National Identities, Regional Fragmentation and the Prospect of Building a Security Community in the South Caucasus
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KADİR HAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NATIONAL IDENTITIES, REGIONAL FRAGMENTATION AND THE PROSPECT OF BUILDING A SECURITY COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS NAZRIN GADIMOVA ADVISOR: PROF. DIMITRIOS TRIANTAPHYLLOU PHD THESIS ISTANBUL, SEPTEMBER, 2020 NATIONAL IDENTITIES, REGIONAL FRAGMENTATION AND THE PROSPECT OF BUILDING A SECURITY COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS NAZRIN GADIMOVA ADVISOR: PROF. DIMITRIOS TRIANTAPHYLLOU PHD THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Kadir Has University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Program of International Relations. ISTANBUL, SEPTEMBER, 2020 I, NAZRIN GADIMOVA, hereby declare that; • this PhD Thesis is my own original work and that due references have been appropriately provided on all supporting literature and resources; • this PhD Thesis contains no material that has been submitted or accepted for a degree or diploma in any other educational institution; • I have followed “Kadir Has University Academic Ethics Principles” prepared in accordance with the “The Council of Higher Education’s Ethical Conduct Principles” In addition, I understand that any false claim in respect of this work will result in disciplinary action in accordance with University regulations. Furthermore, both printed and electronic copies of my work will be kept in Kadir Has Information Center under the following condition as indicated below: The full content of my thesis will be accessible only within the campus of Kadir Has University. NAZRIN GADIMOVA __________________________ 18 September 2020 KADIR HAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL This work entitled NATIONAL IDENTITIES, REGIONAL FRAGMENTATION AND THE PROSPECT OF BUILDING A SECURITY COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS prepared by NAZRIN GADIMOVA has been judged to be successful at the defense exam held on 18 SEPTEMBER 2020 and accepted by our jury as PHD THESIS. APPROVED BY: Prof. Dr. Dimitrios Triantaphyllou (Advisor) Kadir Has University Prof. Dr. Mitat Çelikpala Kadir Has University Assoc. Prof. Emre Erşen Marmara University Prof. Dr. Mustafa Aydın Kadir Has University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayça Ergun Middle East Technical University I certify that the above signatures belong to the faculty members named above. _______________ Prof. Dr. Emine Füsun Alioğlu Director of School of Graduate Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ x 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Empirical Context ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Question and Significance of Study .................................................... 5 1.3 Methodology and literature review ..................................................................... 8 1.4 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................... 12 2. NATIONAL IDENTITY AND SECURITY COMMUNITY: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 National Identity as a Static or Dynamic Concept ........................................... 16 2.3 Security Community and the Role of Identity in the Formation of a Region 24 2.4 Internal Factors and the Formation of a Common Identity ........................... 31 2.4.1 Trust and predictability .................................................................................. 31 2.4.2 Common values, culture and democratic governance.................................... 32 2.4.3 Transactions between nations: communications, economic and non-political cooperation .............................................................................................................. 36 2.4.4 Institutionalization, norms and regulations .................................................... 38 2.5 International Factors and the Formation of a Common Identity in Security Communities .............................................................................................................. 38 2.5.1 Common perception of threats versus common real threats .......................... 38 2.5.2 International organizations and great powers at the center of building a security community ................................................................................................. 41 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 43 3. HISTORY OF REGIONAL FRAGMENTATION IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS ..................................................................................... 46 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 46 3.2 The South Caucasus as a Broken Region .......................................................... 47 3.3 The Failed Attempts at Integration Initiatives in the South Caucasus .......... 54 3.3.1 Ethnic differences........................................................................................... 59 3.3.2 Political reasons for the fragmentation and the Soviet specificities of governance .............................................................................................................. 64 3.4 Independence and the Rise of Fragmentation between National Identities .. 68 3.4.1 Armenian identity: “One Nation, One Culture” ............................................. 75 3.4.2 Azerbaijani identity: “Turkify, Islamize, Modernize” ................................... 78 3.4.3 Georgian identity: “Fatherland, Language, Christianity” .............................. 83 3.4.4 The gap in mutual distrust .............................................................................. 87 3.4.5 Linguistic gap ................................................................................................. 92 3.4.6 Religious gap .................................................................................................. 95 i 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 99 4. IDENTITY VERSUS DOMESTIC ASPECTS OF FRAGMENTATION ........ 101 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 101 4.2 Common Trends in the Domestic Development of the Region ..................... 102 4.3 Azerbaijani-Armenian Relations ..................................................................... 111 4.3.1 Political factors and the nexus of democracy and peace .............................. 112 4.3.2 The failed efforts of building economic relations ........................................ 123 4.3.3 The lack of communication and its impact on the negotiation process ....... 126 4.4 Azerbaijani-Georgian Relations ...................................................................... 131 4.5 Armenian-Georgian Relations ......................................................................... 140 4.6 The Role of Domestic Factors in the Georgian Ethnic Conflicts .................. 147 4.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 153 5. IDENTITY VERSUS INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF FRAGMENTATION ....................................................................................................................................... 157 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 157 5.2 Three Different Identities, Three Different Orientations .............................. 158 5.2.1 Armenian foreign policy and the memory of the past.................................. 164 5.2.2 Azerbaijan’s multi-faceted identity and balanced foreign policy ................ 175 5.2.3 Georgia’s European identity and Western aspirations ................................. 188 5.3 The International Situation and the Potential Vision of Common Threats 197 5.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 205 6. SECURITY COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AND THE CONCEPT OF THE “5TS”…………………………………. .................................. 209 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 209 6.2 National identities of the South Caucasus and the theory of security communities ............................................................................................................. 210 6.3 Missing elements