives are contested, the church’s magisterium is recognized for what it is. Te catechism and the instrument of papal encyclicals together have defned Catholic faith just as that faith is enshrined in the church’s liturgical life, with Jesus Christ at its core. Against the cultural fragmentation of modern life, that is a considerable advantage. Catholics may crack wise at this heritage and from the fanks even nibble away at it, but it’s hard to dismiss it as of no value.4 On a more personal note, he adds, For me Catholicism became an exit strategy from the confnement of upscale liberal agnosticism that has long commanded the world of academia. I felt a lively sense of emancipation surrounded by the signs and symbols of the mystery of God in the ungrudging, faithful witness of the church. Tat fact was the connection to the worldwide community of faith spread within and across national boundaries. It relieved me of the double burden of having to face wearying interrogation by other Christians, and of 3 Andrew F Walls, Te Cross-Cultural Process in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission and Appropriation of Faith (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002), p. 41. 4 Lamin Sanneh, Summoned from the Margin: Homecoming of an African (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012), p. 259. William R. Burrows | 29 the defensiveness it begs. I could identify myself with other Catholics without having to work the levers of citizenship, race, language, education, taste, class, sex, or education. My privileged position in an elite university accustomed to thinking of itself as entitled to due deference ceased to determine my religious standing.5 Te positive side of “Roman” Catholicism is, I would argue, expressed concisely here. Rome proceeds slowly and is often behind the times, but it does so in a world quickly moving from fad to fad and vogue to vogue. With a nod to Alexander Pope, being not the frst by whom the new are tried nor the last to lay the old aside is not all bad, as long as one is merely keeping antiquarians happy. In what follows, I will be referring to the work of other scholars, but much of what follows will be, in the words of the scholastic theology on which I was weaned, “speculative.” Te rules of scholarship require careful documentation of what one says or writes, but at the age of 72 and after spending half my adult life preparing for or taking part in the missionary apostolates of the Society of the Divine Word and the other half in the employ of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (better known as “Maryknoll”) as part of the team that publishes Orbis Books, there are things I have picked up that I can’t document carefully. I will not apologize for that. In that vein, it was with a sigh of relief that I started reading recently a book sent to me by my friend Paul Giford, a noted sociologist, historian, and analyst of Sub-Saharan Africa, like me a former priest who has both a clerical insider’s and a lay outsider’s view of things Catholic. Paul has a quality that is rare in scholars. He ruminates over the meaning of inconvenient facts that call into question the sort of consensus that explains too much with too little backing.