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Genetic Variability and Phylogenetic Relationships Between Ten Native Cattle Breeds from Galicia and the North of Portugal

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Genetic Variability and Phylogenetic Relationships Between Ten Native Cattle Breeds from Galicia and the North of Portugal GENETIC VARIABILITY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TEN NATIVE CATTLE BREEDS FROM GALICIA AND THE NORTH OF PORTUGAL VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA Y RELACIONES FILOGENÉTICAS ENTRE DIEZ RAZAS BOVINAS AUTÓCTONAS DE GALICIA Y REGIÓN NORTE DE PORTUGAL Fernández, A., J.L. Viana, A. Iglesias and L. Sánchez Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus Universitario s/n, 27002- Lugo. España. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS PALABRAS CLAVE ADICIONALES Native cattle. Biochemical polymorphism. Bovinos autóctonos. Polimorfismos bioquímicos. Heterozygosity. Genetic relationships. Heterozigosidad. Relaciones genéticas. SUMMARY A total of 450 animals belonging to ten different breeds, it's related to the prehistoric form Bos native cattle breeds from Galicia and the north of desertorum), Cluster II (Arouquesa, Frieiresa, Portugal were examined. They were distributed Caldelana, Limiana, Mirandesa and Vianesa as follows: Galega (60), Maronesa (58), Barrosã breeds were in this group, connected with the (56), Arouquesa (63), Mirandesa (70), Cachena mutation form Bos primigenius estrepsicerus) (27), Caldelana (33), Limiana (26), Frieiresa (26) and Cluster III (it consists of Maronesa breed y Vianesa (31). Breeds with a small number of which seems to be related to the prehistoric form samples belong to populations with limited census Bos brachycerus). and endangered. Eleven blood proteins that show polimorphism were chosen to develop the present study. Allelic frequencies for each system and RESUMEN breed were calculated. The estimated values of the average heterozygosity ranged from 0.193 Se han estudiado un total de 450 animales (Mirandesa) to 0.311 (Maronesa). From the matrix pertenecientes a diez razas bovinas autóctonas of Nei’s genetic distances obtained, cluster de Galicia y Región Norte de Portugal que se analysis (dendrogram) and ordination techniques distribuyen de la siguiente forma: Galega (60), (nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis, Maronesa (58), Barrosã (56), Arouquesa (63), MDS; principal coordinates analysis, PCA and Mirandesa (70), Cachena (27), Caldelana (33), minimum length spanning tree, MST) were used Limiana (26), Frieiresa (26) y Vianesa (31). Las to establish the possible phylogenetic relation- razas con reducido número muestral pertenecen ships among the ten cattle breeds investigated. a poblaciones con escaso censo y en peligro de Three different clusters have been revealed: Clus- extinción. Para el desarrollo del presente estudio ter I (it consists of Galega, Barrosã and Cachena se eligieron once proteínas sanguíneas que Arch. Zootec. 47: 61-71. 1998. FERNÁNDEZ ET AL. muestran polimorfismo. Se han estimado las identifies the amount of between and frecuencias alélicas para cada sistema genético within-breed genetic variability of a y raza. La heterozigosis media estimada ha pre- population and this is useful in sentado un rango de valores comprendido entre elucidating the evolutionary relation- 0,193 (Mirandesa) y 0,311 (Maronesa). A partir ship of organisms. Althought the basic de la matriz de distancias genéticas de Nei genetic change occurs in DNA, it is obtenidas se han utilizado análisis de agrupa- important to know the evolutionary mientos (dendrograma) y técnicas geométricas change of proteins, since they are (escalograma multidimensional no-métrico, MDS; essential molecules for building análisis de coordenadas principales, PCA y árbol morphological characters and carrying de longitud mínima expandida, MST) para esta- out physiological functions (Nei, blecer las posibles relaciones filogenéticas entre 1987). Other methods, such as micro- las diez razas bovinas investigadas. Se han satellite analysis, are also currently puesto de manifiesto tres grupos de poblaciones: Tronco I (constituido por las razas Galega, Barrosã being used in our laboratory. y Cachena, relacionado con el tronco prehistóri- The aim of the present study was to co Bos desertorum), Tronco II (formado por Arou- examine the population genetic quesa, Frieiresa, Caldelana, Limiana, Mirandesa structure of ten different native cattle y Vianesa, adscribiéndose a la forma mutante breeds from the north-west of Iberian Bos primigenius estrepsicerus) y Tronco III (inte- Peninsule using genetic markers, and grado por la raza Maronesa que derivaría del Bos to clarify their evolutionary history or brachycerus). phylogenetic relationships. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The present dynamic of animal BREEDS STUDIED production has led to the reduction Cattle from ten different local and even the extinction of many breeds, breeds (450 animals) were included in which means the consequent loss of the study. They were distributed as their genes before their productivity follows: Galega (60), Maronesa (58), and their response to genetic impro- Barrosã (56), Arouquesa (63), vement have been known (Sánchez et Mirandesa (70), Cachena (27), Calde- al., 1992). lana (33), Limiana (26), Frieiresa (26) On the other hand there has been and Vianesa (31). Breeds with a small lately an increasing interest in the number of samples (less than 50) preservation of local hardy breeds. The correspond to populations with limited reasons for this are mainly two, firstly census and endangered. The geogra- they may possess valuable gene phical distribution of the original combinations that might otherwise be breeds is shown in figure 1. Few irreversibly lost, and secondly, they studies concerning the origin of native represent part of cultural and historic cattle breeds from the nortwest of heritage. Iberian Peninsule exist. Most hypo- The study of protein polymor- theses are based on those from the phisms, quantified by electrophoresis, classic writers. Archivos de zootecnia vol. 47, núm. 177, p. 62. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GALICIA-NORTH PORTUGAL NATIVE CATTLE Galega Several authors (Bernardo de Lima, 1873; Tierno, 1908) consider the origin of this breed in the convex red cattle breeds, which might have descended from the crossing between Bos primigenius estrepsicerus or Bos taurus ibericus and Bos primigenius hahni (Bernardo de Lima, 1873; Mi- randa do Vale, 1907). Maronesa Certain hypotheses (Bernardo de Lima, 1873; Miranda do Vale, 1907) suppose that Maronesa cattle descends from the Barrosã breed, while Miran- da do Vale (1949) supports the idea that the Maronesa was originated from matings between Barrosã and Mi- randesa. Figure 1. Geographical location of the ten native cattle breeds.(Localización geográfica Barrosã de las diez razas bovinas autóctonas). Miranda do Vale (1907) place the origin of the Barrosã in the Mauritanian group (Bos primigenius mauritanicus) which would have been brought to Cachena Iberian Peninsule during the Muslim This breed probably originated from invasion. Tierno (1908), however, Bos desertorum (Aparicio, 1960). considers that the origin of this breed Jordana et al. (1991) have included it may be intracontinental and a direct in the Cantabrian group in accordance descendant of the Castilian group. with qualitative and quantitative analyses. Arouquesa This breed probably originated from Caldelana matings between Atlantican and Sánchez Belda (1984) includes this Aquitanian groups (Miranda do Vale, breed in the Iberian group as descen- 1907). Machado and Pereira (1981) dant of the Bos taurus ibericus. agree that this breed seems to be the result of a crossing in which characters Frieiresa, Limiana and Vianesa of the Mauritanian, Iberian and According to some authors (Sán- Aquitanian groups are dominant. chez Belda, 1984; Jordana et al., 1991) these breeds are included in the Mirandesa Cantabrian group. For Tierno (1904) the Mirandesa Archivos de zootecnia vol. 47, núm. 177, p. 63. FERNÁNDEZ ET AL. breed descends from the Iberian group (Nei, 1978) which is defined as: (Bos taurus primigenius). Never- i = l 2 theless, Pereira (1978) supports the hk= (1 - pi ) 2N / 2N - 1 idea that the origin of this breed could iS =1 be the result of crosses between Bos th taurus brachycerus and Bos taurus where pi is the frecuency of the i primigenius. allele at a kth locus, l is the number of alleles and N is the analyzed sample BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISMS size. Eleven genetic systems were The average heterozygosity (H) is investigated: haemoglobin (Hb), estimated as the average of h k over all NADH diaphorase (Dia), catalase loci. If r loci are examined, average (Cat), purine nucleoside phosphorylase heterozygosity is given by: (NP), carbonic anhydrase (CA), amilase I (AmI), ceruloplasmin (Cp), k=r albumin (Alb), transferrin (Tf), post- H= hk / r transferrin (Ptf-2) and post-albumin k=1S (Pa) using starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochemical Standard error (SE) may be obtained polymorphisms were determined by by: 2 1/2 means of these specific procedures: SE = [ (hk - H) / r(r - 1) ] Hb (Braend, 1963), Dia and Cat S (Cepica and Statil, 1978), NP and CA Genetic distances (Tucker et al., 1967), AmI (Trowbridge Genetic distance (D) and identity and Hines, 1979), Cp (Kristjansson, (I) were calculated according to Nei 1963), Alb (Krishnamurthy et al., (1972). It was tried to measure the 1974) and Tf, Ptf-2 and Pa (Gahne et number of aminoacid substitutions per al., 1977). locus (electrophoretically detected) occurred after divergence of the two MEASUREMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION populations under consideration. Gene frequencies The allelic frequencies were D = - loge I calculated by direct counting, since the genotypes were known. Most Graphical representations protein polymorphisms detectable
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